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Sharma AL, Singh TR, Devi KR, Singh LS. Molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 among the HIV infected people of Manipur, Northeastern India: Emergence of unique recombinant forms. J Med Virol 2016; 89:989-999. [PMID: 27869320 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
According to the Joint National Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), the northeastern region of India has the highest HIV prevalence in the country. This study was conducted to determine the current HIV-1 molecular epidemiology of Manipur, a state in northeast India. Blood samples from HIV-1 seropositive subjects were collected between June 2011 and February 2014. The partial regions of HIV-1 genes; pol and tat-vpu-env were independently amplified, sequenced, analyzed, and genotyped. Based on all sequences generated from 110 samples using pol and/or tat-vpu-env gene, the overall HIV-1 genotypes distribution of Manipur was as follows: 65.45% (72/110) subtype C, 32.73% (36/110) unique recombinant forms (URFs), and 1.82% (2/110) subtype B. The distribution of HIV-1 genotypes among the risk groups was: heterosexual: 58.33% (35/60) subtype C, 38.33% (23/60) URFs, and 3.34% (2/60) subtype B; intravenous drug users (IDUs): 85.36% (35/41) subtype C, 9.76% (4/41) URFs, and 4.88% (2/41) subtype B; mother to child (MTC): 50% (3/6) URFs and 50% (3/6) subtype C and blood transfusion: 100% (3/3) subtype C. The findings for the first time revealed the emergence of URFs of HIV-1 in Manipur which is predominant among the sexual and MTC risk groups as compared to IDUs. Taking together, this study illustrated that Manipur is the "recombinant hotspot of HIV" of India. The results will provide the clinical importance for continuous monitoring of HIV-infections in order to design appropriate prevention measures to limit the spread of new HIV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thiyam Ramsing Singh
- Cancer and Molecular Biology Division, Department of Biotechnology, Manipur University, Imphal, Manipur, India
| | - Khuraijam Ranjana Devi
- Department of Microbiology, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal, Manipur, India
| | - Lisam Shanjukumar Singh
- Cancer and Molecular Biology Division, Department of Biotechnology, Manipur University, Imphal, Manipur, India
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Mohanakrishnan K, Kasthuri A, Amsavathani SK, Sumathi G. HIV reverse transcriptase gene mutations in anti-retroviral treatment naïve rural people living with HIV/AIDS. Indian J Med Microbiol 2016; 33:565-7. [PMID: 26470965 DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.167326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
This study is designed to find out the mutational variations of reverse transcriptase (RT) gene of HIV, after the traditional drug usage among anti-retroviral therapy naïve rural people living with HIV/AIDS. HIV Reactive patients, who were exposed for indigenous medicines such as Siddha, Ayurveda etc., for a minimum period of 6 months were taken for this study. Among 40 patients, two samples (5.55%) demonstrated high-level mutational resistance variations for nucleoside RT inhibitor (NRTI) and non-NRTI. The predominant polymorphisms detected were K122E (91.7%), V60I (91.7%), V35T (89%), Q207E (89%), D177E (89%), T200A (86.1%), S48T (83.33%), K173A (80.6%).
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mohanakrishnan
- Department of Microbiology, Sri Muthukumaran Medical College and Research Institute, Mangadu, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Karade S, Pandey S, Gianchandani S, Kurle SN, Ghate M, Gaikwad NS, Rewari BB, Gangakhedkar RR. Near Full-Length Genomic Characterization of a Novel CRF 01_AE/C Recombinant from Western India. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2015; 31:1269-73. [PMID: 26323027 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2015.0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV is known for its genetic variability across the globe. The HIV epidemic in India is primarily driven by subtype C, although sporadic circulating and unique recombinant forms are also reported from a few metropolitan cities in which genotyping facilities are available. Here we report a novel CRF01_AE/C recombinant from a multicenter study on the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy (ART), 12 months after its initiation. Our subject is a 32-year-old heterosexual female, a native of Pune city in western India. Identification and analyses of recombination breakpoints using jpHMM@Gobics and SimPlot bootscanning revealed six recombination breakpoints, indicating insertion of the CRF01_AE genome at three points in the backbone of subtype C. Both subtype C and CRF01_AE are commonly seen in the population at risk of heterosexual HIV transmission, thereby providing an opportunity for cocirculation and recombination. The emergence of a novel recombinant of CRF01_AE/C is indicative of the increasing genetic diversity of the HIV epidemic in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Karade
- HIV Drug Resistance Laboratory, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India
- Maharashtra University of Health Sciences, Nashik, India
| | - Sudhanshu Pandey
- HIV Drug Resistance Laboratory, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India
| | | | - Swarali N. Kurle
- HIV Drug Resistance Laboratory, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India
| | - Manisha Ghate
- Department of Clinical Sciences, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India
| | - Nitin S. Gaikwad
- Department of Tuberculosis and Chest Diseases, Yashwantrao Chavan Memorial Hospital, Pune, India
| | - Bharat B. Rewari
- National Programme Officer (ART), National AIDS Control Organization, New Delhi, India
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Genetic and functional characterization of HIV-1 Vif on APOBEC3G degradation: First report of emergence of B/C recombinants from North India. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15438. [PMID: 26494109 PMCID: PMC4616021 DOI: 10.1038/srep15438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 is characterized by high genetic heterogeneity which is a challenge for developing therapeutics. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the extent of genetic variations that HIV is undergoing in North India. The objective of this study was to determine the role of genetic and functional role of Vif on APOBEC3G degradation. Vif is an accessory protein involved in counteracting APOBEC3/F proteins. Genetic analysis of Vif variants revealed that Vif C variants were closely related to South African Vif C whereas Vif B variants and Vif B/C showed distinct geographic locations. This is the first report to show the emergence of Vif B/C in our population. The functional domains, motifs and phosphorylation sites were well conserved. Vif C variants differed in APOBEC3G degradation from Vif B variants. Vif B/C revealed similar levels of APOBEC3G degradation to Vif C confirming the presence of genetic determinants in C-terminal region. High genetic diversity was observed in Vif variants which may cause the emergence of more complex and divergent strains. These results reveal the genetic determinants of Vif in mediating APOBEC3G degradation and highlight the genetic information for the development of anti-viral drugs against HIV. Importance: Vif is an accessory HIV-1 protein which plays significant role in the degradation of human DNA-editing factor APOBEC3G, thereby impeding the antiretroviral activity of APOBEC3G. It is known that certain natural polymorphisms in Vif could degrade APOBEC3G relatively higher rate, suggesting its role in HIV-1 pathogenesis. This is the first report from North India showcasing genetic variations and novel polymorphisms in Vif gene. Subtype C is prevalent in India, but for the first time we observed putative B/C recombinants with a little high ability to degrade APOBEC3G indicating adaptation and evolving nature of virus in our population. Indian Vif C variants were able to degrade APOBEC3G well in comparison to Vif B variants. These genetic changes were most likely selected during adaptation of HIV to our population. These results elucidate that the genetic determinants of Vif and highlights the potential targets for therapeutics.
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Ajbani SP, Velhal SM, Kadam RB, Patel VV, Bandivdekar AH. Immunogenicity of Semliki Forest virus based self-amplifying RNA expressing Indian HIV-1C genes in mice. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 81:794-802. [PMID: 26361864 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Development of recombinant vaccines is considered as a promising approach to prevent transmission and eradication of HIV/AIDS. Candidate vaccines tested so far have shown poor to modest efficacy. Self-amplifying RNAs of positive strand alphaviruses are reported to be promising vectors for development of recombinant vaccines. This study describes the construction, in vitro expression and in vivo immunogenicity of recombinant RNA vaccines developed by individually cloning gag, env and polRT genes of primary HIV-1C Indian isolates using Semliki Forest virus (SFV) vector. HIV-1C specific T cell responses were detected in mice immunized with rSFV2gen/gag RNA by IFN-γ ELISPOT assay. Furthermore, using flow cytometry based intracellular cytokine staining (ICCS) assay HIV-1C specific IL-2 responses were detected in immunized mice that were mediated by both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. Mice immunized with rSFV2gen/env RNA elicited HIV-1C Env-specific antibodies as detected by gp120 ELISA. The Env, Gag and Pol (RT) RNA constructs in combination elicited better HIV-1C Env-specific humoral responses compared to mice immunized with Env RNA alone. In conclusion, rSFV2gen RNA constructs encoding HIV-1C antigens elicited clear cell mediated and humoral immune responses in mice, thus demonstrating the potential of self-amplifying rSFV2gen RNA as a promising candidate for anti-HIV vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema P Ajbani
- Department of Biochemistry and Virology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, J. M. Street, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India.
| | - Shilpa M Velhal
- Department of Biochemistry and Virology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, J. M. Street, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India.
| | - Ravindra B Kadam
- Department of Biochemistry and Virology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, J. M. Street, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India.
| | - Vainav V Patel
- Department of Biochemistry and Virology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, J. M. Street, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India.
| | - Atmaram H Bandivdekar
- Department of Biochemistry and Virology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, J. M. Street, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India.
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Zhang L, Wang YJ, Wang BX, Yan JW, Wan YN, Wang J. Prevalence of HIV-1 subtypes among men who have sex with men in China: a systematic review. Int J STD AIDS 2014; 26:291-305. [PMID: 25033880 DOI: 10.1177/0956462414543841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of prevalent HIV-1 strains are still complex in China. Men who have sex with men (MSM) play an important bridging role in spreading HIV. The aim of our study was to quantitatively evaluate the prevalence of HIV-1 subtypes among the MSM population in China from published studies. Relevant studies were searched by selection criteria from CNKI, CBM, Pubmed, etc. We computed the estimates of the pooled proportion of HIV-1 subtypes. Heterogeneity between studies was investigated and measured using Cochran's Q statistic and the I (2) statistic. All analyses were conducted by the R statistical package version 2.13.1. A meta-analysis was performed, which included 19 articles. For comprehensive analysis of env, gag and pol genes, the pooled estimates for the prevalence of subtype B was 28.25% (95% CI: 18.10-39.66%), CRF01_AE was 53.46% (95% CI: 46.11-60.74%), CRF07_BC was 18.66% (95% CI: 13.06-25.01%) and CRF08_BC was 5.85% (95% CI: 2.73-10.07%), respectively. In subgroup analysis, the proportion of subtype B decreased, while the proportion of CRF01_AE and CRF07_BC showed an increasing tendency. Beijing, Guangdong and Henan provinces had high proportions of subtype CRF01_AE while Guangdong and Hebei provinces had the highest proportions of subtype B and CRF07_BC, respectively. A high genetic variability of HIV-1 presents a serious challenge for HIV prevention and treatment strategies among MSM in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Medical Genetics Center, Anhui Medical College, Hefei, China
| | - Yu-jie Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Bing-xiang Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jun-wei Yan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ya-nan Wan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Ronsard L, Lata S, Singh J, Ramachandran VG, Das S, Banerjea AC. Molecular and genetic characterization of natural HIV-1 Tat Exon-1 variants from North India and their functional implications. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85452. [PMID: 24465566 PMCID: PMC3900424 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Designing an ideal vaccine against HIV-1 has been difficult due to enormous genetic variability as a result of high replication rate and lack of proofreading activity of reverse transcriptase leading to emergence of genetic variants and recombinants. Tat transactivates HIV-1 LTR, resulting in a remarkable increase in viral gene expression, and plays a vital role in pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to characterize the genetic variations of Tat exon-1 from HIV-1 infected patients from North India. METHODS Genomic DNA was isolated from PBMCs and Tat exon-1 was PCR amplified with specific primers followed by cloning, sequencing and sequence analyses using bioinformatic tools for predicting HIV-1 subtypes, recombination events, conservation of domains and phosphorylation sites, and LTR transactivation by luciferase assay. RESULTS Phylogenetic analysis of Tat exon-1 variants (n = 120) revealed sequence similarity with South African Tat C sequences and distinct geographical relationships were observed for B/C recombinants. Bootscan analysis of our variants showed 90% homology to Tat C and 10% to B/C recombinants with a precise breakpoint. Natural substitutions were observed with high allelic frequencies which may be beneficial for virus. High amino acid conservation was observed in Tat among Anti Retroviral Therapy (ART) recipients. Barring few changes, most of the functional domains, predicted motifs and phosphorylation sites were well conserved in most of Tat variants. dN/dS analysis revealed purifying selection, implying the importance of functional conservation of Tat exon-1. Our Indian Tat C variants and B/C recombinants showed differential LTR transactivation. CONCLUSIONS The possible role of Tat exon-1 variants in shaping the current HIV-1 epidemic in North India was highlighted. Natural substitutions across conserved functional domains were observed and provided evidence for the emergence of B/C recombinants within the ORF of Tat exon-1. These events are likely to have implications for viral pathogenesis and vaccine formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larance Ronsard
- Virology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
- Department of Microbiology, University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Delhi, India
| | - Sneh Lata
- Department of Microbiology, University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Delhi, India
| | - Jyotsna Singh
- Virology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
- Department of Microbiology, University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Delhi, India
| | | | - Shukla Das
- Department of Microbiology, University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Delhi, India
| | - Akhil C. Banerjea
- Virology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail: ,
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Shankarappa R, Mullins JI. Inferring viral population structures using heteroduplex mobility and DNA sequence analyses. J Virol Methods 2013; 194:169-77. [PMID: 23994080 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Heteroduplex mobility (HMA) and tracking assays (HTA) are used to assess genetic relationships between DNA molecules. While distinguishing relationships between clonal or nearly clonal molecules is relatively straightforward, inferring population structures is more complex. To address this issue, HIV-1 quasispecies with varying levels of diversity were studied using both HTA and DNA sequencing. Viral diversity estimates and the temporal features of virus evolution were found to be generally concordant between HTA and DNA sequencing. In addition, the distribution of pairwise differences and the rates of virus divergence were similar between the two methods. These findings support the use of HTA to characterize variant populations of DNA and strengthen previous inferences concerning the evolution of HIV-1 over the course of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Shankarappa
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195-8070, United States
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Ingole N, Nataraj G, Mehta P, Paranjpe S, Sarkate P. CD4 counts in laboratory monitoring of HIV disease--experience from western India. J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care 2013; 13:324-7. [PMID: 23442562 DOI: 10.1177/2325957412474846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD4 counts vary in different populations. The present study was conducted to determine CD4 counts in different World Health Organization (WHO) clinical stages in antiretroviral therapy naive individuals and to find out optimum CD4 cutoffs. METHOD Data of adult HIV seropositive patients who underwent CD4 count and total lymphocyte count (TLC) testing were included for analysis. The severity of immunosuppression was graded based on WHO criteria. To establish optimum CD4 cutoff values, receiver-operator characteristics (ROC) curves were generated. RESULTS Of 754 patients, 52.2% had CD4 counts <200 cells/mm3, but only 2.3% belonged to WHO stage IV. Newer CD4 cutoffs generated were 280, 120-280, <120 cells/mm3. Spearman rank correlation between CD4 counts and TLC was found to be weak (r = .32). CONCLUSION The cutoff values of CD4 counts for HIV disease may need to be revised for India. Regular CD4 count estimation is a must for monitoring disease progression in people living with HIV/AIDS.
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Andrabi R, Kumar R, Bala M, Nair A, Ss P, Kushwaha V, Luthra K. Envelope diversity, characteristics of V3 region and predicted co-receptor usage of human immunodeficiency viruses infecting north Indians. J Microbiol 2012; 50:869-73. [PMID: 23124759 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-012-2136-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Subtypes of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 circulating in 21 north Indian patients were characterized based on the partial sequence of the gp120 envelope protein. A majority of viruses (85.7%, 18/21) were subtype C, while 14.3% (3/21) were subtype A. Sequence analysis revealed that the V3 region was highly conserved compared with V4 and V5. The predicted use of co-receptors indicated exclusive usage of R5, except for two subtype A viruses (AIIMS279 and AIIMS281). Our results demonstrate conservation within the V3 loop of subtype C viruses, and suggest the emergence of non-clade C viruses in the north Indian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raiees Andrabi
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Krishnan KM, Amsavathani S. Polymorphisms of HIV RT Gene Among the ART Naïve Native Drug Exposed Rural PLHA. J Glob Infect Dis 2012; 4:110-3. [PMID: 22754246 PMCID: PMC3385200 DOI: 10.4103/0974-777x.96775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The number of people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is increasing day by day in India. The disease has now spread from urban areas to rural areas. The proof reading of the reverse transcriptase enzyme is poor, which may lead to genetic diversity within the HIV strains, which in turn leads to problems like failure or resistance in antiretroviral treatment. This study is designed to find out the polymorphisms of the reverse transcriptase gene of HIV, after the native drug pressure among antiretroviral therapy (ART) naïve rural people living with HIV/AIDS (RPLHA). Materials and Methods: A total of 207 HIV-Reactive patients were allowed to take native drugs from the local area and were advised to attend the center for HIV after six months for a follow-up. At the time of the follow-up visit, a second blood sample was taken from 20 reactive native-drug exposed ART-naïve patients. The plasma was separated and transported at 20°C to the YRG Care Center for genotyping. Results: Among the 20 HIV-reactive samples processed for gene sequencing analysis to detect the genotypic variations, only one sample (5%) showed high-level mutational resistance variations and the predominant polymorphisms detected were V35T (100%), K122E (94.44%), and V60I (88.88%). Conclusions: The presence of drug-resistance mutations, although minimal, was important, as the drug-resistant strains could spread among the RPLHA and to their sexual partners. There was a definite need to generate a drug resistance database and the polymorphic pattern of Indian strains concern to the future clinical management of the disease, and a vaccine design to contain the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mohana Krishnan
- Department of Microbiology, Sri Muthukumaran Medical College and Research Institue, Mangadu, Chennai, India
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Neogi U, Sood V, Ronsard L, Singh J, Lata S, Ramachandran VG, Das S, Wanchu A, Banerjea AC. Genetic architecture of HIV-1 genes circulating in north India & their functional implications. Indian J Med Res 2012; 134:769-78. [PMID: 22310812 PMCID: PMC3284088 DOI: 10.4103/0971-5916.92624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This review presents data on genetic and functional analysis of some of the HIV-1 genes derived from HIV-1 infected individuals from north India (Delhi, Punjab and Chandigarh). We found evidence of novel B/C recombinants in HIV-1 LTR region showing relatedness to China/Myanmar with 3 copies of Nfκb sites; B/C/D mosaic genomes for HIV-1 Vpr and novel B/C Tat. We reported appearance of a complex recombinant form CRF_02AG of HIV-1 envelope sequences which is predominantly found in Central/Western Africa. Also one Indian HIV-1 envelope subtype C sequence suggested exclusive CXCR4 co-receptor usage. This extensive recombination, which is observed in about 10 per cent HIV-1 infected individuals in the Vpr genes, resulted in remarkably altered functions when compared with prototype subtype B Vpr. The Vpu C was found to be more potent in causing apoptosis when compared with Vpu B when analyzed for subG1 DNA content. The functional implications of these changes as well as in other genes of HIV-1 are discussed in detail with possible implications for subtype-specific pathogenesis highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujjwal Neogi
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
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Paranjape RS, Thakar MR, Ghate MV, Godbole SV. Current Status of Research on HIV Epidemic, Pathogenesis, Management and Prevention in India. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s40011-011-0013-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Mukhopadhyay S, Talukdar A, Pradip Kumar Mitra, Ghosh S, Maji D. An observational study of the pattern of HIV infection in a specified rural area of India with special reference to migratory laborers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 9:74-7. [PMID: 20160250 DOI: 10.1177/1545109710361641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Determination of the pattern of HIV/AIDS in patients attending voluntary confidential counseling and testing center (VCCTC) and prevention of parent-to-child transmission (PPTCT) center of a low-prevalence district of Eastern India. To find out high-risk group and interventional strategy for prevention. METHOD Cross-sectional exploratory secondary data analysis from the VCCTC and PPTCT register. RESULT Of the 1348 participants, 160 (11.86%) adults were HIV seropositive. Prevalence in males and females was 9.8% and 20.7%, respectively. Among 22 (1.63%) seropositive children, transmission was vertical in 18 (81.8%). Seventy-one (88.75%) positive adult males were migratory goldsmiths working in Mumbai and other big cities. They were clustered in a particular locality (Daspur). CONCLUSION Goldsmiths migrated from Daspur to big cities are the bridge populations who are responsible for higher prevalence of HIV in their families and locality. Interventional strategies targeted at this high-risk group are suggested.
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Impact of novel TRIM5alpha variants, Gly110Arg and G176del, on the anti-HIV-1 activity and the susceptibility to HIV-1 infection. AIDS 2009; 23:2091-100. [PMID: 19710594 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e328331567a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE TRIM5alpha is one of the factors contributing to intracellular defense mechanisms against HIV-1 infection. We investigated the association of TRIM5alpha sequence variations with the susceptibility to HIV-1 infection in Japanese and Indian. DESIGN Sequence variations in TRIM5alpha were investigated in HIV-1-infected patients and ethnic-matched controls. Functional alterations caused by rare variants were analyzed. METHODS : We sequenced TRIM5alpha-exon 2 in both Japanese (94 HIV-1-infected patients and 487 controls) and Indian (101 HIV-1-infected patients and 99 controls). Frequency of variants and haplotypes were compared between the HIV-1-infected patients and controls. Functional analyses were performed for two rare variants, Gly110Arg and G176del. RESULTS The frequency of 43Tyr-allele in the Indian HIV-1-infected patients was significantly lower than that in the ethnic-matched controls (odds ratio = 0.52, 95% confidence interval = 0.31-0.89, P = 0.015). A similar tendency was observed in Japanese sample, although it was not statistically significant (odds ratio = 0.67, 95% confidence interval = 0.43-1.05, P = 0.095). On the other hand, haplotype analyses revealed that the haplotype carrying the 43Tyr-allele was significantly associated with the reduced susceptibility to HIV-1 infection in both ethnic groups. Functional analysis revealed that Gly110Arg variant weakened the anti-HIV-1 and anti-HIV-2 activities of human TRIM5alpha, whereas the truncated G176del-TRIM5 enhanced the antiviral activity of coexpressed TRIM5alpha. Epidemiological data were consistent in that Gly110Arg and G176del were associated with the susceptibility to and protection from HIV-1 infection, respectively. CONCLUSION Both common and rare variants of TRIM5alpha are associated with the susceptibility to HIV-1 infection.
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Neogi U. The expanding HIV-1 epidemic aggravates therapeutics and vaccine development programs in India. Bioinformation 2009; 4:90-1. [PMID: 20198178 PMCID: PMC2828890 DOI: 10.6026/97320630004090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Accepted: 07/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) displays extensive genetic diversity globally that poses a serious challenge in designing suitable
therapeutic measures for protective immune responses in the host. After the first detection of AIDS cases in 1986, India now has the third largest
HIV epidemic in world. The HIV-1 epidemic in India is still growing with introduction of new strains/subtypes and this creates a serious problem
for the clinician and basic science researchers to find the effective measures. Neighboring countries in the North and North-eastern regions play
an important role in the HIV-1 pandemic. An extensive multinational collaborative research effort is needed in order to identify the risk groups
and geographic locales is required to monitor HIV-1 spread in Asia and to produce a successful preventive program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujjwal Neogi
- Infectious Disease Unit, St. John's Research Institute, Koramangla, Bangalore-560034.
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