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Tufail T, Ain HBU, Chen J, Virk MS, Ahmed Z, Ashraf J, Shahid NUA, Xu B. Contemporary Views of the Extraction, Health Benefits, and Industrial Integration of Rice Bran Oil: A Prominent Ingredient for Holistic Human Health. Foods 2024; 13:1305. [PMID: 38731675 PMCID: PMC11083700 DOI: 10.3390/foods13091305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Globally, 50% of people consume rice (Oryza sativa), which is among the most abundant and extensively ingested cereal grains. Rice bran is a by-product of the cereal industry and is also considered a beneficial waste product of the rice processing industry. Rice bran oil (RBO) is created from rice bran (20-25 wt% in rice bran), which is the outermost layer of the rice kernel; has a lipid content of up to 25%; and is a considerable source of a plethora of bioactive components. The main components of RBO include high levels of fiber and phytochemicals, including vitamins, oryzanols, fatty acids, and phenolic compounds, which are beneficial to human health and well-being. This article summarizes the stabilization and extraction processes of rice bran oil from rice bran using different techniques (including solvent extraction, microwaving, ohmic heating, supercritical fluid extraction, and ultrasonication). Some studies have elaborated the various biological activities linked with RBO, such as antioxidant, anti-platelet, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic, anti-mutagenic, aphrodisiac, anti-depressant, anti-emetic, fibrinolytic, and cytotoxic activities. Due to the broad spectrum of biological activities and economic benefits of RBO, the current review article focuses on the extraction process of RBO, its bioactive components, and the potential health benefits of RBO. Furthermore, the limitations of existing studies are highlighted, and suggestions are provided for future applications of RBO as a functional food ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabussam Tufail
- School of Food, Biological Engineering Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (T.T.); (J.C.); (M.S.V.); (Z.A.); (J.A.)
- University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54590, Pakistan; (H.B.U.A.); (N.U.A.S.)
| | - Huma Bader Ul Ain
- University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54590, Pakistan; (H.B.U.A.); (N.U.A.S.)
| | - Jin Chen
- School of Food, Biological Engineering Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (T.T.); (J.C.); (M.S.V.); (Z.A.); (J.A.)
| | - Muhammad Safiullah Virk
- School of Food, Biological Engineering Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (T.T.); (J.C.); (M.S.V.); (Z.A.); (J.A.)
| | - Zahoor Ahmed
- School of Food, Biological Engineering Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (T.T.); (J.C.); (M.S.V.); (Z.A.); (J.A.)
| | - Jawad Ashraf
- School of Food, Biological Engineering Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (T.T.); (J.C.); (M.S.V.); (Z.A.); (J.A.)
| | - Noor Ul Ain Shahid
- University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54590, Pakistan; (H.B.U.A.); (N.U.A.S.)
| | - Bin Xu
- School of Food, Biological Engineering Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (T.T.); (J.C.); (M.S.V.); (Z.A.); (J.A.)
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Tan BL, Norhaizan ME, Chan LC. Rice Bran: From Waste to Nutritious Food Ingredients. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15112503. [PMID: 37299466 DOI: 10.3390/nu15112503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a principal food for more than half of the world's people. Rice is predominantly consumed as white rice, a refined grain that is produced during the rice milling process which removes the bran and germ and leaves the starchy endosperm. Rice bran is a by-product produced from the rice milling process, which contains many bioactive compounds, for instance, phenolic compounds, tocotrienols, tocopherols, and γ-oryzanol. These bioactive compounds are thought to protect against cancer, vascular disease, and type 2 diabetes. Extraction of rice bran oil also generates various by-products including rice bran wax, defatted rice bran, filtered cake, and rice acid oil, and some of them exert bioactive substances that could be utilized as functional food ingredients. However, rice bran is often utilized as animal feed or discarded as waste. Therefore, this review aimed to discuss the role of rice bran in metabolic ailments. The bioactive constituents and food product application of rice bran were also highlighted in this study. Collectively, a better understanding of the underlying molecular mechanism and the role of these bioactive compounds exerted in the rice bran would provide a useful approach for the food industry and prevent metabolic ailments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bee Ling Tan
- Department of Healthcare Professional, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Management and Science University, University Drive, Off Persiaran Olahraga, Seksyen 13, 40100 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Esa Norhaizan
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Natural Medicines and Products Research Laboratory (NaturMeds), Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra, Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Lee Chin Chan
- Biovalence Sdn. Bhd., 22, Jalan SS25/34, Taman Mayang, 47301 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
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Tian H, Ding M, Guo Y, Zhu Z, Yu Y, Tian Y, Li K, Sun G, Jiang R, Han R, Yan F, Kang X. Effect of HSPA8 gene on the proliferation, apoptosis and immune function of HD11 cells. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 142:104666. [PMID: 36764422 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
HSPA8 (Heat shock 70 kDa protein 8) is a molecular chaperone involved in a variety of cellular processes. This gene may affect the proliferation, apoptosis and immune function of chicken macrophages, but the specific mechanism remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of the HSPA8 gene on the proliferation, apoptosis and immune function of chicken macrophages. In this study, a chicken HSPA8 overexpression plasmid, interference fragment and corresponding controls were transfected into HD11 cells, and then the expression of the HSPA8 gene, cell proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis rate and immune function of each group were detected. The results showed that transfection of the HSPA8 overexpression plasmid significantly upregulated the level of HSPA8 expression in HD11 cells compared with the control; significantly promoted the proliferation of HD11 cells and the expression of PCNA, CCND1 and CCNB3; decreased the number of cells in the G1 phase and increased the number of cells in the S phase; decreased the rate of apoptosis and upregulated the expression of Bcl-2; and promoted the expression of the LPS-induced cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α. Transfection of the HSPA8 interference fragment significantly downregulated the level of HSPA8 expression in HD11 cells; significantly inhibited the proliferation of HD11 cells and the expression of PCNA, CCND1 and CDK1; increased the number of cells in the G1 phase and decreased the number of cells in the S phase; increased the rate of apoptosis, downregulated the expression of Bcl-2 and upregulated the expression levels of Fas and FasL; and inhibited the expression of the LPS-induced cytokines IL-1β and NF-κB. The results suggested that HSPA8 promotes the proliferation of and inhibits the apoptosis of HD11 cells and has a proinflammatory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Tian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Mengxia Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Yujie Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Zhaoyan Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Yange Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Yadong Tian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Kui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Guirong Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Ruirui Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Ruili Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Fengbin Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Xiangtao Kang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
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The Effect of Stabilized Rice Bran Addition on Physicochemical, Sensory, and Techno-Functional Properties of Bread. Foods 2022; 11:foods11213328. [PMID: 36359940 PMCID: PMC9656163 DOI: 10.3390/foods11213328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice bran (RB) is a valuable byproduct derived from rice milling that represents an excellent opportunity for dietary inclusion. Bioactive components with antioxidant potential have been reported in RB, gaining the considerable attention of researchers. However, RB requires a stabilization process after milling to prevent it from becoming rancid and promote its commercial consumption. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of substituting stabilized rice bran (SRB) for wheat flour at levels of 10, 15, 20 and 25% on the proximate composition, dietary fiber, dough rheology, antioxidant properties, content of bioactive compounds, and sensory attributes of white wheat-based bread. Results indicated that the incorporation of SRB increased the bread’s insoluble dietary fiber, phytic acid, total polyphenol content, γ-oryzanol, γ-aminobutyric acid, and antioxidant properties, while decreased its water absorption capacity, elasticity, volume, β-glucans, and soluble dietary fiber content. Moreover, substituting wheat flour for SRB at levels higher than 15% affected sensory attributes, such as color, odor, flavor, and softness. This study highlights the potential application of SRB flour in bread-making to increase nutritional, and functional properties of white wheat bread.
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Protocatechuic acid as a potent anticarcinogenic compound in purple rice bran against diethylnitrosamine-initiated rat hepatocarcinogenesis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10548. [PMID: 35732709 PMCID: PMC9217852 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14888-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous study demonstrated that purple rice bran extract (PRBE) could inhibit diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. Protocatechuic acid (PCA) is the major phenolic acid contained in the PRBE. Therefore, this study aimed to determine whether PCA is an anticarcinogenic compound in purple rice extract. Rats were intraperitoneally injected with DEN to induce glutathione S-transferase placental form (GST-P)-positive foci. Rats were fed with PRBE at 500 mg kg−1 body weight or PCA at 4 mg kg−1 body weight for 5 and 15 weeks. PCA administration attenuated DEN-induced hepatic GST-P positive foci to a degree similar to PRBE. The molecular mechanisms of PCA in the initiation stage were correlated with reduced activity of cytochrome P450 reductase and induction of glutathione S-transferase. In addition, PCA also downregulated the expression of TNF-α and IL-1β genes in rat liver. These genes are associated with the inhibition of inflammation. In the promotion stage, PCA suppressed cell proliferation correlated with the downregulation of Cyclin D1 expression. Moreover, it also induced apoptosis, indicated by increased expression of P53 and Bad genes, and decreased the expression of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-xl in DEN-initiated rats. These findings suggest that PCA is an active compound in the anticarcinogenic action of purple rice bran.
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Tian H, Ding M, Guo Y, Zhu Z, Yu Y, Tian Y, Li K, Sun G, Jiang R, Han R, Yan F, Kang X. WITHDRAWN: Effect of HSPA8 on the proliferation, apoptosis and immune function of chicken macrophages. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2022:106186. [PMID: 35217190 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2022.106186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Tian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Mengxia Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yujie Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Zhaoyan Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yange Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yadong Tian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Kui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Guirong Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Ruirui Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Ruili Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Fengbin Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Xiangtao Kang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
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Chen Y, Li L, Zhang J, Cui H, Wang J, Wang C, Shi M, Fan H. Dexmedetomidine Alleviates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Hippocampal Neuronal Apoptosis via Inhibiting the p38 MAPK/c-Myc/CLIC4 Signaling Pathway in Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:5533-5547. [PMID: 34363182 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02512-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dexmedetomidine (DEX) has multiple biological effects. Here, we investigated the neuroprotective role and molecular mechanism of DEX against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced hippocampal neuronal apoptosis. Sprague Dawley rats were intraperitoneally injected with LPS (10 mg/kg) and/or DEX (30 µg/kg). We found that DEX improved LPS-induced alterations of hippocampal microstructure (necrosis and neuronal loss in the CA1 and CA3 regions) and ultrastructure (mitochondrial damage). DEX also attenuated LPS-induced inflammation and hippocampal apoptosis by inhibiting the increase of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, interleukin-18, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels and downregulating the expression of mitochondrial apoptosis pathway-related proteins. Moreover, DEX prevented the LPS-induced activation of the c-Myc/chloride intracellular channel 4 (CLIC4) pathway. DEX inhibited the p38 MAPK pathway, but not JNK and ERK. To further clarify whether DEX alleviated LPS-induced neuronal apoptosis through the p38 MAPK/c-Myc/CLIC4 pathway, we treated PC12 cells with p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203582 (10 µM). DEX had the same effect as SB203582 in reducing the protein and mRNA expression of c-Myc and CLIC4. Furthermore, DEX and SB203582 diminished LPS-induced apoptosis, indicated by decreased Bax and Tom20 fluorescent double-stained cells, reduced annexin V-FITC/PI apoptosis rate, and reduced protein expression levels of Bax, cytochrome C, cleaved caspase-9, and cleaved caspase-3. Taken together, the findings indicate that DEX attenuates LPS-induced hippocampal neuronal apoptosis by regulating the p38 MAPK/c-Myc/CLIC4 signaling pathway. These findings provide new insights into the mechanism of Alzheimer's disease and depression and may help aid in drug development for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongping Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiuyan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Hailin Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiucheng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuqiao Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingxian Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Honggang Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China.
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China.
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PPAR Gamma and Viral Infections of the Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168876. [PMID: 34445581 PMCID: PMC8396218 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a master regulator of metabolism, adipogenesis, inflammation and cell cycle, and it has been extensively studied in the brain in relation to inflammation or neurodegeneration. Little is known however about its role in viral infections of the brain parenchyma, although they represent the most frequent cause of encephalitis and are a major threat for the developing brain. Specific to viral infections is the ability to subvert signaling pathways of the host cell to ensure virus replication and spreading, as deleterious as the consequences may be for the host. In this respect, the pleiotropic role of PPARγ makes it a critical target of infection. This review aims to provide an update on the role of PPARγ in viral infections of the brain. Recent studies have highlighted the involvement of PPARγ in brain or neural cells infected by immunodeficiency virus 1, Zika virus, or human cytomegalovirus. They have provided a better understanding on PPARγ functions in the infected brain, and revealed that it can be a double-edged sword with respect to inflammation, viral replication, or neuronogenesis. They unraveled new roles of PPARγ in health and disease and could possibly help designing new therapeutic strategies.
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Behl T, Kumar S, Sehgal A, Singh S, Kumari S, Brisc MC, Munteanu MA, Brisc C, Buhas CL, Judea-Pusta C, Buhas CL, Judea-Pusta C, Nistor-Cseppento DC, Bungau S. Rice bran, an off-shoot to newer therapeutics in neurological disorders. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 140:111796. [PMID: 34098194 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal brain functioning involves the interaction of interconnected molecular and cellular activities, which appear to alter normal to abnormal brain functioning when worsened, contributing to the emergence of neurological disorders. There are currently millions of people who are living with brain disorders globally and this will rise if suitable prevention strategies are not explored. Nutraceutical intended to treat numerous health goals with little adverse effect possible together can be more beneficial than pharmaceutical monotherapy for fostering balanced brain functioning. Nutraceutical provides a specific composition of effective macronutrients and micronutrients that are difficult to synthesize in the laboratory. Numerous elements of rice fibers in rice bran are characterized as natural anti-oxidant and having potential anti-inflammatory activity. The rice bran captures interest among the researchers as it is widespread, affordable, and rich in nutrients including protein, fat, carbohydrates, bioactive components, and dietary fiber. This review covers the neuroprotective multiplicity of rice bran and its constituents to deter pathological conditions of the brain and to facilitate balanced brain functioning at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India.
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Shilpa Kumari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Mihaela Cristina Brisc
- Department of Medical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Romania
| | - Mihai Alexandru Munteanu
- Department of Medical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Romania
| | - Ciprian Brisc
- Department of Medical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Romania
| | - Camelia Liana Buhas
- Department of Medical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Romania
| | - Claudia Judea-Pusta
- Department of Medical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Romania
| | - Camelia Liana Buhas
- Department of Morphological Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Romania
| | - Claudia Judea-Pusta
- Department of Morphological Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Romania
| | | | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Romania
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