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Liu Z, Wang XY, Wang HW, Liu SL, Zhang C, Liu F, Guo Y, Gao FH. Autophagic degradation of CDK4 is responsible for G0/G1 cell cycle arrest in NVP-BEZ235-treated neuroblastoma. Cancer Biol Ther 2024; 25:2385517. [PMID: 39087955 PMCID: PMC11296530 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2024.2385517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CDK4 is highly expressed and associated with poor prognosis and decreased survival in advanced neuroblastoma (NB). Targeting CDK4 degradation presents a potentially promising therapeutic strategy compared to conventional CDK4 inhibitors. However, the autophagic degradation of the CDK4 protein and its anti-proliferation effect in NB cells has not been mentioned. RESULTS We identified autophagy as a new pathway for the degradation of CDK4. Firstly, autophagic degradation of CDK4 is critical for NVP-BEZ235-induced G0/G1 arrest, as demonstrated by the overexpression of CDK4, autophagy inhibition, and blockade of autophagy-related genes. Secondly, we present the first evidence that p62 binds to CDK4 and then enters the autophagy-lysosome to degrade CDK4 in a CTSB-dependent manner in NVP-BEZ235 treated NB cells. Similar results regarding the interaction between p62 and CDK4 were observed in the NVP-BEZ235 treated NB xenograft mouse model. CONCLUSIONS Autophagic degradation of CDK4 plays a pivotal role in G0/G1 cell cycle arrest in NB cells treated with NVP-BEZ235.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Yang Wang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Sanmenxia Central Hospital, Sanmenxia, Henan Province, China
| | - Han-Wei Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Bengbu Third People’s Hospital Affiliated to Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Shan-Ling Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Hospital of Changsha City,Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Guo
- Department of Pathology, Yellow River Hospital Attached Henan University of Science and Technology, Sanmenxia, Henan Province, China
| | - Feng-Hou Gao
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Xie Y, Liu X, Xie D, Zhang W, Zhao H, Guan H, Zhou PK. Voltage-dependent anion channel 1 mediates mitochondrial fission and glucose metabolic reprogramming in response to ionizing radiation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:174246. [PMID: 38955266 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
The ionizing radiation (IR) represents a formidable challenge as an environmental factor to mitochondria, leading to disrupt cellular energy metabolism and posing health risks. Although the deleterious impacts of IR on mitochondrial function are recognized, the specific molecular targets remain incompletely elucidated. In this study, HeLa cells subjected to γ-rays exhibited concomitant oxidative stress, mitochondrial structural alterations, and diminished ATP production capacity. The γ-rays induced a dose-dependent induction of mitochondrial fission, simultaneously manifested by an elevated S616/S637 phosphorylation ratio of the dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1) and a reduction in the expression of the mitochondrial fusion protein mitofusin 2 (MFN2). Knockdown of DRP1 effectively mitigated γ-rays-induced mitochondrial network damage, implying that DRP1 phosphorylation may act as an effector of radiation-induced mitochondrial damage. The mitochondrial outer membrane protein voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1) was identified as a crucial player in IR-induced mitochondrial damage. The VDAC1 inhibitor 4,4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS), counteracts the excessive mitochondrial fission induced by γ-rays, consequently rebalancing the glycolytic and oxidative phosphorylation equilibrium. This metabolic shift was uncovered to enhance glycolytic capacity, thus fortifying cellular resilience and elevating the radiosensitivity of cancer cells. These findings elucidate the intricate regulatory mechanisms governing mitochondrial morphology under radiation response. It is anticipated that the development of targeted drugs directed against VDAC1 may hold promise in augmenting the sensitivity of tumor cells to radiotherapy and chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xie
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology of Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China; Key Laboratory of Model Animals and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China
| | - Xiaochang Liu
- Department of Radiation Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Dafei Xie
- Department of Radiation Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Radiation Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Hongling Zhao
- Department of Radiation Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Hua Guan
- Department of Radiation Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China.
| | - Ping-Kun Zhou
- Department of Radiation Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China.
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Song M, Qiang Y, Zhao X, Song F. Cyclin-dependent Kinase 5 and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04047-1. [PMID: 38378992 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04047-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are a group of diseases characterized by the progressive loss of neurons, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. These diseases have a high incidence and mortality rate globally, placing a heavy burden on patients and their families. The pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases is complex, and there are no effective treatments at present. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 is a proline-directed serine/threonine protein kinase that is closely related to the development and function of the nervous system. Under physiological conditions, it is involved in regulating the process of neuronal proliferation, differentiation, migration, and synaptic plasticity. Moreover, there is increasing evidence that cyclin-dependent kinase 5 also plays an important role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we address the biological characteristics of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 and its role in neurodegenerative diseases. In particular, this review highlights the underlying mechanistic linkages between cyclin-dependent kinase 5 and mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in the context of neurodegeneration. Finally, we also summarize the currently available cyclin-dependent kinase 5 inhibitors and their prospects for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Taken together, a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 involved in neurodegenerative diseases can lead to the development of new strategies for the prevention and treatment of these devastating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxue Song
- Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yalong Qiang
- Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiulan Zhao
- Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuyong Song
- Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China.
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Xie W, Guo D, Li J, Yue L, Kang Q, Chen G, Zhou T, Wang H, Zhuang K, Leng L, Li H, Chen Z, Gao W, Zhang J. CEND1 deficiency induces mitochondrial dysfunction and cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease. Cell Death Differ 2022; 29:2417-2428. [PMID: 35732922 PMCID: PMC9751129 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-022-01027-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of neurodegenerative disease featured with memory loss and cognitive function impairments. Chronic mitochondrial stress is a vital pathogenic factor for AD and finally leads to massive neuronal death. However, the underlying mechanism is unclear. By proteomic analysis, we identified a new mitochondrial protein, cell-cycle exit and neuronal differentiation 1 (CEND1), which was decreased significantly in the brain of 5xFAD mice. CEND1 is a neuronal specific protein and locates in the presynaptic mitochondria. Depletion of CEND1 leads to increased mitochondrial fission mediated by upregulation of dynamin related protein 1 (Drp1), resulting in abnormal mitochondrial functions. CEND1 deficiency leads to cognitive impairments in mice. Overexpression of CEND1 in the hippocampus of 5xFAD mice rescued cognitive deficits. Moreover, we identified that CDK5/p25 interacted with and phosphorylated CEND1 which promoted its degradation. Our study provides new mechanistic insights in mitochondrial function regulations by CEND1 in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Xie
- Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Dong Guo
- Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Jieyin Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Lei Yue
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350004, China
| | - Qi Kang
- Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Guimiao Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Tingwen Zhou
- Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Han Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Kai Zhuang
- Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Lige Leng
- Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Huifang Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Zhenyi Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Weiwei Gao
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350004, China.
| | - Jie Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China.
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350004, China.
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China.
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Tian Z, Feng B, Wang XQ, Tian J. Focusing on cyclin-dependent kinases 5: A potential target for neurological disorders. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1030639. [PMID: 36438186 PMCID: PMC9687395 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1030639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases 5 (Cdk5) is a special member of proline-directed serine threonine kinase family. Unlike other Cdks, Cdk5 is not directly involved in cell cycle regulation but plays important roles in nervous system functions. Under physiological conditions, the activity of Cdk5 is tightly controlled by p35 or p39, which are specific activators of Cdk5 and highly expressed in post-mitotic neurons. However, they will be cleaved into the corresponding truncated forms namely p25 and p29 under pathological conditions, such as neurodegenerative diseases and neurotoxic insults. The binding to truncated co-activators results in aberrant Cdk5 activity and contributes to the initiation and progression of multiple neurological disorders through affecting the down-stream targets. Although Cdk5 kinase activity is mainly regulated through combining with co-activators, it is not the only way. Post-translational modifications of Cdk5 including phosphorylation, S-nitrosylation, sumoylation, and acetylation can also affect its kinase activity and then participate in physiological and pathological processes of nervous system. In this review, we focus on the regulatory mechanisms of Cdk5 and its roles in a series of common neurological disorders such as neurodegenerative diseases, stroke, anxiety/depression, pathological pain and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Tian
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Pharmacy, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xing-Qin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiao Tian
- Department of Infection, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, The First Batch of Key Disciplines On Public Health in Chongqing, Chongqing, China
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Tripathi R, Gupta R, Sahu M, Srivastava D, Das A, Ambasta RK, Kumar P. Free radical biology in neurological manifestations: mechanisms to therapeutics interventions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:62160-62207. [PMID: 34617231 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16693-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Recent advancements and growing attention about free radicals (ROS) and redox signaling enable the scientific fraternity to consider their involvement in the pathophysiology of inflammatory diseases, metabolic disorders, and neurological defects. Free radicals increase the concentration of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in the biological system through different endogenous sources and thus increased the overall oxidative stress. An increase in oxidative stress causes cell death through different signaling mechanisms such as mitochondrial impairment, cell-cycle arrest, DNA damage response, inflammation, negative regulation of protein, and lipid peroxidation. Thus, an appropriate balance between free radicals and antioxidants becomes crucial to maintain physiological function. Since the 1brain requires high oxygen for its functioning, it is highly vulnerable to free radical generation and enhanced ROS in the brain adversely affects axonal regeneration and synaptic plasticity, which results in neuronal cell death. In addition, increased ROS in the brain alters various signaling pathways such as apoptosis, autophagy, inflammation and microglial activation, DNA damage response, and cell-cycle arrest, leading to memory and learning defects. Mounting evidence suggests the potential involvement of micro-RNAs, circular-RNAs, natural and dietary compounds, synthetic inhibitors, and heat-shock proteins as therapeutic agents to combat neurological diseases. Herein, we explain the mechanism of free radical generation and its role in mitochondrial, protein, and lipid peroxidation biology. Further, we discuss the negative role of free radicals in synaptic plasticity and axonal regeneration through the modulation of various signaling molecules and also in the involvement of free radicals in various neurological diseases and their potential therapeutic approaches. The primary cause of free radical generation is drug overdosing, industrial air pollution, toxic heavy metals, ionizing radiation, smoking, alcohol, pesticides, and ultraviolet radiation. Excessive generation of free radicals inside the cell R1Q1 increases reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, which causes oxidative damage. An increase in oxidative damage alters different cellular pathways and processes such as mitochondrial impairment, DNA damage response, cell cycle arrest, and inflammatory response, leading to pathogenesis and progression of neurodegenerative disease other neurological defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Tripathi
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), Delhi, India
| | - Rohan Gupta
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), Delhi, India
| | - Mehar Sahu
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), Delhi, India
| | - Devesh Srivastava
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), Delhi, India
| | - Ankita Das
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), Delhi, India
| | - Rashmi K Ambasta
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), Delhi, India
| | - Pravir Kumar
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), Delhi, India.
- , Delhi, India.
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Shahbad Daulatpur, Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India.
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7
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Abstract
Cdk5 is a proline-directed serine/threonine protein kinase that governs a variety of cellular processes in neurons, the dysregulation of which compromises normal brain function. The mechanisms underlying the modulation of Cdk5, its modes of action, and its effects on the nervous system have been a great focus in the field for nearly three decades. In this review, we provide an overview of the discovery and regulation of Cdk5, highlighting recent findings revealing its role in neuronal/synaptic functions, circadian clocks, DNA damage, cell cycle reentry, mitochondrial dysfunction, as well as its non-neuronal functions under physiological and pathological conditions. Moreover, we discuss evidence underscoring aberrant Cdk5 activity as a common theme observed in many neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Chieh Pao
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Li-Huei Tsai
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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CDK5 inhibition protects against OGDR induced mitochondrial fragmentation and apoptosis through regulation of Drp1S616 phosphorylation. Life Sci 2021; 269:119062. [PMID: 33476635 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) is a potential target for the treatment of cerebral ischemia. CDK5 is one of the upstream regulators for Dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) phosphorylation. This study intends to discuss whether CDK5 inhibition conferring neuroprotection in cerebral ischemia through regulating Drp1 phosphorylation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mouse neuroblastoma N2a cells and N1E-115 cells were cultured and subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGDR). N2a cells and N1E-115 cells were treated with Roscovitine, a pharmacological inhibitor of CDK5, or transfected with CDK5 siRNA to knock down CDK5 expression. N2a cells were transfected with different plasmids (Drp1-Myc, the dephosphorylation-mimic mutant Drp1S616A-Myc and the phosphorylation-mimic mutant Drp1S616D-Myc). The expression of CDK5 and its activator p35, Drp1 and phosphorylated Drp1 on S616 was determined by western blot. The morphology of mitochondria was detected by immunofluorescence staining and the proportion of N2a cells with apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry analysis. KEY FINDINGS Expression of CDK5, p35 and phosphorylated Drp1 on S616 was strongly upregulated after 4 h and 12 h reperfusion following 4 h oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) at protein level. CDK5 inhibition by pre-treated with Roscovitine or transfection with CDK5 siRNA significantly ameliorated OGDR induced mitochondrial fragmentation and apoptosis. Overexpression of the phosphorylation-mimic mutant Drp1S616D abrogated the protective effect of CDK5 inhibition against OGDR induced mitochondrial fragmentation and apoptosis. SIGNIFICANCE Our data indicate that the neuroprotective effect of CDK5 inhibition against OGDR induced neuronal damage is Drp1S616 phosphorylation dependent. A better understanding of the neuroprotective mechanisms of CDK5 inhibition in cerebral ischemia will help to develop safe and efficacious drugs targeting CDK5 signaling for clinical use.
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