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Li JJ, Sun WD, Zhu XJ, Mei YZ, Li WS, Li JH. Nicotinamide N-Methyltransferase (NNMT): A New Hope for Treating Aging and Age-Related Conditions. Metabolites 2024; 14:343. [PMID: 38921477 PMCID: PMC11205546 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14060343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The complex process of aging leads to a gradual deterioration in the function of cells, tissues, and the entire organism, thereby increasing the risk of disease and death. Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) has attracted attention as a potential target for combating aging and its related pathologies. Studies have shown that NNMT activity increases over time, which is closely associated with the onset and progression of age-related diseases. NNMT uses S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) as a methyl donor to facilitate the methylation of nicotinamide (NAM), converting NAM into S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine (SAH) and methylnicotinamide (MNA). This enzymatic action depletes NAM, a precursor of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), and generates SAH, a precursor of homocysteine (Hcy). The reduction in the NAD+ levels and the increase in the Hcy levels are considered important factors in the aging process and age-related diseases. The efficacy of RNA interference (RNAi) therapies and small-molecule inhibitors targeting NNMT demonstrates the potential of NNMT as a therapeutic target. Despite these advances, the exact mechanisms by which NNMT influences aging and age-related diseases remain unclear, and there is a lack of clinical trials involving NNMT inhibitors and RNAi drugs. Therefore, more in-depth research is needed to elucidate the precise functions of NNMT in aging and promote the development of targeted pharmaceutical interventions. This paper aims to explore the specific role of NNMT in aging, and to evaluate its potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jiang-Hua Li
- Physical Education College, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China; (J.-J.L.); (W.-D.S.); (X.-J.Z.); (Y.-Z.M.); (W.-S.L.)
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2
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Prasanth MI, Sivamaruthi BS, Cheong CSY, Verma K, Tencomnao T, Brimson JM, Prasansuklab A. Role of Epigenetic Modulation in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Implications of Phytochemical Interventions. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:606. [PMID: 38790711 PMCID: PMC11118909 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13050606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics defines changes in cell function without involving alterations in DNA sequence. Neuroepigenetics bridges neuroscience and epigenetics by regulating gene expression in the nervous system and its impact on brain function. With the increase in research in recent years, it was observed that alterations in the gene expression did not always originate from changes in the genetic sequence, which has led to understanding the role of epigenetics in neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Epigenetic alterations contribute to the aberrant expression of genes involved in neuroinflammation, protein aggregation, and neuronal death. Natural phytochemicals have shown promise as potential therapeutic agents against NDDs because of their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects in cellular and animal models. For instance, resveratrol (grapes), curcumin (turmeric), and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG; green tea) exhibit neuroprotective effects through their influence on DNA methylation patterns, histone acetylation, and non-coding RNA expression profiles. Phytochemicals also aid in slowing disease progression, preserving neuronal function, and enhancing cognitive and motor abilities. The present review focuses on various epigenetic modifications involved in the pathology of NDDs, including AD and PD, gene expression regulation related to epigenetic alterations, and the role of specific polyphenols in influencing epigenetic modifications in AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mani Iyer Prasanth
- Natural Products for Neuroprotection and Anti-Ageing Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (M.I.P.); (C.S.Y.C.); (K.V.); (T.T.); (J.M.B.)
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Bhagavathi Sundaram Sivamaruthi
- Office of Research Administration, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
- Innovation Center for Holistic Health, Nutraceuticals, and Cosmeceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Clerance Su Yee Cheong
- Natural Products for Neuroprotection and Anti-Ageing Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (M.I.P.); (C.S.Y.C.); (K.V.); (T.T.); (J.M.B.)
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Kanika Verma
- Natural Products for Neuroprotection and Anti-Ageing Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (M.I.P.); (C.S.Y.C.); (K.V.); (T.T.); (J.M.B.)
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Tewin Tencomnao
- Natural Products for Neuroprotection and Anti-Ageing Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (M.I.P.); (C.S.Y.C.); (K.V.); (T.T.); (J.M.B.)
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - James Michael Brimson
- Natural Products for Neuroprotection and Anti-Ageing Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (M.I.P.); (C.S.Y.C.); (K.V.); (T.T.); (J.M.B.)
- Research, Innovation and International Affairs, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Anchalee Prasansuklab
- Natural Products for Neuroprotection and Anti-Ageing Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (M.I.P.); (C.S.Y.C.); (K.V.); (T.T.); (J.M.B.)
- College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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3
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Pugel AD, Schoenfeld AM, Alsaifi SZ, Holmes JR, Morrison BE. The Role of NAD + and NAD +-Boosting Therapies in Inflammatory Response by IL-13. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:226. [PMID: 38399441 PMCID: PMC10893221 DOI: 10.3390/ph17020226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The essential role of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide+ (NAD+) in redox reactions during oxidative respiration is well known, yet the coenzyme and regulator functions of NAD+ in diverse and important processes are still being discovered. Maintaining NAD+ levels through diet is essential for health. In fact, the United States requires supplementation of the NAD+ precursor niacin into the food chain for these reasons. A large body of research also indicates that elevating NAD+ levels is beneficial for numerous conditions, including cancer, cardiovascular health, inflammatory response, and longevity. Consequently, strategies have been created to elevate NAD+ levels through dietary supplementation with NAD+ precursor compounds. This paper explores current research regarding these therapeutic compounds. It then focuses on the NAD+ regulation of IL-13 signaling, which is a research area garnering little attention. IL-13 is a critical regulator of allergic response and is associated with Parkinson's disease and cancer. Evidence supporting the notion that increasing NAD+ levels might reduce IL-13 signal-induced inflammatory response is presented. The assessment is concluded with an examination of reports involving popular precursor compounds that boost NAD+ and their associations with IL-13 signaling in the context of offering a means for safely and effectively reducing inflammatory response by IL-13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton D. Pugel
- Biomolecular Ph.D. Program, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA;
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA; (A.M.S.); (S.Z.A.); (J.R.H.)
| | - Alyssa M. Schoenfeld
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA; (A.M.S.); (S.Z.A.); (J.R.H.)
| | - Sara Z. Alsaifi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA; (A.M.S.); (S.Z.A.); (J.R.H.)
| | - Jocelyn R. Holmes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA; (A.M.S.); (S.Z.A.); (J.R.H.)
| | - Brad E. Morrison
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA; (A.M.S.); (S.Z.A.); (J.R.H.)
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Li P, Xia C, Kong X, Zhang J. Enhancing nicotinamide N-methyltransferase bisubstrate inhibitor activity through 7-deazaadenosine and linker modifications. Bioorg Chem 2024; 143:106963. [PMID: 38048700 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to nicotinamide (NAM) and other pyridine-related compounds and is involved in various metabolic processes in the human body. In addition, abnormal expression of NNMT occurs under various pathological conditions such as cancer, diabetes, metabolic disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases, making it a promising drug target worthy of in-depth research. Small-molecule NNMT inhibitors with high potency and selectivity are necessary chemical tools to test biological hypotheses and potential therapies. In this study, we developed a series of highly active NNMT inhibitors by modifying N7 position of adenine. Among them, compound 3-12 (IC50 = 47.9 ± 0.6 nM) exhibited potent inhibitory activity and also had an excellent selectivity profile over a panel of human methyltransferases. We showed that the N7 position of adenine in the NNMT bisubstrate inhibitor was a modifiable site, thus offering insights into the development of NNMT inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510530, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Cuicui Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510530, China; Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xiangqian Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510530, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Jiancun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510530, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.
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5
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Yamanishi K, Hata M, Gamachi N, Watanabe Y, Yamanishi C, Okamura H, Matsunaga H. Molecular Mechanisms of IL18 in Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17170. [PMID: 38139000 PMCID: PMC10743479 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 18 (IL18) was originally identified as an inflammation-induced cytokine that is secreted by immune cells. An increasing number of studies have focused on its non-immunological functions, with demonstrated functions for IL18 in energy homeostasis and neural stability. IL18 is reportedly required for lipid metabolism in the liver and brown adipose tissue. Furthermore, IL18 (Il18) deficiency in mice leads to mitochondrial dysfunction in hippocampal cells, resulting in depressive-like symptoms and cognitive impairment. Microarray analyses of Il18-/- mice have revealed a set of genes with differential expression in liver, brown adipose tissue, and brain; however, the impact of IL18 deficiency in these tissues remains uncertain. In this review article, we discuss these genes, with a focus on their relationships with the phenotypic disease traits of Il18-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyosuke Yamanishi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Hyogo Medical University, 1-1 Mukogawa, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Hyogo, Japan
- Department of Psychoimmunology, Hyogo Medical University, 1-1 Mukogawa, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Masaki Hata
- Department of Psychoimmunology, Hyogo Medical University, 1-1 Mukogawa, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Naomi Gamachi
- Department of Psychoimmunology, Hyogo Medical University, 1-1 Mukogawa, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yuko Watanabe
- Hirakata General Hospital for Developmental Disorders, Hirakata 573-0122, Osaka, Japan; (Y.W.); (C.Y.)
| | - Chiaki Yamanishi
- Hirakata General Hospital for Developmental Disorders, Hirakata 573-0122, Osaka, Japan; (Y.W.); (C.Y.)
| | - Haruki Okamura
- Department of Psychoimmunology, Hyogo Medical University, 1-1 Mukogawa, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hisato Matsunaga
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Hyogo Medical University, 1-1 Mukogawa, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Hyogo, Japan
- Department of Psychoimmunology, Hyogo Medical University, 1-1 Mukogawa, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Hyogo, Japan
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DeBalsi KL, Newman JH, Sommerville LJ, Phillips JA, Hamid R, Cogan J, Fessel JP, Evans AM, Network UD, Kennedy AD. A Case Study of Dysfunctional Nicotinamide Metabolism in a 20-Year-Old Male. Metabolites 2023; 13:399. [PMID: 36984839 PMCID: PMC10055858 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13030399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a case study of a 20-year-old male with an unknown neurodegenerative disease who was referred to the Undiagnosed Diseases Network Vanderbilt Medical Center site. A previous metabolic panel showed that the patient had a critical deficiency in nicotinamide intermediates that are generated during the biosynthesis of NAD(H). We followed up on these findings by evaluating the patient's ability to metabolize nicotinamide. We performed a global metabolic profiling analysis of plasma samples that were collected: (1) under normal fed conditions (baseline), (2) after the patient had fasted, and (3) after he was challenged with a 500 mg nasogastric tube bolus of nicotinamide following the fast. Our findings showed that the patient's nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT), a key enzyme in NAD(H) biosynthesis and methionine metabolism, was not functional under normal fed or fasting conditions but was restored in response to the nicotinamide challenge. Altered levels of metabolites situated downstream of NNMT and in neighboring biochemical pathways provided further evidence of a baseline defect in NNMT activity. To date, this is the only report of a critical defect in NNMT activity manifesting in adulthood and leading to neurodegenerative disease. Altogether, this study serves as an important reference in the rare disease literature and also demonstrates the utility of metabolomics as a diagnostic tool for uncharacterized metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John H. Newman
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | | | | | - Rizwan Hamid
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Joy Cogan
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Joshua P. Fessel
- National Institutes of Health, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Barrows RD, Jeffries DE, Vishe M, Tukachinsky H, Zheng SL, Li F, Ma Z, Li X, Jin S, Song H, Zhang R, Zhang S, Ni J, Luan H, Wen L, Rongshan Y, Ying C, Shair MD. Potent Uncompetitive Inhibitors of Nicotinamide N-Methyltransferase (NNMT) as In Vivo Chemical Probes. J Med Chem 2022; 65:14642-14654. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert D. Barrows
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Daniel E. Jeffries
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Mahesh Vishe
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Hanna Tukachinsky
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Shao-Liang Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Fanfan Li
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., 6 Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Zhenjie Ma
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., 6 Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Xiaolei Li
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., 6 Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Shujuan Jin
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., 6 Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Haobin Song
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., 6 Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Ruonan Zhang
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., 6 Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Shaofeng Zhang
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., 6 Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Jing Ni
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., 6 Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Haofei Luan
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., 6 Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Lei Wen
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., 6 Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Yan Rongshan
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., #288 FuTe ZhongLu WaiGaoQiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Chen Ying
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., #288 FuTe ZhongLu WaiGaoQiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Matthew D. Shair
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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8
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Radtke F, Palladino VS, McNeill RV, Chiocchetti AG, Haslinger D, Leyh M, Gersic D, Frank M, Grünewald L, Klebe S, Brüstle O, Günther K, Edenhofer F, Kranz TM, Reif A, Kittel-Schneider S. ADHD-associated PARK2 copy number variants: A pilot study on gene expression and effects of supplementary deprivation in patient-derived cell lines. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2022; 189:257-270. [PMID: 35971782 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies show an association of Parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase (PARK2) copy number variations (CNVs) with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The aim of our pilot study to investigate gene expression associated with PARK2 CNVs in human-derived cellular models. We investigated gene expression in fibroblasts, hiPSC and dopaminergic neurons (DNs) of ADHD PARK2 deletion and duplication carriers by qRT PCR compared with healthy and ADHD cell lines without PARK2 CNVs. The selected 10 genes of interest were associated with oxidative stress response (TP53, NQO1, and NFE2L2), ubiquitin pathway (UBE3A, UBB, UBC, and ATXN3) and with a function in mitochondrial quality control (PINK1, MFN2, and ATG5). Additionally, an exploratory RNA bulk sequencing analysis in DNs was conducted. Nutrient deprivation as a supplementary deprivation stress paradigm was used to enhance potential genotype effects. At baseline, in fibroblasts, hiPSC, and DNs, there was no significant difference in gene expression after correction for multiple testing. After nutrient deprivation in fibroblasts NAD(P)H-quinone-dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1) expression was significantly increased in PARK2 CNV carriers. In a multivariate analysis, ubiquitin C (UBC) was significantly upregulated in fibroblasts of PARK2 CNV carriers. RNA sequencing analysis of DNs showed the strongest significant differential regulation in Neurontin (NNAT) at baseline and after nutrient deprivation. Our preliminary results suggest differential gene expression in pathways associated with oxidative stress, ubiquitine-proteasome, immunity, inflammation, cell growth, and differentiation, excitation/inhibition modulation, and energy metabolism in PARK2 CNV carriers compared to wildtype healthy controls and ADHD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Radtke
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Viola Stella Palladino
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Rhiannon V McNeill
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas G Chiocchetti
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Denise Haslinger
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Matthias Leyh
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Danijel Gersic
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Frank
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lena Grünewald
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stephan Klebe
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Oliver Brüstle
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Katharina Günther
- Department of Genomics, Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular Biology & CMBI, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Frank Edenhofer
- Department of Genomics, Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular Biology & CMBI, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thorsten M Kranz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sarah Kittel-Schneider
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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9
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Parsons RB, Kocinaj A, Ruiz Pulido G, Prendergast SA, Parsons AE, Facey PD, Hirth F. Alpha-synucleinopathy reduces NMNAT3 protein levels and neurite formation that can be rescued by targeting the NAD+ pathway. Hum Mol Genet 2022; 31:2918-2933. [PMID: 35397003 PMCID: PMC9433734 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddac077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is characterized by the deposition of α-synuclein, which leads to synaptic dysfunction, the loss of neuronal connections and ultimately progressive neurodegeneration. Despite extensive research into Parkinson's disease pathogenesis, the mechanisms underlying α-synuclein-mediated synaptopathy have remained elusive. Several lines of evidence suggest that altered nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) metabolism might be causally related to synucleinopathies, including Parkinson's disease. NAD+ metabolism is central to the maintenance of synaptic structure and function. Its synthesis is mediated by nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferases (NMNATs), but their role in Parkinson's disease is not known. Here we report significantly decreased levels of NMNAT3 protein in the caudate nucleus of patients who have died with Parkinson's disease, which inversely correlated with the amount of monomeric α-synuclein. The detected alterations were specific and significant as the expression levels of NMNAT1, NMNAT2 and sterile alpha and TIR motif containing 1 (SARM1) were not significantly different in Parkinson's disease patients compared to controls. To test the functional significance of these findings, we ectopically expressed wild-type α-synuclein in retinoic acid-differentiated dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells that resulted in decreased levels of NMNAT3 protein plus a neurite pathology, which could be rescued by FK866, an inhibitor of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase that acts as a key enzyme in the regulation of NAD+ synthesis. Our results establish, for the first time, NMNAT3 alterations in Parkinson's disease and demonstrate in human cells that this phenotype together with neurite pathology is causally related to α-synucleinopathy. These findings identify alterations in the NAD+ biosynthetic pathway as a pathogenic mechanism underlying α-synuclein-mediated synaptopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B Parsons
- King’s College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Altin Kocinaj
- King’s College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Gustavo Ruiz Pulido
- King’s College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Sarah A Prendergast
- King’s College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Anna E Parsons
- King’s College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Paul D Facey
- Swansea University, Singleton Park Campus, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Frank Hirth
- King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neurosciences Institute, Department of Basic & Clinical Neuroscience, 5 Cutcombe Road, London SE5 9RX, UK
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10
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Li XY, Pi YN, Chen Y, Zhu Q, Xia BR. Nicotinamide N-Methyltransferase: A Promising Biomarker and Target for Human Cancer Therapy. Front Oncol 2022; 12:894744. [PMID: 35756670 PMCID: PMC9218565 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.894744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells typically exhibit a tightly regulated program of metabolic plasticity and epigenetic remodeling to meet the demand of uncontrolled cell proliferation. The metabolic-epigenetic axis has recently become an increasingly hot topic in carcinogenesis and offers new avenues for innovative and personalized cancer treatment strategies. Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) is a metabolic enzyme involved in controlling methylation potential, impacting DNA and histone epigenetic modification. NNMT overexpression has been described in various solid cancer tissues and even body fluids, including serum, urine, and saliva. Furthermore, accumulating evidence has shown that NNMT knockdown significantly decreases tumorigenesis and chemoresistance capacity. Most importantly, the natural NNMT inhibitor yuanhuadine can reverse epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance in lung cancer cells. In this review, we evaluate the possibility of NNMT as a diagnostic biomarker and molecular target for effective anticancer treatment. We also reveal the exact mechanisms of how NNMT affects epigenetics and the development of more potent and selective inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yu Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Ya-Nan Pi
- Department of Gynecology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Yao Chen
- Department of Gynecology, Bengbu Medical College Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Qi Zhu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Bai-Rong Xia
- The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui Provincial Cancer Hospital, Hefei, China
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11
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Iyamu ID, Vilseck JZ, Yadav R, Noinaj N, Huang R. Exploring Unconventional SAM Analogues To Build Cell-Potent Bisubstrate Inhibitors for Nicotinamide N-Methyltransferase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202114813. [PMID: 35134268 PMCID: PMC8983580 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202114813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) methylates nicotinamide and has been associated with various diseases. Herein, we report the first cell-potent NNMT bisubstrate inhibitor II399, demonstrating a Ki of 5.9 nM in a biochemical assay and a cellular IC50 value of 1.9 μM. The inhibition mechanism and cocrystal structure confirmed II399 engages both the substrate and cofactor binding pockets. Computational modeling and binding data reveal a balancing act between enthalpic and entropic components that lead to II399's low nM binding affinity. Notably, II399 is 1 000-fold more selective for NNMT than closely related methyltransferases. We expect that II399 would serve as a valuable probe to elucidate NNMT biology. Furthermore, this strategy provides the first case of introducing unconventional SAM mimics, which can be adopted to develop cell-potent inhibitors for other SAM-dependent methyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iredia D. Iyamu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jonah Z. Vilseck
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Ravi Yadav
- Department of Biological Sciences, Markey Center for Structural Biology, and the Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Nicholas Noinaj
- Department of Biological Sciences, Markey Center for Structural Biology, and the Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Rong Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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12
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Iyamu ID, Vilseck JZ, Yadav R, Noinaj N, Huang R. Exploring Unconventional SAM Analogues To Build Cell‐Potent Bisubstrate Inhibitors for Nicotinamide
N
‐Methyltransferase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202114813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iredia D. Iyamu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery Purdue University Center for Cancer Research Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Jonah Z. Vilseck
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis IN 46202 USA
| | - Ravi Yadav
- Department of Biological Sciences, Markey Center for Structural Biology and the Purdue Institute of Inflammation Immunology and Infectious Disease Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Nicholas Noinaj
- Department of Biological Sciences, Markey Center for Structural Biology and the Purdue Institute of Inflammation Immunology and Infectious Disease Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Rong Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery Purdue University Center for Cancer Research Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
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13
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Brinkmeyer-Langford C, Amstalden K, Konganti K, Hillhouse A, Lawley K, Perez-Gomez A, Young CR, Welsh CJ, Threadgill DW. Resilience in Long-Term Viral Infection: Genetic Determinants and Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111379. [PMID: 34768809 PMCID: PMC8584141 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus-induced neurological sequelae resulting from infection by Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) are used for studying human conditions ranging from epileptic seizures to demyelinating disease. Mouse strains are typically considered susceptible or resistant to TMEV infection based on viral persistence and extreme phenotypes, such as demyelination. We have identified a broader spectrum of phenotypic outcomes by infecting strains of the genetically diverse Collaborative Cross (CC) mouse resource. We evaluated the chronic-infection gene expression profiles of hippocampi and thoracic spinal cords for 19 CC strains in relation to phenotypic severity and TMEV persistence. Strains were clustered based on similar phenotypic profiles and TMEV levels at 90 days post-infection, and we categorized distinct TMEV response profiles. The three most common profiles included "resistant" and "susceptible," as before, as well as a "resilient" TMEV response group which experienced both TMEV persistence and mild neurological phenotypes even at 90 days post-infection. Each profile had a distinct gene expression signature, allowing the identification of pathways and networks specific to each TMEV response group. CC founder haplotypes for genes involved in these pathways/networks revealed candidate response-specific alleles. These alleles demonstrated pleiotropy and epigenetic (miRNA) regulation in long-term TMEV infection, with particular relevance for resilient mouse strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice Brinkmeyer-Langford
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (K.A.); (K.L.); (A.P.-G.); (C.R.Y.); (C.J.W.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Katia Amstalden
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (K.A.); (K.L.); (A.P.-G.); (C.R.Y.); (C.J.W.)
| | - Kranti Konganti
- Texas A&M Institute for Genome Sciences and Society, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (K.K.); (A.H.); (D.W.T.)
| | - Andrew Hillhouse
- Texas A&M Institute for Genome Sciences and Society, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (K.K.); (A.H.); (D.W.T.)
| | - Koedi Lawley
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (K.A.); (K.L.); (A.P.-G.); (C.R.Y.); (C.J.W.)
| | - Aracely Perez-Gomez
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (K.A.); (K.L.); (A.P.-G.); (C.R.Y.); (C.J.W.)
| | - Colin R. Young
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (K.A.); (K.L.); (A.P.-G.); (C.R.Y.); (C.J.W.)
| | - C. Jane Welsh
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (K.A.); (K.L.); (A.P.-G.); (C.R.Y.); (C.J.W.)
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - David W. Threadgill
- Texas A&M Institute for Genome Sciences and Society, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (K.K.); (A.H.); (D.W.T.)
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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14
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Parsons RB, Facey PD. Nicotinamide N-Methyltransferase: An Emerging Protagonist in Cancer Macro(r)evolution. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1418. [PMID: 34680055 PMCID: PMC8533529 DOI: 10.3390/biom11101418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) has progressed from being considered merely a Phase II metabolic enzyme to one with a central role in cell function and energy metabolism. Over the last three decades, a significant body of evidence has accumulated which clearly demonstrates a central role for NNMT in cancer survival, metastasis, and drug resistance. In this review, we discuss the evidence supporting a role for NNMT in the progression of the cancer phenotype and how it achieves this by driving the activity of pro-oncogenic NAD+-consuming enzymes. We also describe how increased NNMT activity supports the Warburg effect and how it promotes oncogenic changes in gene expression. We discuss the regulation of NNMT activity in cancer cells by both post-translational modification of the enzyme and transcription factor binding to the NNMT gene, and describe for the first time three long non-coding RNAs which may play a role in the regulation of NNMT transcription. We complete the review by discussing the development of novel anti-cancer therapeutics which target NNMT and provide insight into how NNMT-based therapies may be best employed clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B. Parsons
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Paul D. Facey
- Singleton Park Campus, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK;
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15
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Gao Y, van Haren MJ, Buijs N, Innocenti P, Zhang Y, Sartini D, Campagna R, Emanuelli M, Parsons RB, Jespers W, Gutiérrez-de-Terán H, van Westen GJP, Martin NI. Potent Inhibition of Nicotinamide N-Methyltransferase by Alkene-Linked Bisubstrate Mimics Bearing Electron Deficient Aromatics. J Med Chem 2021; 64:12938-12963. [PMID: 34424711 PMCID: PMC8436214 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) methylates
nicotinamide (vitamin B3) to generate 1-methylnicotinamide (MNA).
NNMT overexpression has been linked to a variety of diseases, most
prominently human cancers, indicating its potential as a therapeutic
target. The development of small-molecule NNMT inhibitors has gained
interest in recent years, with the most potent inhibitors sharing
structural features based on elements of the nicotinamide substrate
and the S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) cofactor.
We here report the development of new bisubstrate inhibitors that
include electron-deficient aromatic groups to mimic the nicotinamide
moiety. In addition, a trans-alkene linker was found
to be optimal for connecting the substrate and cofactor mimics in
these inhibitors. The most potent NNMT inhibitor identified exhibits
an IC50 value of 3.7 nM, placing it among the most active
NNMT inhibitors reported to date. Complementary analytical techniques,
modeling studies, and cell-based assays provide insights into the
binding mode, affinity, and selectivity of these inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhi Gao
- Biological Chemistry Group, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs J van Haren
- Biological Chemistry Group, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ned Buijs
- Biological Chemistry Group, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Paolo Innocenti
- Biological Chemistry Group, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yurui Zhang
- Biological Chemistry Group, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Davide Sartini
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Universitá Politecnica delle Marche, Via Ranieri 65, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Roberto Campagna
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Universitá Politecnica delle Marche, Via Ranieri 65, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Monica Emanuelli
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Universitá Politecnica delle Marche, Via Ranieri 65, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Richard B Parsons
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Willem Jespers
- Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75124, Sweden
| | | | - Gerard J P van Westen
- Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nathaniel I Martin
- Biological Chemistry Group, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
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16
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Iyamu ID, Huang R. Mechanisms and inhibitors of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:1254-1261. [PMID: 34458733 PMCID: PMC8372200 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00016k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) plays an important role in diverse biological processes by regulating methylation potential and the degradation of nicotinamide. Meanwhile, the aberrant expression of NNMT has been implicated in multiple cancers, metabolic and liver diseases. Therefore, there has been an emerging interest in assessing NNMT as a potential therapeutic target and discovering NNMT inhibitors over the past 5 years. Herein, we focus on the recognition, mechanism, and inhibitors of NNMT with emphasis on key advancements in the field. We also discuss future directions for the development of NNMT inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iredia D Iyamu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA +1 765 494 3426
| | - Rong Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA +1 765 494 3426
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17
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Nicotinamide N-methyl transferase (NNMT): An emerging therapeutic target. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:2699-2706. [PMID: 34029690 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) methylates nicotinamide (NA) to generate 1-methyl nicotinamide. Since its discovery 70 years ago, the appreciation of the role of NNMT in human health has evolved from serving only metabolic functions to also being a driving force in diseases, including a variety of cancers. Despite the increasing evidence indicating NNMT as a viable therapeutic target, the development of cell-active inhibitors against this enzyme is lacking. In this review, we provide an overview of the current status of NNMT inhibitor development, relevant in vitro and in vivo studies, and a discussion of the challenges faced in the development of NNMT inhibitors.
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