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D'Egidio F, Castelli V, Lombardozzi G, Ammannito F, Cimini A, d'Angelo M. Therapeutic advances in neural regeneration for Huntington's disease. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1991-1997. [PMID: 38227527 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.390969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease is a neurodegenerative disease caused by the expansion mutation of a cytosine-adenine-guanine triplet in the exon 1 of the HTT gene which is responsible for the production of the huntingtin (Htt) protein. In physiological conditions, Htt is involved in many cellular processes such as cell signaling, transcriptional regulation, energy metabolism regulation, DNA maintenance, axonal trafficking, and antiapoptotic activity. When the genetic alteration is present, the production of a mutant version of Htt (mHtt) occurs, which is characterized by a plethora of pathogenic activities that, finally, lead to cell death. Among all the cells in which mHtt exerts its dangerous activity, the GABAergic Medium Spiny Neurons seem to be the most affected by the mHtt-induced excitotoxicity both in the cortex and in the striatum. However, as the neurodegeneration proceeds ahead the neuronal loss grows also in other brain areas such as the cerebellum, hypothalamus, thalamus, subthalamic nucleus, globus pallidus, and substantia nigra, determining the variety of symptoms that characterize Huntington's disease. From a clinical point of view, Huntington's disease is characterized by a wide spectrum of symptoms spanning from motor impairment to cognitive disorders and dementia. Huntington's disease shows a prevalence of around 3.92 cases every 100,000 worldwide and an incidence of 0.48 new cases every 100,000/year. To date, there is no available cure for Huntington's disease. Several treatments have been developed so far, aiming to reduce the severity of one or more symptoms to slow down the inexorable decline caused by the disease. In this context, the search for reliable strategies to target the different aspects of Huntington's disease become of the utmost interest. In recent years, a variety of studies demonstrated the detrimental role of neuronal loss in Huntington's disease condition highlighting how the replacement of lost cells would be a reasonable strategy to overcome the neurodegeneration. In this view, numerous have been the attempts in several preclinical models of Huntington's disease to evaluate the feasibility of invasive and non-invasive approaches. Thus, the aim of this review is to offer an overview of the most appealing approaches spanning from stem cell-based cell therapy to extracellular vesicles such as exosomes in light of promoting neurogenesis, discussing the results obtained so far, their limits and the future perspectives regarding the neural regeneration in the context of Huntington's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco D'Egidio
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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Liu X, Shen L, Wan M, Xie H, Wang Z. Peripheral extracellular vesicles in neurodegeneration: pathogenic influencers and therapeutic vehicles. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:170. [PMID: 38610012 PMCID: PMC11015679 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02428-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis epitomize a class of insidious and relentless neurological conditions that are difficult to cure. Conventional therapeutic regimens often fail due to the late onset of symptoms, which occurs well after irreversible neurodegeneration has begun. The integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) further impedes efficacious drug delivery to the central nervous system, presenting a formidable challenge in the pharmacological treatment of NDDs. Recent scientific inquiries have shifted focus toward the peripheral biological systems, investigating their influence on central neuropathology through the lens of extracellular vesicles (EVs). These vesicles, distinguished by their ability to breach the BBB, are emerging as dual operatives in the context of NDDs, both as conveyors of pathogenic entities and as prospective vectors for therapeutic agents. This review critically summarizes the burgeoning evidence on the role of extracerebral EVs, particularly those originating from bone, adipose tissue, and gut microbiota, in modulating brain pathophysiology. It underscores the duplicity potential of peripheral EVs as modulators of disease progression and suggests their potential as novel vehicles for targeted therapeutic delivery, positing a transformative impact on the future landscape of NDD treatment strategies. Search strategy A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus from January 2000 to December 2023. The search combined the following terms using Boolean operators: "neurodegenerative disease" OR "Alzheimer's disease" OR "Parkinson's disease" OR "Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis" AND "extracellular vesicles" OR "exosomes" OR "outer membrane vesicles" AND "drug delivery systems" AND "blood-brain barrier". MeSH terms were employed when searching PubMed to refine the results. Studies were included if they were published in English, involved human subjects, and focused on the peripheral origins of EVs, specifically from bone, adipose tissue, and gut microbiota, and their association with related diseases such as osteoporosis, metabolic syndrome, and gut dysbiosis. Articles were excluded if they did not address the role of EVs in the context of NDDs or did not discuss therapeutic applications. The titles and abstracts of retrieved articles were screened using a dual-review process to ensure relevance and accuracy. The reference lists of selected articles were also examined to identify additional relevant studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Lu Shen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders (Xiangya Hospital), Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
- Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Meidan Wan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Hui Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Angmedicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders (Xiangya Hospital), Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
| | - Zhenxing Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Angmedicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders (Xiangya Hospital), Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
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Onkar A, Khan F, Goenka A, Rajendran RL, Dmello C, Hong CM, Mubin N, Gangadaran P, Ahn BC. Smart Nanoscale Extracellular Vesicles in the Brain: Unveiling their Biology, Diagnostic Potential, and Therapeutic Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:6709-6742. [PMID: 38315446 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c16839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Information exchange is essential for the brain, where it communicates the physiological and pathological signals to the periphery and vice versa. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous group of membrane-bound cellular informants actively transferring informative calls to and from the brain via lipids, proteins, and nucleic acid cargos. In recent years, EVs have also been widely used to understand brain function, given their "cell-like" properties. On the one hand, the presence of neuron and astrocyte-derived EVs in biological fluids have been exploited as biomarkers to understand the mechanisms and progression of multiple neurological disorders; on the other, EVs have been used in designing targeted therapies due to their potential to cross the blood-brain-barrier (BBB). Despite the expanding literature on EVs in the context of central nervous system (CNS) physiology and related disorders, a comprehensive compilation of the existing knowledge still needs to be made available. In the current review, we provide a detailed insight into the multifaceted role of brain-derived extracellular vesicles (BDEVs) in the intricate regulation of brain physiology. Our focus extends to the significance of these EVs in a spectrum of disorders, including brain tumors, neurodegenerative conditions, neuropsychiatric diseases, autoimmune disorders, and others. Throughout the review, parallels are drawn for using EVs as biomarkers for various disorders, evaluating their utility in early detection and monitoring. Additionally, we discuss the promising prospects of utilizing EVs in targeted therapy while acknowledging the existing limitations and challenges associated with their applications in clinical scenarios. A foundational comprehension of the current state-of-the-art in EV research is essential for informing the design of future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Onkar
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Fatima Khan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Anshika Goenka
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Ramya Lakshmi Rajendran
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Crismita Dmello
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Chae Moon Hong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Nida Mubin
- Department of Medicine, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Prakash Gangadaran
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
- BK21 FOUR KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Cheol Ahn
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
- BK21 FOUR KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
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Malvicini R, De Lazzari G, Tolomeo AM, Santa-Cruz D, Ullah M, Cirillo C, Grumati P, Pacienza N, Muraca M, Yannarelli G. Influence of the isolation method on characteristics and functional activity of mesenchymal stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles. Cytotherapy 2024; 26:157-170. [PMID: 38069981 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Extracellular vesicle (EV) isolation methods are based on different physicochemical properties and may result in the purification of distinct EV populations. We compared two different isolation methods suitable for producing clinical-grade mesenchymal stromal cell-derived EVs (MSC-EVs)-ion exchange chromatography (IEX) and ultrafiltration (UF)-and evaluated their impact on the composition and functional properties of EVs. METHODS EVs were purified from conditioned culture medium using an anion exchange resin (IEX) or Amicon filters with a 100-kDa cutoff (UF) (MilliporeSigma, Burlington, MA, USA). We assessed nanoparticle size and distribution by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and tunable resistive pulse sensing (TRPS) and morphology by transmission electron microscopy. We also measured protein, lipid and total RNA concentration and immunophenotyped both EV populations by flow cytometry (MACSPlex assay; Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany). Moreover, immunomodulatory activity was tested using a standardized macrophage polarization assay and T-cell stimulation assay. Finally, proteomic analysis and cytokine quantification were carried out to better characterize both EV populations. RESULTS We found by both TRPS and NTA that IEX and UF yielded a comparable amount of total particles with similar size and distribution. In addition, a similar quantity of lipids was obtained with the two procedures. However, IEX yielded 10-fold higher RNA quantity and a larger amount of proteins than UF. MSC-EVs isolated from IEX and UF were positive for the exosome markers CD9, CD63 and CD81 and showed a comparable surface marker expression pattern. Both populations demonstrated immunomodulatory activity in vitro, as they prevented acquisition of the M1 phenotype in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages and inhibited acquisition of the activation markers CD69 and CD25 on T cells, but the IEX-EVs exerted a significantly greater immunomodulatory effect on both macrophages and T cells compared with UF-EVs. Proteomic analysis and gene ontology enrichment analysis revealed no major differences between the preparations. Finally, cytokine quantification revealed that IEX-EVs were more enriched in some crucial anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory cytokines (e.g., IL-2, IL-10, transforming growth factor beta and vascular endothelial growth factor) compared with UF-EVs. CONCLUSIONS MSC-EVs isolated by IEX and UF displayed similar physicochemical, phenotypic and functional characteristics. In our conditions, both EV populations demonstrated important anti-inflammatory activity in macrophages and T cells. However, IEX-EVs were more potent than UF-EVs, which may indicate the superiority of this method for the production of clinical-grade EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Malvicini
- Laboratorio de Regulación Génica y Células Madre, Instituto de Medicina Traslacional, Trasplante y Bioingeniería, Universidad Favaloro-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Laboratory of Extracellular Vesicles as Therapeutic Tools, Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Padua, Italy; LIFELAB Program, Consorzio per la Ricerca Sanitaria, Padua, Italy.
| | - Giada De Lazzari
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Laboratory of Extracellular Vesicles as Therapeutic Tools, Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Padua, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Tolomeo
- Laboratory of Extracellular Vesicles as Therapeutic Tools, Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Padua, Italy; LIFELAB Program, Consorzio per la Ricerca Sanitaria, Padua, Italy; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Science and Public Health, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Diego Santa-Cruz
- Laboratorio de Regulación Génica y Células Madre, Instituto de Medicina Traslacional, Trasplante y Bioingeniería, Universidad Favaloro-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mujib Ullah
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Carmine Cirillo
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Grumati
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Natalia Pacienza
- Laboratorio de Regulación Génica y Células Madre, Instituto de Medicina Traslacional, Trasplante y Bioingeniería, Universidad Favaloro-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maurizio Muraca
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Laboratory of Extracellular Vesicles as Therapeutic Tools, Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Padua, Italy; LIFELAB Program, Consorzio per la Ricerca Sanitaria, Padua, Italy
| | - Gustavo Yannarelli
- Laboratorio de Regulación Génica y Células Madre, Instituto de Medicina Traslacional, Trasplante y Bioingeniería, Universidad Favaloro-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Nasrolahi A, Shabani Z, Sadigh-Eteghad S, Salehi-Pourmehr H, Mahmoudi J. Stem Cell Therapy for the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease: What Promise Does it Hold? Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 19:185-199. [PMID: 36815638 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x18666230222144116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common, progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by substantia nigra dopamine cell death and a varied clinical picture that affects older people. Although more than two centuries have passed since the earliest attempts to find a cure for PD, it remains an unresolved problem. With this in mind, cell replacement therapy is a new strategy for treating PD. This novel approach aims to replace degenerated dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons with new ones or provide a new source of cells that can differentiate into DAergic neurons. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), neural stem cells (NSCs), and embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are among the cells considered for transplantation therapies. Recently disease-modifying strategies like cell replacement therapies combined with other therapeutic approaches, such as utilizing natural compounds or biomaterials, are proposed to modify the underlying neurodegeneration. In the present review, we discuss the current advances in cell replacement therapy for PD and summarize the existing experimental and clinical evidence supporting this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ava Nasrolahi
- Infectious Ophthalmologic Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Zahra Shabani
- Center for Cerebrovascular Research, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Saeed Sadigh-Eteghad
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hanieh Salehi-Pourmehr
- Research Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Javad Mahmoudi
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Hernando S, Igartua M, Santos-Vizcaino E, Hernandez RM. Extracellular vesicles released by hair follicle and adipose mesenchymal stromal cells induce comparable neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects in primary neuronal and microglial cultures. Cytotherapy 2023; 25:1027-1032. [PMID: 37140499 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2023.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Despite intensive research, to date, there is no effective treatment for neurodegenerative diseases. Among the different therapeutic approaches, recently, the use of extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) has gained attention. METHODS In the present work, we focused on medium/large extracellular vesicles (m/lEVs) derived from hair follicle--derived (HF) MSCs, comparing their potential neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effect against adipose tissue (AT)-MSC-derived m/lEVs. RESULTS The obtained m/lEVs were similar in size with comparable expression of surface protein markers. The neuroprotective effect of both HF-m/lEVs and AT-m/lEVs was statistically significant in dopaminergic primary cell cultures, increasing cell viability after the incubation with 6-hidroxydopamine neurotoxin. Moreover, the administration of HF-m/lEVs and AT-m/lEVs counteracted the lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in primary microglial cell cultures, decreasing the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, HF-m/lEVs demonstrated comparable potential with that of AT-m/lEVs as multifaceted biopharmaceuticals for neurodegenerative disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hernando
- NanoBioCel Research Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria Gasteiz, Spain; CIBER-BBN, ISCIII; Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, Vitoria Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Manoli Igartua
- NanoBioCel Research Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria Gasteiz, Spain; CIBER-BBN, ISCIII; Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, Vitoria Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Edorta Santos-Vizcaino
- NanoBioCel Research Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria Gasteiz, Spain; CIBER-BBN, ISCIII; Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, Vitoria Gasteiz, Spain.
| | - Rosa Maria Hernandez
- NanoBioCel Research Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria Gasteiz, Spain; CIBER-BBN, ISCIII; Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, Vitoria Gasteiz, Spain.
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Jia Z, Zhang S, Li W. Harnessing Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles for the Regeneration of Degenerative Bone Conditions. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:5561-5578. [PMID: 37795043 PMCID: PMC10546935 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s424731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Degenerative bone disorders such as intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD), osteoarthritis (OA), and osteoporosis (OP) pose significant health challenges for aging populations and lack effective treatment options. The field of regenerative medicine holds promise in addressing these disorders, with a focus on utilizing extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from stem cells as an innovative therapeutic approach. EVs have shown great potential in stimulating biological responses, making them an attractive candidate for rejuvenating degenerative bone disorders. However, a comprehensive review summarizing the current state of this field and providing a clear assessment of EV-based therapies in degenerative bone disorders is currently deficient. In this review, we aim to fill the existing gap by outlining the current knowledge on the role of EVs derived from different types of stem cells, such as mesenchymal stem cells, embryonic stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells, in bone regeneration. Furthermore, we discuss the therapeutic potential of EV-based treatments for IVDD, OA, and OP. By substantiating the use of stem cell-derived EVs, we highlight their promising potential as a cell-free strategy to improve degenerative bone disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Jia
- Department of Orthopedics, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 101100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shunxin Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, 2nd Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Sports Medicine, Fourth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, People’s Republic of China
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Conner LT, Srinageshwar B, Bakke JL, Dunbar GL, Rossignol J. Advances in stem cell and other therapies for Huntington's disease: An update. Brain Res Bull 2023:110673. [PMID: 37257627 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.110673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by an autosomal dominant mutation leading to an abnormal CAG repeat expansion. The result is the synthesis of a toxic misfolded protein, called the mutant huntingtin protein (mHTT). Most current treatments are palliative, but the latest research has expanded into multiple modalities, including stem cells, gene therapy, and even the use of 3D cell structures, called organoids. Stem cell research as a treatment for HD has included the use of various types of stem cells, such as mesenchymal stem cells, neural stem cells, embryonic stem cells, and even reprogrammed stem cells called induced pluripotent stem cells. The goal has been to develop stem cell transplant grafts that will replace the existing mutated neurons, as well as release existing trophic factors for neuronal support. Additionally, research in gene modification using CRISPR-Cas9, PRIME editing, and other forms of genetic modifications are continuing to evolve. Most recently, advancements in stem cell modeling have yielded 3D stem cell tissue models, called organoids. These organoids offer the unique opportunity to transplant a structured stem cell graft which, ideally, models normal human brain tissue more accurately. This manuscript summarizes the recent research in stem cells, genetic modifications, and organoids as a potential for treatment of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - B Srinageshwar
- College of Medicine; Program in Neuroscience; Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology
| | - J L Bakke
- College of Medicine; Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology
| | - G L Dunbar
- Program in Neuroscience; Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology; Department of Psychology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
| | - J Rossignol
- College of Medicine; Program in Neuroscience; Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology.
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Tawfeek GAE, Kasem HA. Curcumin preconditioned mesenchymal stem cells derived exosomes transplantation ameliorate and protect against non- alcoholic steatohepatitis by regulation the expression of key genes of inflammation and oxidative stress. Transpl Immunol 2023; 78:101837. [PMID: 37031771 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2023.101837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived exosomes (MSCs/Exo) is considered a new strategy in cell free regenerative therapy. Curcumin preconditioning of MSCs reported to improve the anti- inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of MSCs. We investigated the efficacy of exosome (Exo) obtained from curcumin-preconditioned MSCs (MSCs/Exo-Cur) vs. MSC/Exo without curcumin to ameliorate and prevent recurrence of non-alcoholic fatty liver (NASH) disease. METHODS AND RESULTS In-vivo, methionine/choline-deficient diet (MCD) induced mice non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NASH) were injected with MSCs/Exo without curcumin or MSCs/Exo-Cur with curcumin. We found that mice treated with MSCs/Exo-Cur had significantly ameliorated steatosis, inflammation, as evaluated by the reduced fibrosis in histopathological examination, decreased the serum level of liver enzymes (p < 0.001), liver triglycerides (TG) (p < 0.001) and cholesterol (Ch) (p < 0.001) and increased the lipid peroxidation (p < 0.001) compared to MSCs/Exo-treated mice. These effects remained for 3 months after treatment in MSCs/Exo-Cur-treated mice while features of NASH returned in MSCs/Exo-treated group. In vitro, HepG2 cells were cultured with palmitic acid (PA) and treated with MSCs/Exo or MSCs/Exo-Cur: the MSCs/Exo-Cur exposure reversed the lipotoxic effect from 4.5 to 1.7 fold vs 4.0 fold in MSCs/Exo and oxidative stress in PA-treated HepG2 cells (p < 0.001). We found that MSCs/Exo-Cur regulated the key markers of inflammatory and oxidative stress, genes responsible for fibrogenesis of the liver, key genes of lipid synthesis and transport . Interestingly, MSCs/Exo-Cur significantly down regulated the ASK-JNK-BAX genes involved in mitochondrial stress and apoptosis compared to MSCs/Exo (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Our study indicated that exosomes derived from curcumin preconditioned MSCs were able to ameliorate and protect against recurrence of NASH and regulated inflammatory, oxidative stress and mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis ASK-JNK-BAX genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hend Ahmed Kasem
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Egypt
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Schouten I, Bernys-Karolys A, Schneider P, Dror T, Ofer L, Shimoni C, Nissim-Eliraz E, Shpigel NY, Schlesinger S. Mesenchymal stromal cells modulate infection and inflammation in the uterus and mammary gland. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:64. [PMID: 36997964 PMCID: PMC10061880 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03616-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) is emerging as an efficacious and safe treatment for many infectious and non-infectious inflammatory diseases in human and veterinary medicine. Such use could be done to treat mastitis and metritis, which are the most common disease conditions affecting dairy cows leading to considerable economic losses and reduced animal welfare. Currently, both disease conditions are commonly treated using local and systemic administration of antibiotics. However, this strategy has many disadvantages including low cure rates and the public health hazards. Looking for alternative approaches, we investigated the properties of MSCs using in-vitro mammary and endometrial cell systems and in-vivo mastitis and metritis murine model systems. In-vitro, co-culture of mammary and uterus epithelial cells constructed with NF-kB reporter system, the master regulator of inflammation, demonstrated their anti-inflammatory effects in response to.LPS. In vivo, we challenge animals with field strains of mammary and utero pathogenic Escherichia coli and evaluated the effects of local and systemic application of MSC in the animal models. Disease outcome was evaluated using histological analysis, bacterial counts and gene expression of inflammatory markers. We show that MSC treatment reduced bacterial load in metritis and significantly modulated the inflammatory response of the uterus and mammary gland to bacterial infection. Most notably are the immune modulatory effects of remotely engrafted intravenous MSCs, which open new avenues to the development of MSC-based cell-free therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iftach Schouten
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Andrés Bernys-Karolys
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Peleg Schneider
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Tal Dror
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Lior Ofer
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Chen Shimoni
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Einat Nissim-Eliraz
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Nahum Y Shpigel
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
| | - Sharon Schlesinger
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
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11
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Biodistribution of Intratracheal, Intranasal, and Intravenous Injections of Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in a Mouse Model for Drug Delivery Studies. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020548. [PMID: 36839873 PMCID: PMC9964290 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) are extensively studied as therapeutic tools. Evaluation of their biodistribution is fundamental to understanding MSC-EVs' impact on target organs. In our work, MSC-EVs were initially labeled with DiR, a fluorescent lipophilic dye, and administered to BALB/c mice (2.00 × 1010 EV/mice) through the following routes: intravenous (IV), intratracheal (IT) and intranasal (IN). DiR-labeled MSC-EVs were monitored immediately after injection, and after 3 and 24 hours (h). Whole-body analysis, 3 h after IV injection, showed an accumulation of MSC-EVs in the mice abdominal region, compared to IT and IN, where EVs mainly localized at the levels of the chest and brain region, respectively. After 24 h, EV-injected mice retained a stronger positivity in the same regions identified after 3 h from injection. The analyses of isolated organs confirmed the accumulation of EVs in the spleen and liver after IV administration. Twenty-four hours after the IT injection of MSC-EVs, a stronger positivity was detected selectively in the isolated lungs, while for IN, the signal was confined to the brain. In conclusion, these results show that local administration of EVs can increase their concentration in selective organs, limiting their systemic biodistribution and possibly the extra-organ effects. Biodistribution studies can help in the selection of the most appropriate way of administration of MSC-EVs for the treatment of different diseases.
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12
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Bone Tissue and the Nervous System: What Do They Have in Common? Cells 2022; 12:cells12010051. [PMID: 36611845 PMCID: PMC9818711 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Degenerative diseases affecting bone tissues and the brain represent important problems with high socio-economic impact. Certain bone diseases, such as osteoporosis, are considered risk factors for the progression of neurological disorders. Often, patients with neurodegenerative diseases have bone fractures or reduced mobility linked to osteoarthritis. The bone is a dynamic tissue involved not only in movement but also in the maintenance of mineral metabolism. Bone is also associated with the generation of both hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), and thus the generation of the immune system, and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Bone marrow is a lymphoid organ and contains MSCs and HSCs, both of which are involved in brain health via the production of cytokines with endocrine functions. Hence, it seems clear that bone is involved in the regulation of the neuronal system and vice versa. This review summarizes the recent knowledge on the interactions between the nervous system and bone and highlights the importance of the interaction between nerve and bone cells. In addition, experimental models that study the interaction between nerve and skeletal cells are discussed, and innovative models are suggested to better evaluate the molecular interactions between these two cell types.
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13
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Soni N, Tripathi A, Mukherjee S, Gupta S, Mohanty S, Basu A, Banerjee A. Bone marrow-derived extracellular vesicles modulate the abundance of infiltrating immune cells in the brain and exert an antiviral effect against the Japanese encephalitis virus. FASEB Bioadv 2022; 4:798-815. [PMID: 36479206 PMCID: PMC9721092 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2022-00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have regenerative capacity and have reported a beneficial effect on the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in an encephalitis model. However, the MSCs do not cross the blood-brain barrier and have other disadvantages limiting their therapeutic utility scope. Recently, there has been a shift in concept from a cell-based to a cell-free approach using MSCs-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs). The MSC-EVs retain regenerative and immunomodulatory capacity as their parental cells. However, the role of MSC-EVs in limiting JEV pathology remains elusive. In this study, we have used Bone marrow (BM)-derived EV (BM-EVs) and assessed their effect on JEV replication and pathogenesis in primary neuronal stem cells and a murine model. The in vitro and in vivo studies suggested that BM-derived EVs delay JEV-induced symptoms and death in mice, improve the length of survival, accelerate neurogenesis in primary neuronal stem cells, reduce JEV-induced neuronal death, and attenuate viral replication. BM-EVs treatment upregulated interferon-stimulated genes. Flow cytometry analysis revealed a reduction in the frequency of macrophages. At the same time, CD4+ T cells and neutrophils were significantly augmented, accompanied by the alteration of cytokine expression with the administration of BM-EVs, reinforcing the immunomodulatory role of EVs during JEV-induced encephalitis. In conclusion, our study describes the beneficial role of BM-EVs in limiting JEV pathology by attenuating virus replication, enhancing antiviral response, and neurogenesis in primary neuronal stem cells. However, BM-EVs do not seem to protect BBB integrity and alter immune cell infiltration into the treated brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naina Soni
- Laboratory of VirologyRegional Centre for BiotechnologyFaridabadIndia
| | - Aarti Tripathi
- Laboratory of VirologyRegional Centre for BiotechnologyFaridabadIndia
| | - Sriparna Mukherjee
- National Brain Research CentreManesarIndia
- Department of Pharmacology and PhysiologyPavilion Roger‐Gaudry, Universite de MontréalMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Suchi Gupta
- DBT‐Centre of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Stem Cell FacilityAll India Institute of Medical SciencesNew DelhiIndia
| | - Sujata Mohanty
- DBT‐Centre of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Stem Cell FacilityAll India Institute of Medical SciencesNew DelhiIndia
| | | | - Arup Banerjee
- Laboratory of VirologyRegional Centre for BiotechnologyFaridabadIndia
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14
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Jiang Y, Hong S, Zhu X, Zhang L, Tang H, Jordan KL, Saadiq IM, Huang W, Lerman A, Eirin A, Lerman LO. IL-10 partly mediates the ability of MSC-derived extracellular vesicles to attenuate myocardial damage in experimental metabolic renovascular hypertension. Front Immunol 2022; 13:940093. [PMID: 36203611 PMCID: PMC9530748 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.940093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) obtain properties of immunomodulation and tissue repair from their parental mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and upon delivery may be associated with fewer adverse events. EVs derived from adipose-tissue MSCs restored kidney function by attenuating kidney inflammation in a swine model of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and renal artery stenosis via anti-inflammatory pathways. EVs also ameliorated myocardial injury in renovascular hypertension (RVH) secondary to inflammation in cardiorenal disease, but the mechanisms regulating this effect are unknown. We hypothesize that the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-10 mediates the reparative effects of EVs on cardiovascular complications in a preclinical swine model with coexisting MetS and RVH. Twenty-three pigs established as Lean controls or RVH models were observed for 16 weeks. At 12 weeks RVH subgroups received an intrarenal delivery of 1011 either wildtype (WT) EVs or EVs after IL-10 knockdown (KD) (RVH+WT-EVs or RVH+IL-10-KD-EVs, respectively). Cardiac and renal function were studied in-vivo and myocardial tissue injury in-vitro 4 weeks later. RVH pigs showed myocardial inflammation, fibrosis, and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. WT-EVs attenuated these impairments, increased capillary density, and decreased myocardial inflammation in-vivo. In-vitro, co-incubation with IL-10-containing WT-EVs decreased activated T-cells proliferation and endothelial cells inflammation and promoted their migration. Contrarily, these cardioprotective effects were largely blunted using IL-10-KD-EVs. Thus, the anti-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic effects of EVs in RVH may be partly attributed to their cargo of anti-inflammatory IL-10. Early intervention of IL-10-containing EVs may be helpful to prevent cardiovascular complications of MetS concurrent with RVH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamei Jiang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Siting Hong
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Xiangyang Zhu
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Lei Zhang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Hui Tang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Kyra L. Jordan
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Ishran M. Saadiq
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Weijun Huang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Amir Lerman
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Alfonso Eirin
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Lilach O. Lerman
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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15
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Osteoblastic microRNAs in skeletal diseases: Biological functions and therapeutic implications. ENGINEERED REGENERATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.engreg.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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16
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Shi L, Gao X, Bi Y, Li M, Sun H, Tian X, Bi W. Gli ko BMSC: A potential strategy of treatment for renal fibrosis. Regen Ther 2022; 20:157-164. [PMID: 35620638 PMCID: PMC9111922 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective There are many researches on using bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in the treatment of acute kidney injury (AKI), which has certain effects, but the mechanism of action is still unclear. Previous researches show that glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1 (Gli 1) can promote the proliferation and migration of cells, which can also promote renal fibrosis. Therefore, we investigate the influence of Gli-regulated BMSCs on repairing AKI and renal fibrosis induced by limb Ischemia-Reperfusion (I/R). Methods The Crispr-Cas9 technique was adopted to knock out the Gli1 gene from the mouse BMSCs according to green fluorescent tracing, and the BMSCs (BMSCs-Gliko) with Gli1 gene knocked out and the BMSCs as control group were obtained. The cell proliferation, apoptosis, cycle and SHH signal pathway gene level were tested. The mice were built to the AKI model with inducing I/R injury, then the BMSCs-Gliko and BMSCs cells were injected into the mice, and their IL-1, IL-1B, TNF-a, serum creatinine (Scr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels were tested; Western blot was employed to test the expression of α-SMA, SMAD2 and SMAD4 in the renal tissues of mice. Finally, flow cytometry was used to test the content of BMSCs containing green fluorescence in the blood of mice. Results The BMSCs-Gliko containing green fluorescence and the mouse AKI model were built; both BMSCs and BMSCs-Gliko can reduce the damage level, and BMSCs-Gliko outperformed BMSCs in protecting renal tubules and anti-fibrosis. Our study also shows that BMSCs-Gliko stayed longer in the blood of mice, which might also be one of the reasons why BMSCs-Gliko outperformed BMSCs in preventing renal tubules and fibrosis. To sum it up, could be key target of using.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Shi
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, China
| | - Yue Bi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, China
| | - Huanhuan Sun
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, China
| | - Xiaochao Tian
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, China
| | - Wei Bi
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, China
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17
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Advances in the application of regenerative medicine in prevention of post-endoscopic submucosal dissection for esophageal stenosis. J Transl Int Med 2022; 10:28-35. [PMID: 35702182 PMCID: PMC8997800 DOI: 10.2478/jtim-2022-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is a curative treatment for superficial esophageal cancer with distinct advantages. However, esophageal stenosis after ESD remains a tough problem, especially after large circumferential proportion of esophageal mucosa is removed, which limits the wide use of ESD, especially in circumferential lesions. In this scenario, preventive procedures are highly recommended against post-ESD esophageal stenosis. However, the efficacy and safety of traditional prophylactic methods (steroids, metal and biodegradable stents, balloon dilation, radial incision, etc.) are not satisfactory and novel strategies need to be developed. Regenerative medicine has been showing enormous potential in the reconstruction of organs including the esophagus. In this review, we aimed to describe the current status of regenerative medicine in prevention of post-ESD esophageal stenosis. Cell injection, cell sheet transplantation, and extracellular matrix implantation have been proved effective. However, numerous obstacles still exist and further studies are necessary.
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18
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Martinez-Arroyo O, Ortega A, Forner MJ, Cortes R. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as Non-Coding RNA Therapeutic Vehicles in Autoimmune Diseases. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14040733. [PMID: 35456567 PMCID: PMC9028692 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14040733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases (ADs) are characterized by the activation of the immune system against self-antigens. More common in women than in men and with an early onset, their incidence is increasing worldwide, and this, combined with their chronic nature, is contributing to an enlarged medical and economic burden. Conventional immunosuppressive agents are designed to alleviate symptoms but do not constitute an effective therapy, highlighting a need to develop new alternatives. In this regard, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have demonstrated powerful immunosuppressive and regenerative effects. MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) have shown some advantages, such as less immunogenicity, and are proposed as novel therapies for ADs. In this review, we summarize current perspectives on therapeutic options for ADs based on MSCs and MSC-EVs, focusing particularly on their mechanism of action exerted through their non-coding RNA (ncRNA) cargo. A complete state-of-the-art review was performed, centralized on some of the most severe ADs (rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmune type 1 diabetes mellitus, and systemic lupus erythematosus), giving evidence that a promising field is evolving to overcome the current knowledge and provide new therapeutic possibilities centered on MSC-EVs and their role as ncRNA delivery vehicles for AD gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Martinez-Arroyo
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (O.M.-A.); (M.J.F.)
| | - Ana Ortega
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (O.M.-A.); (M.J.F.)
- Correspondence: (A.O.); (R.C.); Tel.: +34-96398-3916 (R.C.); Fax: +34-96398-7860 (R.C.)
| | - Maria J. Forner
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (O.M.-A.); (M.J.F.)
- Internal Medicine Unit, Hospital Clinico Universitario, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Raquel Cortes
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (O.M.-A.); (M.J.F.)
- Correspondence: (A.O.); (R.C.); Tel.: +34-96398-3916 (R.C.); Fax: +34-96398-7860 (R.C.)
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19
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Meldolesi J. News about Therapies of Alzheimer’s Disease: Extracellular Vesicles from Stem Cells Exhibit Advantages Compared to Other Treatments. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10010105. [PMID: 35052785 PMCID: PMC8773509 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Upon its discovery, Alzheimer’s, the neurodegenerative disease that affects many millions of patients in the world, remained without an effective therapy. The first drugs, made available near the end of last century, induced some effects, which remained only marginal. More promising effects are now present, induced by two approaches. Blockers of the enzyme BACE-1 induce, in neurons and glial cells, decreased levels of Aβ, the key peptide of the Alzheimer’s disease. If administered at early AD steps, the BACE-1 blockers preclude further development of the disease. However, they have no effect on established, irreversible lesions. The extracellular vesicles secreted by mesenchymal stem cells induce therapy effects analogous, but more convenient, than the effects of their original cells. After their specific fusion to target cells, the action of these vesicles depends on their ensuing release of cargo molecules, such as proteins and many miRNAs, active primarily on the cell cytoplasm. Operationally, these vesicles exhibit numerous advantages: they exclude, by their accurate selection, the heterogeneity of the original cells; exhibit molecular specificity due to their engineering and drug accumulation; and induce effective actions, mediated by variable concentrations of factors and molecules and by activation of signaling cascades. Their strength is reinforced by their combination with various factors and processes. The recent molecular and operations changes, induced especially by the stem cell target cells, result in encouraging and important improvement of the disease. Their further development is expected in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Meldolesi
- San Raffaele Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy;
- Faculty of Medicine, CNR Institute of Neuroscience, University Milano-Bicocca, 20132 Milan, Italy
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20
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Zeng X, Qin H. Stem Cell Transplantation for Parkinson’s Disease: Current Challenges and Perspectives. Aging Dis 2022; 13:1652-1663. [DOI: 10.14336/ad.2022.0312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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