1
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Aliyu M, Zohora FT, Ceylan A, Hossain F, Yazdani R, Azizi G. Immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis: molecular and cellular mechanisms and new immunotherapeutic approaches. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2024; 46:355-377. [PMID: 38634438 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2024.2330642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a central nervous system (CNS) demyelinating autoimmune disease with increasing global prevalence. It predominantly affects females, especially those of European descent. The interplay between environmental factors and genetic predisposition plays a crucial role in MS etiopathogenesis. METHODS We searched recent relevant literature on reputable databases, which include, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, and ScienceDirect using the following keywords: multiple sclerosis, pathogenesis, autoimmunity, demyelination, therapy, and immunotherapy. RESULTS Various animal models have been employed to investigate the MS etiopathogenesis and therapeutics. Autoreactive T cells within the CNS recruit myeloid cells through chemokine expression, leading to the secretion of inflammatory cytokines driving the MS pathogenesis, resulting in demyelination, gliosis, and axonal loss. Key players include T cell lymphocytes (CD4+ and CD8+), B cells, and neutrophils. Signaling dysregulation in inflammatory pathways and the immunogenetic basis of MS are essential considerations for any successful therapy to MS. Data indicates that B cells and neutrophils also have significant roles in MS, despite the common belief that T cells are essential. High neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratios correlate with MS severity, indicating their contribution to disease progression. Dysregulated signaling pathways further exacerbate MS progression. CONCLUSION MS remains incurable, but disease-modifying therapies, monoclonal antibodies, and immunomodulatory drugs offer hope for patients. Research on the immunogenetics and immunoregulatory functions of gut microbiota is continuing to provide light on possible treatment avenues. Understanding the complex interplay between genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and immune dysregulation is critical for developing effective treatments for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansur Aliyu
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, International Campus, TUMS-IC, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Clinical Science, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Fatema Tuz Zohora
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Ayca Ceylan
- Medical Faculty, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Fariha Hossain
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Reza Yazdani
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gholamreza Azizi
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
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2
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Sánchez-Sanz A, Muñoz-Viana R, Sabín-Muñoz J, Moreno-Torres I, Brea-Álvarez B, Rodríguez-De la Fuente O, García-Merino A, Sánchez-López AJ. Response to Fingolimod in Multiple Sclerosis Patients Is Associated with a Differential Transcriptomic Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1372. [PMID: 38338652 PMCID: PMC10855583 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Fingolimod is an immunomodulatory sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) analogue approved for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). The identification of biomarkers of clinical responses to fingolimod is a major necessity in MS to identify optimal responders and avoid the risk of disease progression in non-responders. With this aim, we used RNA sequencing to study the transcriptomic changes induced by fingolimod in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of MS-treated patients and their association with clinical response. Samples were obtained from 10 RRMS patients (five responders and five non-responders) at baseline and at 12 months of fingolimod therapy. Fingolimod exerted a vast impact at the transcriptional level, identifying 7155 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) compared to baseline that affected the regulation of numerous signaling pathways. These DEGs were predominantly immune related, including genes associated with S1P metabolism, cytokines, lymphocyte trafficking, master transcription factors of lymphocyte functions and the NF-kB pathway. Responder and non-responder patients exhibited a differential transcriptomic regulation during treatment, with responders presenting a higher number of DEGs (6405) compared to non-responders (2653). The S1P, NF-kB and TCR signaling pathways were differentially modulated in responder and non-responder patients. These transcriptomic differences offer the potential of being exploited as biomarkers of a clinical response to fingolimod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Sánchez-Sanz
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro-Segovia de Arana, 28222 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Rafael Muñoz-Viana
- Bioinformatics Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro-Segovia de Arana, 28222 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Julia Sabín-Muñoz
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, 28222 Madrid, Spain; (J.S.-M.); (O.R.-D.l.F.)
| | - Irene Moreno-Torres
- Demyelinating Diseases Unit, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Beatriz Brea-Álvarez
- Radiodiagnostic Division, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, 28222 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Ofir Rodríguez-De la Fuente
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, 28222 Madrid, Spain; (J.S.-M.); (O.R.-D.l.F.)
| | - Antonio García-Merino
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro-Segovia de Arana, 28222 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, 28222 Madrid, Spain; (J.S.-M.); (O.R.-D.l.F.)
- Department of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio J. Sánchez-López
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro-Segovia de Arana, 28222 Madrid, Spain;
- Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Biobank, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro-Segovia de Arana, 28222 Madrid, Spain
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3
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Yu H, Xue W, Yu H, Song Y, Liu X, Qin L, Wang S, Bao H, Gu H, Chen G, Zhao D, Tu Y, Cheng J, Wang L, Ai Z, Hu D, Wang L, Peng A. Single-cell transcriptomics reveals variations in monocytes and Tregs between gout flare and remission. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e171417. [PMID: 38063198 PMCID: PMC10795830 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.171417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Gout commonly manifests as a painful, self-limiting inflammatory arthritis. Nevertheless, the understanding of the inflammatory and immune responses underlying gout flares and remission remains ambiguous. Here, based on single-cell RNA-Seq and an independent validation cohort, we identified the potential mechanism of gout flare, which likely involves the upregulation of HLA-DQA1+ nonclassical monocytes and is related to antigen processing and presentation. Furthermore, Tregs also play an essential role in the suppressive capacity during gout remission. Cell communication analysis suggested the existence of altered crosstalk between monocytes and other T cell types, such as Tregs. Moreover, we observed the systemic upregulation of inflammatory and cytokine genes, primarily in classical monocytes, during gout flares. All monocyte subtypes showed increased arachidonic acid metabolic activity along with upregulation of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2). We also detected a decrease in blood arachidonic acid and an increase in leukotriene B4 levels during gout flares. In summary, our study illustrates the distinctive immune cell responses and systemic inflammation patterns that characterize the transition from gout flares to remission, and it suggests that blood monocyte subtypes and Tregs are potential intervention targets for preventing recurrent gout attacks and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanjie Yu
- Center for Nephrology and Clinical Metabolomics and Division of Nephrology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, and
| | - Wen Xue
- Center for Nephrology and Clinical Metabolomics and Division of Nephrology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, and
| | - Hanqing Yu
- Center for Nephrology and Clinical Metabolomics and Division of Nephrology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, and
| | - Yaxiang Song
- Center for Nephrology and Clinical Metabolomics and Division of Nephrology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, and
| | - Xinying Liu
- Center for Nephrology and Clinical Metabolomics and Division of Nephrology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, and
| | - Ling Qin
- Center for Nephrology and Clinical Metabolomics and Division of Nephrology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, and
| | - Shu Wang
- Center for Nephrology and Clinical Metabolomics and Division of Nephrology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, and
| | - Hui Bao
- Center for Nephrology and Clinical Metabolomics and Division of Nephrology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, and
| | - Hongchen Gu
- Center for Nephrology and Clinical Metabolomics and Division of Nephrology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, and
| | - Guangqi Chen
- Center for Nephrology and Clinical Metabolomics and Division of Nephrology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, and
| | - Dake Zhao
- Center for Nephrology and Clinical Metabolomics and Division of Nephrology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, and
| | - Yang Tu
- Center for Nephrology and Clinical Metabolomics and Division of Nephrology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, and
| | - Jiafen Cheng
- Center for Nephrology and Clinical Metabolomics and Division of Nephrology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, and
| | - Liya Wang
- Center for Nephrology and Clinical Metabolomics and Division of Nephrology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, and
| | - Zisheng Ai
- Department of Medical Statistics, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dayong Hu
- Center for Nephrology and Clinical Metabolomics and Division of Nephrology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, and
| | - Ling Wang
- Center for Nephrology and Clinical Metabolomics and Division of Nephrology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, and
| | - Ai Peng
- Center for Nephrology and Clinical Metabolomics and Division of Nephrology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, and
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4
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Fissolo N, Calvo-Barreiro L, Eixarch H, Boschert U, Villar LM, Costa-Frossard L, Ferrer M, Sanchez A, Borràs E, Sabidó E, Espejo C, Montalban X, Comabella M. Molecular signature associated with cladribine treatment in patients with multiple sclerosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1233546. [PMID: 37559720 PMCID: PMC10408299 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1233546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Little is known about the molecular profiling associated with the effect of cladribine in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Here, we aimed first to characterize the transcriptomic and proteomic profiles induced by cladribine in blood cells, and second to identify potential treatment response biomarkers to cladribine in patients with MS. Methods Gene, protein and microRNA (miRNA) expression profiles were determined by microarrays (genes, miRNAs) and mass spectrometry (proteins) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from MS patients after in vitro treatment with cladribine in its active and inactive forms. Two bioinformatics approaches to integrate the three obtained datasets were applied: (i) a multiomics discriminant analysis (DIABLO - Data Integration Analysis for Biomarker discovery using Latent variable approaches for Omics studies); and (ii) a multi-stage integration of features selected in differential expression analysis on each dataset and then merged. Selected molecules from the in vitro study were quantified by qPCR ex vivo in PBMCs from MS patients receiving cladribine. Results PBMCs treated in vitro with cladribine were characterized by a major downregulation of gene, protein, and miRNA expression compared with the untreated cells. An intermediate pattern between the cladribine-treated and untreated conditions was observed in PBMCs treated with cladribine in its inactive form. The differential expression analysis of each dataset led to the identification of four genes and their encoded proteins, and twenty-two miRNAs regulating their expression, that were associated with cladribine treatment. Two of these genes (PPIF and NHLRC2), and three miRNAs (miR-21-5p, miR-30b-5p, and miR-30e-5p) were validated ex vivo in MS patients treated with cladribine. Discussion By using a combination of omics data and bioinformatics approaches we were able to identify a multiomics molecular profile induced by cladribine in vitro in PBMCs. We also identified a number of biomarkers that were validated ex vivo in PBMCs from patients with MS treated with cladribine that have the potential to become treatment response biomarkers to this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Fissolo
- Servei de Neurologia, Centre d’Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) Institut de Recerca Vall d’Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Calvo-Barreiro
- Servei de Neurologia, Centre d’Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) Institut de Recerca Vall d’Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Herena Eixarch
- Servei de Neurologia, Centre d’Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) Institut de Recerca Vall d’Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ursula Boschert
- Ares Trading SA, Eysins, Switzerland, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Luisa M. Villar
- Department of Immunology, Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Ramon y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucienne Costa-Frossard
- Department of Neurology, Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Ramon y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mireia Ferrer
- Statistics and Bioinformatics Unit, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alex Sanchez
- Statistics and Bioinformatics Unit, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
- Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics Department, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Borràs
- Proteomics Unit, Centre de Regulació Genòmica (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Proteomics Unit, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Sabidó
- Proteomics Unit, Centre de Regulació Genòmica (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Proteomics Unit, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Espejo
- Servei de Neurologia, Centre d’Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) Institut de Recerca Vall d’Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Montalban
- Servei de Neurologia, Centre d’Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) Institut de Recerca Vall d’Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Comabella
- Servei de Neurologia, Centre d’Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) Institut de Recerca Vall d’Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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5
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A Comprehensive Exploration of the Transcriptomic Landscape in Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021448. [PMID: 36674968 PMCID: PMC9862618 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is, to date, an incurable disease of the nervous system characterized by demyelination. Several genetic mutations are associated with the disease but they are not able to explain all the diagnosticated cases. Thus, it is suggested that altered gene expression may play a role in human pathologies. In this review, we explored the role of the transcriptomic profile in MS to investigate the main altered biological processes and pathways involved in the disease. Herein, we focused our attention on RNA-seq methods that in recent years are producing a huge amount of data rapidly replacing microarrays, both with bulk and single-cells. The studies evidenced that different MS stages have specific molecular signatures and non-coding RNAs may play a key role in the disease. Sex-dependence was observed before and after treatments used to alleviate symptomatology activating different biological processes in a drug-dependent manner. New pathways, such as neddylation, were found deregulated in MS and inflammation was linked to neuron degeneration areas through spatial transcriptomics. It is evident that the use of RNA-seq in the study of complex pathologies, such as MS, is a valid strategy to shed light on new involved mechanisms.
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6
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Sferruzza G, Clarelli F, Mascia E, Ferrè L, Ottoboni L, Sorosina M, Santoro S, Filippi M, Provero P, Esposito F. Transcriptional effects of fingolimod treatment on peripheral T cells in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis patients. Pharmacogenomics 2022; 23:161-171. [PMID: 35068175 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2021-0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To investigate the transcriptional changes induced by Fingolimod (FTY) in T cells of relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis patients. Patients & methods: Transcriptomic changes after 6 months of FTY therapy were evaluated on T cells from 24 relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis patients through RNA-sequencing, followed by technical validation and pathway analysis. Results: Among differentially expressed genes, CX3CR1 and CCR7 resulted strongly up- and down-regulated, respectively. Two relevant genes were validated with quantitative PCR and we largely confirmed findings from two previous microarray-based studies with similar design. Pathway analysis pointed to an involvement of processes related to immune function and cell migration. Conclusion: Our data support the evidence that FTY induces major transcriptional changes in genes involved in immune response and cell trafficking in T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Sferruzza
- Department of Neurology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy.,Neuroimmunology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Clarelli
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Neurological Disorders, CNS Inflammatory Unit & INSPE, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Mascia
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Neurological Disorders, CNS Inflammatory Unit & INSPE, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Laura Ferrè
- Department of Neurology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Neurological Disorders, CNS Inflammatory Unit & INSPE, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Linda Ottoboni
- Neuroimmunology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Melissa Sorosina
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Neurological Disorders, CNS Inflammatory Unit & INSPE, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Silvia Santoro
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Neurological Disorders, CNS Inflammatory Unit & INSPE, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Massimo Filippi
- Department of Neurology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy.,Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Paolo Provero
- Center for Omics Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy.,Department of Neurosciences 'Rita Levi Montalcini,' University of Turin, Turin 10126, Italy
| | - Federica Esposito
- Department of Neurology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Neurological Disorders, CNS Inflammatory Unit & INSPE, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
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7
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Scapoli C, Ziliotto N, Lunghi B, Menegatti E, Salvi F, Zamboni P, Baroni M, Mascoli F, Bernardi F, Marchetti G. Combination of Genomic and Transcriptomic Approaches Highlights Vascular and Circadian Clock Components in Multiple Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010310. [PMID: 35008743 PMCID: PMC8745220 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aiming at exploring vascular components in multiple sclerosis (MS) with brain outflow disturbance, we combined transcriptome analysis in MS internal jugular vein (IJV) wall with WES in MS families with vertical transmission of disease. Main results were the differential expression in IJV wall of 16 MS-GWAS genes and of seven genes (GRIN2A, GRIN2B, IL20RB, IL26, PER3, PITX2, and PPARGC1A) not previously indicated by GWAS but encoding for proteins functionally interacting with MS candidate gene products. Strikingly, 22/23 genes have been previously associated with vascular or neuronal traits/diseases, nine encoded for transcriptional factors/regulators and six (CAMK2G, GRIN2A, GRIN2B, N1RD1, PER3, PPARGC1A) for circadian entrainment/rhythm components. Among the WES low-frequency (MAF ≤ 0.04) SNPs (n = 7) filtered in the 16 genes, the NR1D1 rs17616365 showed significantly different MAF in the Network for Italian Genomes affected cohort than in the 1000 Genome Project Tuscany samples. This pattern was also detected in five nonintronic variants (GRIN2B rs1805482, PER3 rs2640909, PPARGC1A rs2970847, rs8192678, and rs3755863) in genes coding for functional partners. Overall, the study proposes specific markers and low-frequency variants that might help (i) to understand perturbed biological processes in vascular tissues contributing to MS disease, and (ii) to characterize MS susceptibility genes for functional association with disease-pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Scapoli
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (C.S.); (B.L.); (M.B.)
| | - Nicole Ziliotto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milan, Italy;
| | - Barbara Lunghi
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (C.S.); (B.L.); (M.B.)
| | - Erica Menegatti
- Department of Translational Medicine and for Romagna, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (E.M.); (P.Z.)
| | - Fabrizio Salvi
- Center for Immunological and Rare Neurological Diseases, IRCCS of Neurological Sciences, Bellaria Hospital, 40139 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Paolo Zamboni
- Department of Translational Medicine and for Romagna, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (E.M.); (P.Z.)
| | - Marcello Baroni
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (C.S.); (B.L.); (M.B.)
| | - Francesco Mascoli
- Unit of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, S. Anna University-Hospital, 44124 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Francesco Bernardi
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (C.S.); (B.L.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0532-974425
| | - Giovanna Marchetti
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
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8
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Forbes LH, Miron VE. Monocytes in central nervous system remyelination. Glia 2021; 70:797-807. [PMID: 34708884 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Remyelination failure with aging and progression of neurodegenerative disorders contributes to axonal dysfunction, highlighting the importance of understanding the mechanisms underpinning this process to develop regenerative therapies. Central nervous system (CNS) macrophages, encompassing both resident microglia and blood monocyte-derived cells, play a crucial role in driving successful remyelination. Although there has been a focus on the critical roles of microglia in remyelination, the specific contribution of monocyte-derived macrophages is still not fully understood. Until recently, the lack of tools enabling distinction between CNS macrophage populations has hindered our understanding of monocyte influence on remyelination. Recent advances have allowed for identification and characterization of monocyte populations in health, aging and in neurodegenerative conditions like multiple sclerosis, indicating heterogeneity of monocyte subsets impacted by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Here, we discuss the new tools enabling distinction between macrophage populations and advancements in understanding the importance of monocytes in remyelination, and reflect on the potential for therapeutic targeting of monocytes to promote remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey H Forbes
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Chancellor's Building, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Veronique E Miron
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Chancellor's Building, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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