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Guarino A, Pignata P, Lovisari F, Asth L, Simonato M, Soukupova M. Cognitive comorbidities in the rat pilocarpine model of epilepsy. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1392977. [PMID: 38872822 PMCID: PMC11171745 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1392977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Patients with epilepsy are prone to cognitive decline, depression, anxiety and other behavioral disorders. Cognitive comorbidities are particularly common and well-characterized in people with temporal lobe epilepsy, while inconsistently addressed in epileptic animals. Therefore, the aim of this study was to ascertain whether there is good evidence of cognitive comorbidities in animal models of epilepsy, in particular in the rat pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy. We searched the literature published between 1990 and 2023. The association of spontaneous recurrent seizures induced by pilocarpine with cognitive alterations has been evaluated by using various tests: contextual fear conditioning (CFC), novel object recognition (NOR), radial and T-maze, Morris water maze (MWM) and their variants. Combination of results was difficult because of differences in methodological standards, in number of animals employed, and in outcome measures. Taken together, however, the analysis confirmed that pilocarpine-induced epilepsy has an effect on cognition in rats, and supports the notion that this is a valid model for assessment of cognitive temporal lobe epilepsy comorbidities in preclinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annunziata Guarino
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paola Pignata
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesca Lovisari
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Laila Asth
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Michele Simonato
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Marie Soukupova
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Alavi MS, Al-Asady AM, Fanoudi S, Sadeghnia HR. Differential effects of antiseizure medications on neurogenesis: Evidence from cells to animals. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26650. [PMID: 38420427 PMCID: PMC10901100 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis, the process of generating functionally integrated neurons from neural stem and progenitor cells, is involved in brain development during embryonic stages but continues throughout life. Adult neurogenesis plays essential roles in many brain functions such as cognition, brain plasticity, and repair. Abnormalities in neurogenesis have been described in many neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders, including epilepsy. While sharing a common property of suppressing seizures, accumulating evidence has shown that some antiseizure medications (ASM) exhibit neuroprotective potential in the non-epileptic models including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, cerebral ischemia, or traumatic brain injury. ASM are a heterogeneous group of medications with different mechanisms of actions. Therefore, it remains to be revealed whether neurogenesis is a class effect or related to them all. In this comprehensive literature study, we reviewed the literature data on the influence of ASM on the neurogenesis process during brain development and also in the adult brain under physiological or pathological conditions. Meanwhile, we discussed the underlying mechanisms associated with the neurogenic effects of ASM by linking the reported in vivo and in vitro studies. PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases were searched until the end of February 2023. A total of 83 studies were used finally. ASM can modulate neurogenesis through the increase or decrease of proliferation, survival, and differentiation of the quiescent NSC pool. The present article indicated that the neurogenic potential of ASM depends on the administered dose, treatment period, temporal administration of the drug, and normal or disease context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohaddeseh Sadat Alavi
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abdulridha Mohammed Al-Asady
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Nursing, University of Warith Al-Anbiyaa, Karbala, Iraq
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Kerbala, Karbala, Iraq
| | - Sahar Fanoudi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
| | - Hamid R Sadeghnia
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Division of Neurocognitive Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Chen YS, Sung PS, Lai MC, Huang CW. The Primary Prevention of Poststroke Epilepsy in Patients With Middle Cerebral Artery Infarct: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Res Protoc 2023; 12:e49412. [PMID: 37999939 DOI: 10.2196/49412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poststroke epilepsy poses a significant clinical challenge for individuals recovering from strokes, leading to a less favorable long-term outlook and increased mortality rates. Existing studies have primarily concentrated on administering antiseizure or anticonvulsant treatments only after the onset of late-onset seizures, without intervening during the epileptogenesis phase following a stroke. OBJECTIVE This research protocol is designed to conduct a randomized controlled trial to assess whether the early, preventive introduction of low-dose antiepileptic drug therapy (levetiracetam [LEV] or perampanel [PER]) in patients who have experienced middle cerebral artery (MCA) infarction can reduce the risk of developing poststroke epilepsy (primary prevention). METHODS Participants with MCA infarction, either with or without reperfusion treatments, will be recruited and promptly receive preventive intervention within 72 hours of the stroke occurrence. These participants will be randomly assigned to receive either PER (4 mg per day), LEV (1000 mg per day), or a placebo that matches the active drugs. This treatment will continue for 12 weeks after allocation. Brain magnetic resonance imaging will be used to confirm the presence of MCA territory infarction, and an electroencephalography will be used to ensure the absence of epileptiform discharges or electrographic seizures at the time of the stroke. All participants will undergo follow-up assessments for 72 weeks after allocation. RESULTS The primary outcome under evaluation will be the incidence of poststroke epilepsy in the 3 groups following the 18-month study period. Secondary outcomes will encompass the time to the occurrence of the first seizure, the severity of seizures, any treatment-related adverse events, and the modified Rankin scale score at 3 and 18 months. Exploratory outcomes will involve comparing the effectiveness and safety of PER and LEV. CONCLUSIONS We anticipate that the intervention groups will experience a lower incidence and reduced severity of poststroke epilepsy compared to the control group after 18 months. We aim to establish evidence supporting the potential preventive effects of LEV and PER on poststroke seizures and epilepsy in patients with MCA infarction, as well as to explore the antiepileptogenic potential of both LEV and PER in patients with major ischemic strokes. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04858841; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04858841. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/49412.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Shiue Chen
- Department of Neurology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pi-Shan Sung
- Department of Neurology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chi Lai
- Department of Pediatrics, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Wei Huang
- Department of Neurology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Roberts NS, Handy MJ, Ito Y, Hashimoto K, Jensen FE, Talos DM. Anti-seizure efficacy of perampanel in two established rodent models of early-life epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2023; 143:109194. [PMID: 37119576 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2023.109194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Early-life seizures can be refractory to conventional antiseizure medications (ASMs) and can also result in chronic epilepsy and long-term behavioral and cognitive deficits. Treatments targeting age-specific mechanisms contributing to epilepsy would be of clinical benefit. One such target is the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) subtype of excitatory glutamate receptor, which is upregulated in the developing brain. Perampanel is a non-competitive, selective AMPAR antagonist that is FDA-approved for focal onset seizures (FOS) or primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures (PGTC) in children and adults. However, the efficacy of perampanel treatment in epilepsy patients younger than 4 years has been less documented. We thus tested the efficacy of perampanel in two early-life seizure models: (1) a rat model of hypoxia-induced neonatal seizures and (2) a mouse model of Dravet syndrome with hyperthermia-induced seizures. Pretreatment with perampanel conferred dose-dependent protection against early-life seizures in both experimental models. These findings suggest that AMPAR-mediated hyperexcitability could be involved in the pathophysiology of early-life seizures, which may be amenable to treatment with perampanel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas S Roberts
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marcus J Handy
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yoshimasa Ito
- Formerly: Neurology Business Group, Eisai Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Keisuke Hashimoto
- Deep Human Biology Learning, Eisai Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Frances E Jensen
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Delia M Talos
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Lee DS, Kim TH, Park H, Kang TC. Deregulation of Astroglial TASK-1 K+ Channel Decreases the Responsiveness to Perampanel-Induced AMPA Receptor Inhibition in Chronic Epilepsy Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065491. [PMID: 36982567 PMCID: PMC10049714 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Tandem of P domains in a weak inwardly rectifying K+ channel (TWIK)-related acid sensitive K+-1 channel (TASK-1) is activated under extracellular alkaline conditions (pH 7.2–8.2), which are upregulated in astrocytes (particularly in the CA1 region) of the hippocampi of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and chronic epilepsy rats. Perampanel (PER) is a non-competitive α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid receptor (AMPAR) antagonist used for the treatment of focal seizures and primary generalized tonic–clonic seizures. Since AMPAR activation leads to extracellular alkaline shifts, it is likely that the responsiveness to PER in the epileptic hippocampus may be relevant to astroglial TASK-1 regulation, which has been unreported. In the present study, we found that PER ameliorated astroglial TASK-1 upregulation in responders (whose seizure activities were responsive to PER), but not non-responders (whose seizure activities were not responsive to PER), in chronic epilepsy rats. ML365 (a selective TASK-1 inhibitor) diminished astroglial TASK-1 expression and seizure duration in non-responders to PER. ML365 co-treatment with PER decreased spontaneous seizure activities in non-responders to PER. These findings suggest that deregulation of astroglial TASK-1 upregulation may participate in the responsiveness to PER, and that this may be a potential target to improve the efficacies of PER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duk-Shin Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hyun Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Hana Park
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Cheon Kang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-33-248-2524; Fax: +82-33-248-2525
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The Role of Glutamate Receptors in Epilepsy. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11030783. [PMID: 36979762 PMCID: PMC10045847 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamate is an essential excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing an indispensable role in neuronal development and memory formation. The dysregulation of glutamate receptors and the glutamatergic system is involved in numerous neurological and psychiatric disorders, especially epilepsy. There are two main classes of glutamate receptor, namely ionotropic and metabotropic (mGluRs) receptors. The former stimulate fast excitatory neurotransmission, are N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA), α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA), and kainate; while the latter are G-protein-coupled receptors that mediate glutamatergic activity via intracellular messenger systems. Glutamate, glutamate receptors, and regulation of astrocytes are significantly involved in the pathogenesis of acute seizure and chronic epilepsy. Some glutamate receptor antagonists have been shown to be effective for the treatment of epilepsy, and research and clinical trials are ongoing.
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Varvel NH, Amaradhi R, Espinosa-Garcia C, Duddy S, Franklin R, Banik A, Alemán-Ruiz C, Blackmer-Raynolds L, Wang W, Honore T, Ganesh T, Dingledine R. Preclinical development of an EP2 antagonist for post-seizure cognitive deficits. Neuropharmacology 2023; 224:109356. [PMID: 36460083 PMCID: PMC9894535 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive comorbidities can substantially reduce quality of life in people with epilepsy. Inflammation is a component of all chronic diseases including epilepsy, as well as acute events like status epilepticus (SE). Neuroinflammation is the consequence of several broad signaling cascades including cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-associated pathways. Activation of the EP2 receptor for prostaglandin E2 appears responsible for blood-brain barrier leakage and much of the inflammatory reaction, neuronal injury and cognitive deficit that follows seizure-provoked COX-2 induction in brain. Here we show that brief exposure of mice to TG11-77, a potent, selective, orally available and brain permeant EP2 antagonist, eliminates the profound cognitive deficit in Y-maze performance after SE and reduces delayed mortality and microgliosis, with a minimum effective i.p. dose (as free base) of 8.8 mg/kg. All in vitro studies required to submit an investigational new drug (IND) application for TG11-77 have been completed, and non-GLP dose range-finding toxicology in the rat identified no overt, organ or histopathology signs of toxicity after 7 days of oral administration at 1000 mg/kg/day. Plasma exposure in the rat was dose-linear between 15 and 1000 mg/kg dosing. TG11-77 thus appears poised to continue development towards the initial clinical test of the hypothesis that EP2 receptor modulation after SE can provide the first preventive treatment for one of the chief comorbidities of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas H Varvel
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, Georgia
| | - Radhika Amaradhi
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, Georgia
| | - Claudia Espinosa-Garcia
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, Georgia
| | - Steven Duddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, Georgia
| | - Ronald Franklin
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, Georgia
| | - Avijit Banik
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, Georgia
| | - Carlos Alemán-Ruiz
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, Georgia
| | - Lisa Blackmer-Raynolds
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, Georgia
| | - Wenyi Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, Georgia
| | - Tage Honore
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, Georgia
| | - Thota Ganesh
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, Georgia.
| | - Raymond Dingledine
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, Georgia.
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King H, Reiber M, Philippi V, Stirling H, Aulehner K, Bankstahl M, Bleich A, Buchecker V, Glasenapp A, Jirkof P, Miljanovic N, Schönhoff K, von Schumann L, Leenaars C, Potschka H. Anesthesia and analgesia for experimental craniotomy in mice and rats: a systematic scoping review comparing the years 2009 and 2019. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1143109. [PMID: 37207181 PMCID: PMC10188949 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1143109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental craniotomies are a common surgical procedure in neuroscience. Because inadequate analgesia appears to be a problem in animal-based research, we conducted this review and collected information on management of craniotomy-associated pain in laboratory mice and rats. A comprehensive search and screening resulted in the identification of 2235 studies, published in 2009 and 2019, describing craniotomy in mice and/or rats. While key features were extracted from all studies, detailed information was extracted from a random subset of 100 studies/year. Reporting of perioperative analgesia increased from 2009 to 2019. However, the majority of studies from both years did not report pharmacologic pain management. Moreover, reporting of multimodal treatments remained at a low level, and monotherapeutic approaches were more common. Among drug groups, reporting of pre- and postoperative administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, opioids, and local anesthetics in 2019 exceeded that of 2009. In summary, these results suggest that inadequate analgesia and oligoanalgesia are persistent issues associated with experimental intracranial surgery. This underscores the need for intensified training of those working with laboratory rodents subjected to craniotomies. Systematic review registration https://osf.io/7d4qe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah King
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Maria Reiber
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Vanessa Philippi
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Helen Stirling
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Aulehner
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marion Bankstahl
- Hannover Medical School, Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hanover, Germany
| | - André Bleich
- Hannover Medical School, Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hanover, Germany
| | - Verena Buchecker
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Aylina Glasenapp
- Hannover Medical School, Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hanover, Germany
| | - Paulin Jirkof
- Office for Animal Welfare and 3Rs, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nina Miljanovic
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Schönhoff
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lara von Schumann
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Cathalijn Leenaars
- Hannover Medical School, Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hanover, Germany
| | - Heidrun Potschka
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Heidrun Potschka,
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Bencsik N, Oueslati Morales CO, Hausser A, Schlett K. Endocytosis of AMPA receptors: Role in neurological conditions. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 196:59-97. [PMID: 36813366 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AMPA receptors are glutamate-gated ion channels, present in a wide range of neuron types and in glial cells. Their main role is to mediate fast excitatory synaptic transmission, and therefore, they are critical for normal brain function. In neurons, AMPA receptors undergo constitutive and activity-dependent trafficking between the synaptic, extrasynaptic and intracellular pools. The kinetics of AMPA receptor trafficking is crucial for the precise functioning of both individual neurons and neural networks involved in information processing and learning. Many of the neurological diseases evoked by neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative malfunctions or traumatic injuries are caused by impaired synaptic function in the central nervous system. For example, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), tumors, seizures, ischemic strokes, and traumatic brain injury are all characterized by impaired glutamate homeostasis and associated neuronal death, typically caused by excitotoxicity. Given the important role of AMPA receptors in neuronal function, it is not surprising that perturbations in AMPA receptor trafficking are associated with these neurological disorders. In this book chapter, we will first introduce the structure, physiology and synthesis of AMPA receptors, followed by an in-depth description of the molecular mechanisms that control AMPA receptor endocytosis and surface levels under basal conditions or synaptic plasticity. Finally, we will discuss how impairments in AMPA receptor trafficking, particularly endocytosis, contribute to the pathophysiology of various neurological disorders and what efforts are being made to therapeutically target this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Bencsik
- Neuronal Cell Biology Research Group, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Carlos Omar Oueslati Morales
- Membrane Trafficking and Signalling Group, Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Angelika Hausser
- Membrane Trafficking and Signalling Group, Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany; Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Katalin Schlett
- Neuronal Cell Biology Research Group, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
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Neuroelectric Mechanisms of Delayed Cerebral Ischemia after Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063102. [PMID: 35328523 PMCID: PMC8951073 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) remains a challenging but very important condition, because DCI is preventable and treatable for improving functional outcomes after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The pathologies underlying DCI are multifactorial. Classical approaches to DCI focus exclusively on preventing and treating the reduction of blood flow supply. However, recently, glutamate-mediated neuroelectric disruptions, such as excitotoxicity, cortical spreading depolarization and seizures, and epileptiform discharges, have been reported to occur in high frequencies in association with DCI development after SAH. Each of the neuroelectric disruptions can trigger the other, which augments metabolic demand. If increased metabolic demand exceeds the impaired blood supply, the mismatch leads to relative ischemia, resulting in DCI. The neuroelectric disruption also induces inverted vasoconstrictive neurovascular coupling in compromised brain tissues after SAH, causing DCI. Although glutamates and the receptors may play central roles in the development of excitotoxicity, cortical spreading ischemia and epileptic activity-related events, more studies are needed to clarify the pathophysiology and to develop novel therapeutic strategies for preventing or treating neuroelectric disruption-related DCI after SAH. This article reviews the recent advancement in research on neuroelectric disruption after SAH.
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11
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Brivaracetam Modulates Short-Term Synaptic Activity and Low-Frequency Spontaneous Brain Activity by Delaying Synaptic Vesicle Recycling in Two Distinct Rodent Models of Epileptic Seizures. J Mol Neurosci 2022; 72:1058-1074. [PMID: 35278193 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-022-01983-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Brivaracetam (BRV) is an anti-seizure drug for the treatment of focal and generalized epileptic seizures shown to augment short-term synaptic fatigue by slowing down synaptic vesicle recycling rates in control animals. In this study, we sought to investigate whether altered short-term synaptic activities could be a pathological hallmark during the interictal periods of epileptic seizures in two well-established rodent models, as well as to reveal BRV's therapeutic roles in altered short-term synaptic activities and low-frequency band spontaneous brain hyperactivity in these models. In our study, the electrophysiological field excitatory post-synaptic potential (fEPSP) recordings were performed in rat hippocampal brain slices from the CA1 region by stimulation of the Schaffer collateral/commissural pathway with or without BRV (30 μM for 3 h) in control or epileptic seizure (induced by pilocarpine (PILO) or high potassium (h-K+)) models. Short-term synaptic activities were induced by 5, 10, 20, and 40-Hz stimulation sequences. The effects of BRV on pre-synaptic vesicle mobilization were visually assessed by staining the synaptic vesicles with FM1-43 dye followed by imaging with a two-photon microscope. In the fEPSP measurements, short-term synaptic fatigue was found in the control group, while short-term synaptic potentiation (STP) was detected in both PILO and h-K+ models. STP was decreased after the slices were treated with BRV (30 μM) for 3 h. BRV also exhibited its therapeutic benefits by decreasing abnormal peak power (frequency range of 8-13 Hz, 31% of variation for PILO model, 25% of variation for h-K+ model) and trough power (frequency range of 1-4 Hz, 66% of variation for PILO model, 49% of variation for h-K+ model), and FM1-43 stained synaptic vesicle mobility (64% of the variation for PILO model, 45% of the variation for h-K+ model) in these epileptic seizure models. To the best of our knowledge, this was the first report that BRV decreased the STP and abnormal low-frequency brain activities during the interictal phase of epileptic seizures by slowing down the mobilization of synaptic vesicles in two rodent models. These mechanistic findings would greatly advance our understanding of BRV's pharmacological role in pathomechanisms of epileptic seizures and its treatment strategy optimization to avoid or minimize BRV-induced possible adverse side reactions.
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Yokoi R, Shibata M, Odawara A, Ishibashi Y, Nagafuku N, Matsuda N, Suzuki I. Analysis of signal components < 500 Hz in brain organoids coupled to microelectrode arrays: A reliable test-bed for preclinical seizure liability assessment of drugs and screening of antiepileptic drugs. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 28:101148. [PMID: 34693037 PMCID: PMC8517166 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.101148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain organoids with three-dimensional structure and tissue-like function are highly demanded for brain disease research and drug evaluation. However, to our knowledge, methods for measuring and analyzing brain organoid function have not been developed yet. This study focused on the frequency components of an obtained waveform below 500 Hz using planner microelectrode array (MEA) and evaluated the response to the convulsants pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) and strychnine as well as the antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) perampanel and phenytoin. Sudden and persistent seizure-like firing was observed with PTZ administration, displaying a concentration-dependent periodic activity with the frequency component enhanced even in one oscillation characteristic. On the other hand, in the administration of AEDs, the frequency of oscillation decreased in a concentration-dependent manner and the intensity of the frequency component in one oscillation also decreased. Interestingly, at low doses of phenytoin, a group of synchronized bursts was formed, which was different from the response to the perampanel. Frequency components contained information on cerebral organoid function, and MEA was proven useful in predicting the seizure liability of drugs and evaluating the effect of AEDs with a different mechanism of action. In addition, frequency component analysis of brain organoids using MEA is an important analysis method to perform in vitro to in vivo extrapolation in the future, which will help explore the function of the organoid itself, study human brain developments, and treat various brain diseases. Frequency analysis <500 Hz was performed in brain organoids coupled to planner microelectrode arrays (MEA). Concentration-dependent changes in frequency components were detected in responses to convulsants and antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Analysis of signal components <500 Hz in brain organoids is a useful method for preclinical seizure liability assessment of drugs and screening of antiepileptic drugs.
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13
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Henley JM, Nair JD, Seager R, Yucel BP, Woodhall G, Henley BS, Talandyte K, Needs HI, Wilkinson KA. Kainate and AMPA receptors in epilepsy: Cell biology, signalling pathways and possible crosstalk. Neuropharmacology 2021; 195:108569. [PMID: 33915142 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is caused when rhythmic neuronal network activity escapes normal control mechanisms, resulting in seizures. There is an extensive and growing body of evidence that the onset and maintenance of epilepsy involves alterations in the trafficking, synaptic surface expression and signalling of kainate and AMPA receptors (KARs and AMPARs). The KAR subunit GluK2 and AMPAR subunit GluA2 are key determinants of the properties of their respective assembled receptors. Both subunits are subject to extensive protein interactions, RNA editing and post-translational modifications. In this review we focus on the cell biology of GluK2-containing KARs and GluA2-containing AMPARs and outline how their regulation and dysregulation is implicated in, and affected by, seizure activity. Further, we discuss role of KARs in regulating AMPAR surface expression and plasticity, and the relevance of this to epilepsy. This article is part of the special issue on 'Glutamate Receptors - Kainate receptors'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M Henley
- School of Biochemistry, Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK; Centre for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia.
| | - Jithin D Nair
- School of Biochemistry, Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Richard Seager
- School of Biochemistry, Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Busra P Yucel
- School of Biochemistry, Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Gavin Woodhall
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - Benjamin S Henley
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Karolina Talandyte
- School of Biochemistry, Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Hope I Needs
- School of Biochemistry, Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Kevin A Wilkinson
- School of Biochemistry, Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.
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14
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Lévesque M, Biagini G, de Curtis M, Gnatkovsky V, Pitsch J, Wang S, Avoli M. The pilocarpine model of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy: Over one decade later, with more rodent species and new investigative approaches. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 130:274-291. [PMID: 34437936 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Fundamental work on the mechanisms leading to focal epileptic discharges in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) often rests on the use of rodent models in which an initial status epilepticus (SE) is induced by kainic acid or pilocarpine. In 2008 we reviewed how, following systemic injection of pilocarpine, the main subsequent events are the initial SE, the latent period, and the chronic epileptic state. Up to a decade ago, rats were most often employed and they were frequently analysed only behaviorally. However, the use of transgenic mice has revealed novel information regarding this animal model. Here, we review recent findings showing the existence of specific neuronal events during both latent and chronic states, and how optogenetic activation of specific cell populations modulate spontaneous seizures. We also address neuronal damage induced by pilocarpine treatment, the role of neuroinflammation, and the influence of circadian and estrous cycles. Updating these findings leads us to propose that the rodent pilocarpine model continues to represent a valuable tool for identifying the basic pathophysiology of MTLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Lévesque
- Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital and Departments of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Giuseppe Biagini
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena & Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy
| | - Marco de Curtis
- Epilepsy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Vadym Gnatkovsky
- Epilepsy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Julika Pitsch
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Siyan Wang
- Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital and Departments of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Massimo Avoli
- Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital and Departments of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada; Departments of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada; Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy.
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15
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Kim JE, Lee DS, Park H, Kim TH, Kang TC. AMPA Receptor Antagonists Facilitate NEDD4-2-Mediated GRIA1 Ubiquitination by Regulating PP2B-ERK1/2-SGK1 Pathway in Chronic Epilepsy Rats. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9081069. [PMID: 34440273 PMCID: PMC8391511 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9081069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural precursor cell expressed by developmentally downregulated gene 4-2 (NEDD4-2) is a ubiquitin E3 ligase that has a high affinity toward binding and ubiquitinating glutamate ionotropic receptor α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) type subunit 1 (GRIA1, also referred to GluR1 or GluA1). Since dysregulation of GRIA1 surface expression is relevant to the responsiveness to AMPA receptor (AMPAR) antagonists (perampanel and GYKI 52466) in chronic epilepsy rats, it is likely that NEDD4-2 may be involved in the pathogenesis of intractable epilepsy. However, the role of NEDD4-2-mediated GRIA1 ubiquitination in refractory seizures to AMPAR antagonists is still unknown. In the present study, both AMPAR antagonists recovered the impaired GRIA1 ubiquitination by regulating protein phosphatase 2B (PP2B)-extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2)-serum and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 (SGK1)-NEDD4-2 signaling pathway in responders (whose seizure activities are responsive to AMPAR), but not non-responders (whose seizure activities were uncontrolled by AMPAR antagonists). In addition, cyclosporin A (CsA, a PP2B inhibitor) co-treatment improved the effects of AMPAR antagonists in non-responders, independent of AKT signaling pathway. Therefore, our findings suggest that dysregulation of PP2B-ERK1/2-SGK1-NEDD4-2-mediated GRIA1 ubiquitination may be responsible for refractory seizures and that this pathway may be a potential therapeutic target for improving the treatment of intractable epilepsy in response to AMPAR antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Kim
- Correspondence: (J.-E.K.); (T.-C.K.); Tel.: +82-33-248-2522 (J.-E.K.); +82-33-248-2524 (T.-C.K.); Fax: +82-33-248-2525 (J.-E.K. & T.-C.K.)
| | | | | | | | - Tae-Cheon Kang
- Correspondence: (J.-E.K.); (T.-C.K.); Tel.: +82-33-248-2522 (J.-E.K.); +82-33-248-2524 (T.-C.K.); Fax: +82-33-248-2525 (J.-E.K. & T.-C.K.)
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16
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Ho SY, Lin L, Chen IC, Tsai CW, Chang FC, Liou HH. Perampanel Reduces Hyperthermia-Induced Seizures in Dravet Syndrome Mouse Model. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:682767. [PMID: 34335252 PMCID: PMC8317459 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.682767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment options for Dravet syndrome are limited. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antiepileptic effect of the AMPA receptor antagonist perampanel (PER) on a mouse model of Dravet syndrome (Scn1aE1099X/+). We report here that the PER (2 mg/kg) treatment inhibited the spontaneous recurrent seizures and attenuated epileptic activity in Scn1aE1099X/+ mice. In the hyperthermia-induced seizure experiment, PER clearly increased temperature tolerance and significantly ameliorated seizure frequency and discharge duration. PER also demonstrated antiepileptic effects in a cross-over study and a synergistic effect for attenuating heat-induced seizure when given in combination with stiripentol or valproic acid. The results showed that PER effectively decreased the occurrence of spontaneous recurrent seizures and showed significant therapeutic potential for hyperthermia-induced seizures with regard to both susceptibility and severity in a Dravet syndrome mouse model. Potential therapeutic effects of PER for treatment of Dravet syndrome were demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Yin Ho
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li Lin
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Chun Chen
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Che-Wen Tsai
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Chia Chang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Huei Liou
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,National Taiwan University Hospital Yunlin Branch, Douliu, Taiwan
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17
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Xia YY, Zou QG, Yang YF, Sun Q, Han CQ. Determination of Impurities in Perampanel Bulk Drugs by High- Performance Liquid Chromatography and Gas Chromatography. CURR PHARM ANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412916999200513105657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method has been used to detect related impurities of perampanel. However, the detection of impurities is incomplete, and the limits of quantification and detection are high. A sensitive, reliable method is in badly to be developed and applied for impurity detection of perampanel bulk drug.
Objective:
Methodologies utilising HPLC and gas chromatography (GC) were established and validated for quantitative determination
of perampanel and its related impurities (a total of 10 impurities including 2 genotoxic impurities).
Methods:
The separation was achieved on a Dikma Diamonsil C18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm)
with the mobile phase of 0.01 mol/L potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution (A) and acetonitrile (B)
in gradient elution mode. The compound 2-bromopropane was determined on an Agilent DB-624 column
(0.32 mm × 30 m, 1.8 μm) by electron capture detector (μ-ECD) with split injection ratio of 1:5
and proper gradient temperature program.
Result:
Both HPLC and GC methods were established and validated to be sensitive, accurate and robust
according to the International Council for Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. The methods developed
were linear in the selected concentration range (R2≥0.9944). The average recovery of all impurities
was between 92.6% and 103.3%. The possible production mechanism of impurities during the synthesis
and degradation processes of perampanel bulk drug was also discussed. Five impurities were
analyzed by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Moreover, two of them were simultaneously
characterized by LC-MS, IR and NMR.
Conclusion:
The HPLC and GC methods were developed and optimized, which could be applied for quantitative detection of the
impurities, and further stability study of perampanel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Yan Xia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Technology University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qiao-Gen Zou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Technology University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yu-Fei Yang
- Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Technology University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qian Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Technology University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Cheng-Qun Han
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Technology University, Nanjing 210009, China
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18
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Inhibition of AKT/GSK3β/CREB Pathway Improves the Responsiveness to AMPA Receptor Antagonists by Regulating GRIA1 Surface Expression in Chronic Epilepsy Rats. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9040425. [PMID: 33919872 PMCID: PMC8103519 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9040425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid receptor (AMPAR) has been reported as one of the targets for treatment of epilepsy. Although maladaptive regulation of surface expression of glutamate ionotropic receptor AMPA type subunit 1 (GRIA1) subunit is relevant to the responsiveness to AMPAR antagonists (perampanel and GYKI 52466) in LiCl-pilocarpine-induced chronic epilepsy rats, the underlying mechanisms of refractory seizures to AMPAR antagonists have yet been unclear. In the present study, we found that both AMPAR antagonists restored the up-regulations of GRIA1 surface expression and Src family-mediated glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β)-Ca2+/cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylations to control levels in responders (whose seizure activities were responsive to AMPAR) but not non-responders (whose seizure activities were uncontrolled by AMPAR antagonists). In addition, 3-chloroacetyl indole (3CAI, an AKT inhibitor) co-treatment attenuated spontaneous seizure activities in non-responders, accompanied by reductions in AKT/GSK3β/CREB phosphorylations and GRIA1 surface expression. Although AMPAR antagonists reduced GRIA2 tyrosine (Y) phosphorylations in responders, they did not affect GRIA2 surface expression and protein interacting with C kinase 1 (PICK1) protein level in both responders and non-responders. Therefore, our findings suggest that dysregulation of AKT/GSK3β/CREB-mediated GRIA1 surface expression may be responsible for refractory seizures in non-responders, and that this pathway may be a potential target to improve the responsiveness to AMPAR antagonists.
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19
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Pharmacological upregulation of GLT-1 alleviates the cognitive impairments in the animal model of temporal lobe epilepsy. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246068. [PMID: 33507976 PMCID: PMC7842975 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is known that hippocampal epileptogenesis is accompanied by hyperexcitability, glutamate-related neuronal dysfunctions and consequently cognitive deficits. However, the neuroprotective role of astrocytic glutamate uptake through the Glutamate Transporter-1 (GLT-1) remains to be unknown in these processes. Therefore, to assess the effect of glutamate uptake, pharmacological upregulation of GLT-1 using ceftriaxone administration (200 mg/kg/day, i.p, 5 days) was utilized in Li-PIL animal models of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Glutamate concentration and glutamine synthetase activity were analyzed using biochemical assays. In addition, GLT-1 gene expression was assessed by RT-qPCR. Finally, cognitive function was studied using Morris water maze (MWM) test and novel object recognition task (NORT). Our results demonstrated that the acute phase of epileptogenesis (first 72 hours after Status Epilepticus) was accompanied by an increase in the hippocampal glutamate and downregulation of GLT-1 mRNA expression compared to controls. Ceftriaxone administration in epileptic animals led to a reduction of glutamate along with elevation of the level of glutamine synthetase activity and GLT-1 expression in the acute phase. In the chronic phase of epileptogenesis (4 weeks after Status Epilepticus), glutamate levels and GLT-1 expression were decreased compared to controls. Ceftriaxone treatment increased the levels of GLT-1 expression. Furthermore, impaired learning and memory ability in the chronic phase of epileptogenesis was rescued by Ceftriaxone administration. This study shows that astrocytic glutamate uptake can profoundly impact the processes of hippocampal epileptogenesis through the reduction of glutamate-induced excitotoxicity and consequently rescuing of cognitive deficits caused by epilepsy.
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20
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Kim JE, Lee DS, Park H, Kang TC. Src/CK2/PTEN-Mediated GluN2B and CREB Dephosphorylations Regulate the Responsiveness to AMPA Receptor Antagonists in Chronic Epilepsy Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9633. [PMID: 33348808 PMCID: PMC7766850 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Both α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid receptor (AMPAR) and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) have been reported as targets for treatment of epilepsy. To investigate the roles and interactions of AMPAR and NMDAR in ictogenesis of epileptic hippocampus, we analyzed AMPAR antagonists (perampanel and GYKI 52466)-mediated phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) regulation and glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 2B (GluN2B) tyrosine (Y) 1472 phosphorylation in epilepsy rats. Both perampanel and GYKI 52466 increased PTEN expression and its activity (reduced phosphorylation), concomitant with decreased activities (phosphorylations) of Src family-casein kinase 2 (CK2) signaling pathway. Compatible with these, they also restored the upregulated GluN2B Y1472 and Ca2+/cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) serine (S) 133 phosphorylations and surface expression of glutamate ionotropic receptor AMPA type subunit 1 (GRIA1) to basal level in the epileptic hippocampus. These effects of perampanel and GYKI 52466 are observed in responders (whose seizure activities are responsive to AMPAR antagonists), but not non-responders (whose seizure activities were uncontrolled by AMPAR antagonists). Therefore, our findings suggest that Src/CK2/PTEN-mediated GluN2B Y1472 and CREB S133 regulations may be one of the responsible signaling pathways for the generation of refractory seizures in non-responders to AMPAR antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (J.-E.K.); (D.-S.L.); (H.P.)
- Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Duk-Shin Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (J.-E.K.); (D.-S.L.); (H.P.)
- Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Hana Park
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (J.-E.K.); (D.-S.L.); (H.P.)
- Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Tae-Cheon Kang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (J.-E.K.); (D.-S.L.); (H.P.)
- Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
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21
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Joshi S, Goodkin HP. The Need to Intervene Before Time Point 2: Evidence From Clinical and Animal Data That Status Epilepticus Damages the Brain. J Clin Neurophysiol 2020; 37:375-380. [PMID: 32890057 DOI: 10.1097/wnp.0000000000000711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Status epilepticus, a condition characterized by abnormally prolonged seizures, has the potential to cause irreversible, structural or functional, injury to the brain. Unfavorable consequences of these seizures include mortality, the risk of developing epilepsy, and cognitive impairment. We highlight key findings of clinical and laboratory studies that have provided insights into aspects of cell death, and anatomical and functional alterations triggered by status epilepticus that support the need to intervene before time point 2, the time after which the risk of these long-term consequences increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchitra Joshi
- Department of Neurology, UVA Health, Charlottesville, Virginia, U.S.A
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22
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Mareš P, Kubová H. Perampanel exhibits anticonvulsant action against pentylentetrazol-induced seizures in immature rats. Epilepsy Res 2020; 169:106523. [PMID: 33296808 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2020.106523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Perampanel is a new antiepileptic drug with unique mechanism of action - antagonism of AMPA receptors. Its action in immature animals is not yet sufficiently known therefore we started to study anticonvulsant action of perampanel pretreatment (1-20 mg/kg i.p.) against seizures elicited by pentylenetetrazol. Three age groups of rats were examined - 12, 18 and 25 days old. Perampanel selectively suppressed the tonic phase of generalized seizures in the two younger groups and whole tonic-clonic seizures in the 25-day-old group. It exhibited also an anticonvulsant action against minimal clonic seizures present in control 18- and 25-day-old rats. Perampanel is an effective anticonvulsant drug even at very early stages of brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Mareš
- Department of Developmental Epileptology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Hana Kubová
- Department of Developmental Epileptology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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23
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Dhir A, Bruun DA, Guignet M, Tsai Y, González E, Calsbeek J, Vu J, Saito N, Tancredi DJ, Harvey DJ, Lein PJ, Rogawski MA. Allopregnanolone and perampanel as adjuncts to midazolam for treating diisopropylfluorophosphate-induced status epilepticus in rats. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1480:183-206. [PMID: 32915470 PMCID: PMC7756871 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Combinations of midazolam, allopregnanolone, and perampanel were assessed for antiseizure activity in a rat diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) status epilepticus model. Animals receiving DFP followed by atropine and pralidoxime exhibited continuous high-amplitude rhythmical electroencephalography (EEG) spike activity and behavioral seizures for more than 5 hours. Treatments were administered intramuscularly 40 min after DFP. Seizures persisted following midazolam (1.8 mg/kg). The combination of midazolam with either allopregnanolone (6 mg/kg) or perampanel (2 mg/kg) terminated EEG and behavioral status epilepticus, but the onset of the perampanel effect was slow. The combination of midazolam, allopregnanolone, and perampanel caused rapid and complete suppression of EEG and behavioral seizures. In the absence of DFP, animals treated with the three-drug combination were sedated but not anesthetized. Animals that received midazolam alone exhibited spontaneous recurrent EEG seizures, whereas those that received the three-drug combination did not, demonstrating antiepileptogenic activity. All combination treatments reduced neurodegeneration as assessed with Fluoro-Jade C staining to a greater extent than midazolam alone, and most reduced astrogliosis as assessed by GFAP immunoreactivity but had mixed effects on markers of microglial activation. We conclude that allopregnanolone, a positive modulator of the GABAA receptor, and perampanel, an AMPA receptor antagonist, are potential adjuncts to midazolam in the treatment of benzodiazepine-refractory organophosphate nerve agent-induced status epilepticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Dhir
- Department of Neurology, School of MedicineUniversity of California, DavisSacramentoCalifornia
| | - Donald A. Bruun
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of California, DavisDavisCalifornia
| | - Michelle Guignet
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of California, DavisDavisCalifornia
| | - Yi‐Hua Tsai
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of California, DavisDavisCalifornia
| | - Eduardo González
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of California, DavisDavisCalifornia
| | - Jonas Calsbeek
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of California, DavisDavisCalifornia
| | - Joan Vu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of California, DavisDavisCalifornia
| | - Naomi Saito
- Department of Public Health Sciences, School of MedicineUniversity of California, DavisDavisCalifornia
| | - Daniel J. Tancredi
- Department of Pediatrics, School of MedicineUniversity of California, DavisSacramentoCalifornia
| | - Danielle J. Harvey
- Department of Public Health Sciences, School of MedicineUniversity of California, DavisDavisCalifornia
| | - Pamela J. Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of California, DavisDavisCalifornia
| | - Michael A. Rogawski
- Department of Neurology, School of MedicineUniversity of California, DavisSacramentoCalifornia
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Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors in Epilepsy: A Review Focusing on AMPA and NMDA Receptors. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030464. [PMID: 32197322 PMCID: PMC7175173 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that glutamate-mediated neuronal hyperexcitation plays a causative role in eliciting seizures. Among glutamate receptors, the roles of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) receptors in physiological and pathological conditions represent major clinical research targets. It is well known that agonists of NMDA or AMPA receptors can elicit seizures in animal or human subjects, while antagonists have been shown to inhibit seizures in animal models, suggesting a potential role for NMDA and AMPA receptor antagonists in anti-seizure drug development. Several such drugs have been evaluated in clinical studies; however, the majority, mainly NMDA-receptor antagonists, failed to demonstrate adequate efficacy and safety for therapeutic use, and only an AMPA-receptor antagonist, perampanel, has been approved for the treatment of some forms of epilepsy. These results suggest that a misunderstanding of the role of each glutamate receptor in the ictogenic process may underlie the failure of these drugs to demonstrate clinical efficacy and safety. Accumulating knowledge of both NMDA and AMPA receptors, including pathological gene mutations, roles in autoimmune epilepsy, and evidence from drug-discovery research and pharmacological studies, may provide valuable information enabling the roles of both receptors in ictogenesis to be reconsidered. This review aimed to integrate information from several studies in order to further elucidate the specific roles of NMDA and AMPA receptors in epilepsy.
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Klein P, Friedman A, Hameed MQ, Kaminski RM, Bar-Klein G, Klitgaard H, Koepp M, Jozwiak S, Prince DA, Rotenberg A, Twyman R, Vezzani A, Wong M, Löscher W. Repurposed molecules for antiepileptogenesis: Missing an opportunity to prevent epilepsy? Epilepsia 2020; 61:359-386. [PMID: 32196665 PMCID: PMC8317585 DOI: 10.1111/epi.16450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Prevention of epilepsy is a great unmet need. Acute central nervous system (CNS) insults such as traumatic brain injury (TBI), cerebrovascular accidents (CVA), and CNS infections account for 15%-20% of all epilepsy. Following TBI and CVA, there is a latency of days to years before epilepsy develops. This allows treatment to prevent or modify postinjury epilepsy. No such treatment exists. In animal models of acquired epilepsy, a number of medications in clinical use for diverse indications have been shown to have antiepileptogenic or disease-modifying effects, including medications with excellent side effect profiles. These include atorvastatin, ceftriaxone, losartan, isoflurane, N-acetylcysteine, and the antiseizure medications levetiracetam, brivaracetam, topiramate, gabapentin, pregabalin, vigabatrin, and eslicarbazepine acetate. In addition, there are preclinical antiepileptogenic data for anakinra, rapamycin, fingolimod, and erythropoietin, although these medications have potential for more serious side effects. However, except for vigabatrin, there have been almost no translation studies to prevent or modify epilepsy using these potentially "repurposable" medications. We may be missing an opportunity to develop preventive treatment for epilepsy by not evaluating these medications clinically. One reason for the lack of translation studies is that the preclinical data for most of these medications are disparate in terms of types of injury, models within different injury type, dosing, injury-treatment initiation latencies, treatment duration, and epilepsy outcome evaluation mode and duration. This makes it difficult to compare the relative strength of antiepileptogenic evidence across the molecules, and difficult to determine which drug(s) would be the best to evaluate clinically. Furthermore, most preclinical antiepileptogenic studies lack information needed for translation, such as dose-blood level relationship, brain target engagement, and dose-response, and many use treatment parameters that cannot be applied clinically, for example, treatment initiation before or at the time of injury and dosing higher than tolerated human equivalent dosing. Here, we review animal and human antiepileptogenic evidence for these medications. We highlight the gaps in our knowledge for each molecule that need to be filled in order to consider clinical translation, and we suggest a platform of preclinical antiepileptogenesis evaluation of potentially repurposable molecules or their combinations going forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Klein
- Mid-Atlantic Epilepsy and Sleep Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Alon Friedman
- Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology, and Brain and Cognitive Science, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Departments of Medical Neuroscience and Brain Repair Center, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Mustafa Q. Hameed
- Neuromodulation Program, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rafal M. Kaminski
- Neurosymptomatic Domains Section, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Guy Bar-Klein
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Henrik Klitgaard
- Neurosciences Therapeutic Area, UCB Pharma, Braine-l’Alleud, Belgium
| | - Mathias Koepp
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Sergiusz Jozwiak
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - David A. Prince
- Neurology and the Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Alexander Rotenberg
- Neuromodulation Program, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Annamaria Vezzani
- Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Scientific Institute for Research and Health Care, Milan, Italy
| | - Michael Wong
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Wolfgang Löscher
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
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26
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Adotevi N, Lewczuk E, Sun H, Joshi S, Dabrowska N, Shan S, Williamson J, Kapur J. α-Amino-3-Hydroxy-5-Methyl-4-Isoxazolepropionic Acid Receptor Plasticity Sustains Severe, Fatal Status Epilepticus. Ann Neurol 2019; 87:84-96. [PMID: 31675128 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Generalized convulsive status epilepticus is associated with high mortality. We tested whether α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor plasticity plays a role in sustaining seizures, seizure generalization, and mortality observed during focal onset status epilepticus. We also determined whether modified AMPA receptors generated during status epilepticus could be targeted with a drug. METHODS Electrically induced status epilepticus was characterized by electroencephalogram and behavior in GluA1 knockout mice and in transgenic mice with selective knockdown of the GluA1 subunit in hippocampal principal neurons. Excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission in CA1 neurons was studied using patch clamp electrophysiology. The dose response of N,N,H,-trimethyl-5-([tricyclo(3.3.1.13,7)dec-1-ylmethyl]amino)-1-pentanaminiumbromide hydrobromide (IEM-1460), a calcium-permeable AMPA receptor antagonist, was determined. RESULTS Global removal of the GluA1 subunit did not affect seizure susceptibility; however, it reduced susceptibility to status epilepticus. GluA1 subunit knockout also reduced mortality, severity, and duration of status epilepticus. Absence of the GluA1 subunit prevented enhancement of glutamatergic synaptic transmission associated with status epilepticus; however, γ-aminobutyric acidergic synaptic inhibition was compromised. Selective removal of the GluA1 subunit from hippocampal principal neurons also reduced mortality, severity, and duration of status epilepticus. IEM-1460 rapidly terminated status epilepticus in a dose-dependent manner. INTERPRETATION AMPA receptor plasticity mediated by the GluA1 subunit plays a critical role in sustaining and amplifying seizure activity and contributes to mortality. Calcium-permeable AMPA receptors modified during status epilepticus can be inhibited to terminate status epilepticus. ANN NEUROL 2020;87:84-96.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Adotevi
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Ewa Lewczuk
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Huayu Sun
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Suchitra Joshi
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Natalia Dabrowska
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Sarah Shan
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - John Williamson
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Jaideep Kapur
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA.,UVA Brain Institute, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
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27
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Suda S, Kimura K. Therapeutic potential of AMPA receptor antagonist perampanel against cerebral ischemia: beyond epileptic disorder. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:1525-1526. [PMID: 31089049 PMCID: PMC6557096 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.255964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Suda
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazumi Kimura
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
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