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Iqbal A, Alam MT, Khan A, Siddiqui T, Ali A. Inhibition of protein misfolding and aggregation by steroidal quinoxalin-2(1H)-one and their molecular docking studies. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 269:132020. [PMID: 38704061 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
A series of D-ring fused 16-substituted steroidal quinoxalin-2(1H)-one attached to an electron-releasing (ER) or electron-withdrawing (EW) groups via steroidal oxoacetate intermediate were synthesized to investigate their protein aggregation inhibition potential using human lysozyme (HLZ). The influence of the type of substituent at the C-6 positions of the quinoxalin-2(1H)-one ring on the protein aggregation inhibition potential was observed, showing that the EW moiety improved the protein aggregation inhibition potency. Of all the evaluated compounds, NO2-substituted quinoxalin-2(1H)-one derivative 13 was the most active compound and had a maximum protein aggregation inhibition effect. Significant stabilization effects strongly support the binding of the most biologically active steroidal quinoxalin-2(1H)-one with docking studies. The predicted physicochemical and ADME properties lie within a drug-like space which shows no violation of Lipinski's rule of five except compounds 12 and 13. Combined, our results suggest that D-ring fused 16-substituted steroidal quinoxalin-2(1H)-one has the potential to modulate the protein aggregation inhibition effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arfeen Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202 002, UP, India
| | - Md Tauqir Alam
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202 002, UP, India
| | - Asna Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202 002, UP, India
| | - Tabassum Siddiqui
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202 002, UP, India
| | - Abad Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202 002, UP, India.
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2
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Wei S, Xu P, Mao Y, Shi Y, Liu W, Li S, Tu Z, Chen L, Hu M, Wang Y. Differential intestinal effects of water and foodborne exposures of nano-TiO 2 in the mussel Mytilus coruscus under elevated temperature. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 355:141777. [PMID: 38527634 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
With the wide use of nanomaterials in daily life, nano-titanium dioxide (nano-TiO2) presents potential ecological risks to marine ecosystems, which can be exacerbated by ocean warming (OW). However, most previous studies have only centered around waterborne exposure, while there is a scarcity of studies concentrating on the impact of trophic transfer exposure on organisms. We investigated the differences in toxic effects of 100 μg/L nano-TiO2 on mussels via two pathways (waterborne and foodborne) under normal (24 °C) and warming (28 °C) conditions. Single nano-TiO2 exposure (waterborne and foodborne) elevated the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities as well as the content of glutathione (GSH), indicating activated antioxidatant response in the intestine. However, depressed antioxidant enzymes and accumulated peroxide products (LPO and protein carbonyl content, PCC) demonstrated that warming in combination with nano-TiO2 broke the prooxidant-antioxidant homeostasis of mussels. Our findings also indicated that nano-TiO2 and high temperature exhibited adverse impacts on amylase (AMS), trypsin (PS), and trehalase (THL). Additionally, activated immune function (lysozyme) comes at the cost of energy expenditure of protein (decreased protein concentration). The hydrodynamic diameter of nano-TiO2 at 24 °C (1693-2261 nm) was lower than that at 28 °C (2666-3086 nm). Bioaccumulation results (range from 0.022 to 0.432 μg/g) suggested that foodborne induced higher Ti contents in intestine than waterborne. In general, the combined effects of nano-TiO2 and warming demonstrated a more pronounced extent of interactive effects and severe damage to antioxidant, digestive, and immune parameters in mussel intestine. The toxicological impact of nano-TiO2 was intensified through trophic transfer. The toxic effects of nano-TiO2 are non-negligible and can be exerted together through both water- and foodborne exposure routes, which deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaishuai Wei
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Peng Xu
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Yiran Mao
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Yuntian Shi
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Wei Liu
- University of Geneva, Faculty of Sciences, Earth and Environment Sciences, Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Saishuai Li
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Zhihan Tu
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Liming Chen
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Menghong Hu
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Marine Biomedical Science and Technology Innovation Platform of Lin-gang Special Area, Shanghai, China
| | - Youji Wang
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
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3
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Becchimanzi A, Nicoletti R, Di Lelio I, Russo E. Immune Gene Repertoire of Soft Scale Insects (Hemiptera: Coccidae). Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4922. [PMID: 38732132 PMCID: PMC11084805 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Insects possess an effective immune system, which has been extensively characterized in several model species, revealing a plethora of conserved genes involved in recognition, signaling, and responses to pathogens and parasites. However, some taxonomic groups, characterized by peculiar trophic niches, such as plant-sap feeders, which are often important pests of crops and forestry ecosystems, have been largely overlooked regarding their immune gene repertoire. Here we annotated the immune genes of soft scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccidae) for which omics data are publicly available. By using immune genes of aphids and Drosophila to query the genome of Ericerus pela, as well as the transcriptomes of Ceroplastes cirripediformis and Coccus sp., we highlight the lack of peptidoglycan recognition proteins, galectins, thaumatins, and antimicrobial peptides in Coccidae. This work contributes to expanding our knowledge about the evolutionary trajectories of immune genes and offers a list of promising candidates for developing new control strategies based on the suppression of pests' immunity through RNAi technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Becchimanzi
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (A.B.); (I.D.L.); (E.R.)
- BAT Center—Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Rosario Nicoletti
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (A.B.); (I.D.L.); (E.R.)
- Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Ilaria Di Lelio
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (A.B.); (I.D.L.); (E.R.)
- BAT Center—Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Elia Russo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (A.B.); (I.D.L.); (E.R.)
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Gajda Ł, Daszkowska-Golec A, Świątek P. Trophic Position of the White Worm ( Enchytraeus albidus) in the Context of Digestive Enzyme Genes Revealed by Transcriptomics Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4685. [PMID: 38731903 PMCID: PMC11083476 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
To assess the impact of Enchytraeidae (potworms) on the functioning of the decomposer system, knowledge of the feeding preferences of enchytraeid species is required. Different food preferences can be explained by variations in enzymatic activities among different enchytraeid species, as there are no significant differences in the morphology or anatomy of their alimentary tracts. However, it is crucial to distinguish between the contribution of microbial enzymes and the animal's digestive capacity. Here, we computationally analyzed the endogenous digestive enzyme genes in Enchytraeus albidus. The analysis was based on RNA-Seq of COI-monohaplotype culture (PL-A strain) specimens, utilizing transcriptome profiling to determine the trophic position of the species. We also corroborated the results obtained using transcriptomics data from genetically heterogeneous freeze-tolerant strains. Our results revealed that E. albidus expresses a wide range of glycosidases, including GH9 cellulases and a specific digestive SH3b-domain-containing i-type lysozyme, previously described in the earthworm Eisenia andrei. Therefore, E. albidus combines traits of both primary decomposers (primary saprophytophages) and secondary decomposers (sapro-microphytophages/microbivores) and can be defined as an intermediate decomposer. Based on assemblies of publicly available RNA-Seq reads, we found close homologs for these cellulases and i-type lysozymes in various clitellate taxa, including Crassiclitellata and Enchytraeidae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Piotr Świątek
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, 9 Bankowa St., 40-007 Katowice, Poland; (Ł.G.); (A.D.-G.)
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Xu X, Yin P, Zhang Y, Yang H. The immune response of fairy shrimp Branchinella kugenumaensis against Edwardsiella anguillarum infections by de novo transcriptome analysis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 144:109260. [PMID: 38043874 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
To explore the immune defense mechanisms of the ancient crustacean fairy shrimp (B.kugenumaensis) and uncover antibacterial-related gene resources, the present study analyzed the pathological changes in B. kugenumaensis infected with E. anguillarum. Differential gene expression changes between the infected and uninfected groups were investigated through comparative transcriptome sequencing to elucidate the molecular responses to the infection. Under transmission electron microscopy, the intestinal mucosal structure of B. kugenumaensis was damaged, the microvilli disappeared, the number of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum increased, mitochondria vacuolated and arranged disordered. The transcriptome data indicated that a total of 250,520,580 clean reads were assembled into 66,502 unigenes, with an average length of 789 bp and an N50 length of 1326 bp. Following bacterial infection, approximately 2678 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, with 1732 genes upregulated and 946 genes downregulated. The detected DEGs related to immune responses, particularly involving apoptosis, lysosome, autophagy, phagosome, and MAPK signaling pathways. Moreover, 9 immunity-related genes with different expressions were confirmed by using real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). This study first reports the pathogenicity of E. anguillarum on B. kugenumaensis and speculates that immune effectors such as lysozyme and lectin, as well as apoptosis, lysosome, and the MAPK signaling pathway, play crucial roles in the innate immunity of fairy shrimp. These findings deepen our understanding of fairy shrimp immune regulatory mechanisms and provide a theoretical foundation for disease prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrui Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Peng Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Hui Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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Czerwonka AE, Sawadro MK, Brożek J, Babczyńska AI. Immunostimulation of Parasteatoda tepidariorum (Araneae: Theridiidae) in juvenile and adult stages. Immunity reactions to injury with foreign body and Bacillus subtilis infection. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15337. [PMID: 37483985 PMCID: PMC10358339 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
To assess the immune potential of spiders, in the present study juvenile and adult females of Parasteatoda tepidariorum were exposed to Bacillus subtilis infection, injury by a nylon monofilament and a combination of both. The expression level of selected immune-related genes: defensin 1 (PtDEF1), lysozyme 1 (PtLYS1), lysozyme C (PtLYSC), lysozyme M1 (PtLYSM1), autophagy-related protein 101 (PtATG101), dynamin (PtDYN) and heat shock proteins (HSP70) (PtHSPB, PtHSPB2A, PtHSPB2B), production of lysozyme and HSP70 proteins, and hemocytes viability were measured. The obtained results indicated expression of the lysozyme, autophagy-related protein and HSP70 genes in both ontogenetic stages of P. tepidariorum. It has been also shown that the simultaneous action of mechanical and biological factors causes higher level of lysozyme and HSP70, cell apoptosis intensity and lower level of hemocytes viability than in the case of exposure to a single immunostimulant. Moreover, mature females showed stronger early immune responses compared to juveniles.
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7
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Kryukov V, Kosman E, Tomilova O, Polenogova O, Rotskaya U, Yaroslavtseva O, Salimova D, Kryukova N, Berestetskiy A. Tenuazonic acid alters immune and physiological reactions and susceptibility to pathogens in Galleria mellonella larvae. Mycotoxin Res 2023; 39:135-149. [PMID: 37071305 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-023-00479-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Tenuazonic acid (TeA) is synthesized by phytopathogenic and opportunistic fungi and is detected in a broad range of foods. This natural compound is of interest in terms of toxicity to animals, but its mechanisms of action on insects are poorly understood. We administered TeA orally at different concentrations (0.2-5.0 mg/[gram of a growth medium]) to the model insect Galleria mellonella, with subsequent estimation of physiological, histological, and immunological parameters in different tissues (midgut, fat body, and hemolymph). Susceptibility of the TeA-treated larvae to pathogenic microorganisms Beauveria bassiana and Bacillus thuringiensis was also analyzed. The feeding of TeA to the larvae led to a substation delay of larval growth, apoptosis-like changes in midgut cells, and an increase in midgut bacterial load. A decrease in activities of detoxification enzymes and downregulation of genes Nox, lysozyme, and cecropin in the midgut and/or hemocoel tissues were detected. By contrast, genes gloverin, gallerimycin, and galiomycin and phenoloxidase activity proved to be upregulated in the studied tissues. Hemocyte density did not change under the influence of TeA. TeA administration increased susceptibility of the larvae to B. bassiana but diminished their susceptibility to B. thuringiensis. The results indicate that TeA disturbs wax moth gut physiology and immunity and also exerts a systemic action on this insect. Mechanisms underlying the observed changes in wax moth susceptibility to the pathogens are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Kryukov
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630091, Frunze 11, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elena Kosman
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630091, Frunze 11, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Oksana Tomilova
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630091, Frunze 11, Novosibirsk, Russia
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, 196608, Podbel'skogo Sh. 3, Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga Polenogova
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630091, Frunze 11, Novosibirsk, Russia.
| | - Ulyana Rotskaya
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630091, Frunze 11, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Olga Yaroslavtseva
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630091, Frunze 11, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Dilara Salimova
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, 196608, Podbel'skogo Sh. 3, Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Natalia Kryukova
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630091, Frunze 11, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander Berestetskiy
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, 196608, Podbel'skogo Sh. 3, Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Quesada-Béjar V, Contreras-Garduño J, Calvillo LKA, García EC. Survival, Body Condition, and Immune System of Apis mellifera liguistica Fed Avocado, Maize, and Polyfloral Pollen Diet. NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 51:583-592. [PMID: 35708899 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-022-00974-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nutritional stress is the major factor contributing to decline in the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) populations given the high degree of dependence on floral resources, and due to the habitat loss. In this sense, monocultures of maize and avocado have great extensions in Mexico, but their impact on the physiology and morphology of A. mellifera is unknown. This research evaluated the effect of total protein content in monofloral (maize or avocado pollen diets) and polyfloral (using five types of pollen: Persea americana Mill., Zea mays L., Melampodium perfoliatum Cav., Drymaria villosa Cham Schltdl., and Lopezia racemosa Cav.) on their survival, body condition (controlled density, head mass, and development of hypopharyngeal glands; protein content in hemolymph), and immune response [lytic activity and activity of prophenoloxidase in the hemolymph (proPO)]. Corbicular pollen of P. americana had the highest protein content, followed by the corbicular pollen of Z. mays, M. perfoliatum, D. villosa, and L. racemosa. Polyfloral diet seems to be better for A. mellifera than the monofloral maize and avocado. Bees fed polyfloral pollen diet showed a high content of protein in the hemolymph in comparison with that fed maize or avocado pollen diets. Bees fed polyfloral and avocado pollen diet had the highest lytic activity but showed a decrease in proPO activity. In conclusion, polyfloral diets seem to be better for A. mellifera than the monofloral maize and avocado.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venecia Quesada-Béjar
- Facultad de Agrobiología, Univ Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Uruapan, Michoacán, México.
| | - Jorge Contreras-Garduño
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Univ Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - L Karina Adame Calvillo
- Facultad de Agrobiología, Univ Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Uruapan, Michoacán, México
| | - Eduardo Cuevas García
- Facultad de Biología, Univ Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, México
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Pinto CPG, Walker AA, Robinson SD, King GF, Rossi GD. Proteotranscriptomics reveals the secretory dynamics of teratocytes, regulators of parasitization by an endoparasitoid wasp. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 139:104395. [PMID: 35413336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2022.104395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Parasitoid wasps have evolved sophisticated mechanisms of host regulation that establish a favorable environment for the development of immature parasitoids. While maternal venom and symbiotic virus-like particles are well-known mechanisms of host regulation, another less-studied mechanism is the secretion of host regulation factors by cells called teratocytes, extra-embryonic cells released during parasitoid larval eclosion. Consequently, identification and characterization of teratocyte secretory products has not been reported in detail for any parasitoid wasp. We aimed to analyze teratocyte secretory products released into hemolymph of the larval sugarcane borer Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius, 1794) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) by its biological control agent, the koinobiont endoparasitoid wasp Cotesia flavipes Cameron, 1891 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Teratocytes were released upon eclosion of parasitoid larvae four days after parasitization (DAP) and increased in number and size until six DAP. Total D. saccharalis hemocyte viability was reduced immediately after parasitization until DAP 2, while total hemocyte count was lower from the third DAP, and phenoloxidase and lysozyme activity were disrupted compared to non-parasitized controls. To examine the secretory products of teratocytes, we generated a teratocyte transcriptome and compared its in silico translated open reading frames to mass spectra obtained from hemolymph from parasitized and unparasitized hosts. This led to the identification of 57 polypeptides secreted by teratocytes, the abundance of which we tracked over 0-10 DAP. Abundant teratocyte products included proteins similar to bracovirus proteins and multiple disulfide-rich peptides. Most teratocyte products accumulated in hemolymph, reaching their highest concentrations immediately before parasitoid pupation. Our results provide insights into host regulation by teratocytes and reveal molecules that may be useful in biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro P G Pinto
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Andrew A Walker
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Samuel D Robinson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Glenn F King
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Guilherme D Rossi
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil.
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10
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Smith TE, Li Y, Perreau J, Moran NA. Elucidation of host and symbiont contributions to peptidoglycan metabolism based on comparative genomics of eight aphid subfamilies and their Buchnera. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010195. [PMID: 35522718 PMCID: PMC9116674 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum) are insects containing genes of bacterial origin with putative functions in peptidoglycan (PGN) metabolism. Of these, rlpA1-5, amiD, and ldcA are highly expressed in bacteriocytes, specialized aphid cells that harbor the obligate bacterial symbiont Buchnera aphidicola, required for amino acid supplementation of the host's nutrient-poor diet. Despite genome reduction associated with endosymbiosis, pea aphid Buchnera retains genes for the synthesis of PGN while Buchnera of many other aphid species partially or completely lack these genes. To explore the evolution of aphid horizontally-transferred genes (HTGs) and to elucidate how host and symbiont genes contribute to PGN production, we sequenced genomes from four deeply branching lineages, such that paired aphid and Buchnera genomes are now available for 17 species representing eight subfamilies. We identified all host and symbiont genes putatively involved in PGN metabolism. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that each HTG family was present in the aphid shared ancestor, but that each underwent a unique pattern of gene loss or duplication in descendant lineages. While four aphid rlpA gene subfamilies show no relation to symbiont PGN gene repertoire, the loss of aphid amiD and ldcA HTGs coincides with the loss of symbiont PGN metabolism genes. In particular, the coincident loss of host amiD and symbiont murCEF in tribe Aphidini, in contrast to tribe Macrosiphini, suggests either 1) functional linkage between these host and symbiont genes, or 2) Aphidini has lost functional PGN synthesis and other retained PGN pathway genes are non-functional. To test these hypotheses experimentally, we used cell-wall labeling methods involving a d-alanine probe and found that both Macrosiphini and Aphidini retain Buchnera PGN synthesis. Our results imply that compensatory adaptations can preserve PGN synthesis despite the loss of some genes considered essential for this pathway, highlighting the importance of the cell wall in these symbioses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E. Smith
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yiyuan Li
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Julie Perreau
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nancy A. Moran
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
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Antarctic Porifera homogenates as a source of enzymes and antibacterial substances: first results. Polar Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-022-03042-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMarine Porifera (sponges) are known to produce several bioactive metabolites having a biotechnological potential, mostly derived from their bacterial symbionts; however, current knowledge on the production of metabolites such as enzymes and antibacterial molecules in sponges living in Antarctic environments is not fully exhaustive and needs further deepened investigation. The interest in discovering the broad spectrum of natural products potentially derived from species adapted to colonize extreme environments stimulates the research toward Antarctic sponge bioprospection. In this study, whole homogenates of Antarctic Demospongiae, belonging to five different species [Haliclona (Rhizoniera) sp., Haliclona (Rhizoniera) dancoi, Microxina sarai, Dendrilla antarctica, and Mycale acerata] were collected from Terra Nova Bay (Ross Sea) and examined for presence and activity of enzymes, including lysozyme, and antibacterial substances. Enzyme activities (leucine aminopeptidase, beta-glucosidase, and alkaline phosphatase) were measured using fluorogenic substrates; lysozyme content was determined on plates containing lyophilized Micrococcus lysodeikticus cell walls as a substrate. Homogenates were screened in microtiter plates for their antibacterial activity against Antarctic bacterial isolates, and the absorbance reduction was measured with a microplate reader. All homogenates exhibited proteolytic, glycolytic, and phosphatasic activities, lysozyme and antibacterial activities at near “in situ” temperature (5 °C), with some differences among the examined species. Results confirmed that Antarctic sponge homogenates are interesting sources of different bioactive substances, likely produced from associated bacterial symbionts, and that could have great potential to be used in medicine or industrial applications.
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Naveed M, Tianying H, Wang F, Yin X, Chan MWH, Ullah A, Xu B, Aslam S, Ali N, Abbas Q, Hussain I, Khan A, Khan AM. Isolation of lysozyme producing Bacillus subtilis Strains, identification of the new strain Bacillus subtilis BSN314 with the highest enzyme production capacity and optimization of culture conditions for maximum lysozyme production. CURRENT RESEARCH IN BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crbiot.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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Luo JC, Zhang J, Sun L. A g-Type Lysozyme from Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Shrimp Kills Selectively Gram-Negative Bacteria. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26247624. [PMID: 34946706 PMCID: PMC8707215 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysozyme is a key effector molecule of the innate immune system in both vertebrate and invertebrate. It is classified into six types, one of which is the goose-type (g-type). To date, no study on g-type lysozyme in crustacean has been documented. Here, we report the identification and characterization of a g-type lysozyme (named LysG1) from the shrimp inhabiting a deep-sea hydrothermal vent in Manus Basin. LysG1 possesses conserved structural features of g-type lysozymes. The recombinant LysG1 (rLysG1) exhibited no muramidase activity and killed selectively Gram-negative bacteria in a manner that depended on temperature, pH, and metal ions. rLysG1 bound target bacteria via interaction with bacterial cell wall components, notably lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and induced cellular membrane permeabilization, which eventually caused cell lysis. The endotoxin-binding capacity enabled rLysG1 to alleviate the inflammatory response induced by LPS. Mutation analysis showed that the bacterial binding and killing activities of rLysG1 required the integrity of the conserved α3 and 4 helixes of the protein. Together, these results provide the first insight into the activity and working mechanism of g-type lysozyme in crustacean and deep-sea organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Chang Luo
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China;
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266200, China
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Ocean, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China;
| | - Li Sun
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China;
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266200, China
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-532-8289-8829
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Eleftherianos I, Zhang W, Heryanto C, Mohamed A, Contreras G, Tettamanti G, Wink M, Bassal T. Diversity of insect antimicrobial peptides and proteins - A functional perspective: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 191:277-287. [PMID: 34543628 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.09.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune response of insects provides a robust line of defense against pathogenic microbes and eukaryotic parasites. It consists of two types of overlapping immune responses, named humoral and cellular, which share protective molecules and regulatory mechanisms that closely coordinate to prevent the spread and replication of pathogens within the compromised insect hemocoel. The major feature of the humoral part of the insect immune system involves the production and secretion of antimicrobial peptides from the fat body, which is considered analogous to adipose tissue and liver in vertebrates. Previous research has identified and characterized the nature of antimicrobial peptides that are directed against various targets during the different stages of infection. Here we review this information focusing mostly on the diversity and mode of action of these host defense components, and their critical contribution to maintaining host homeostasis. Extending this knowledge is paramount for understanding the evolution of innate immune function and the physiological balance required to provide sufficient protection to the host against external enemies while avoiding overactivation signaling events that would severely undermine physiological stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Eleftherianos
- Infection and Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Christa Heryanto
- Infection and Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Amr Mohamed
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Gabriela Contreras
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gianluca Tettamanti
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J. H. Dunant, 3, Varese 21100, Italy; BAT Center - Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-environmental Technology, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Università, 100, Portici 80055, Italy
| | - Michael Wink
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Taha Bassal
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt.
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Verster KI, Tarnopol RL, Akalu SM, Whiteman NK. Horizontal Transfer of Microbial Toxin Genes to Gall Midge Genomes. Genome Biol Evol 2021; 13:6358723. [PMID: 34450656 PMCID: PMC8455502 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evab202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence has underscored the role of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in animal evolution. Previously, we discovered the horizontal transfer of the gene encoding the eukaryotic genotoxin cytolethal distending toxin B (cdtB) from the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum secondary endosymbiont (APSE) phages to drosophilid and aphid nuclear genomes. Here, we report cdtB in the nuclear genome of the gall-forming "swede midge" Contarinia nasturtii (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) via HGT. We searched all available gall midge genome sequences for evidence of APSE-to-insect HGT events and found five toxin genes (aip56, cdtB, lysozyme, rhs, and sltxB) transferred horizontally to cecidomyiid nuclear genomes. Surprisingly, phylogenetic analyses of HGT candidates indicated APSE phages were often not the ancestral donor lineage of the toxin gene to cecidomyiids. We used a phylogenetic signal statistic to test a transfer-by-proximity hypothesis for animal HGT, which suggested that microbe-to-insect HGT was more likely between taxa that share environments than those from different environments. Many of the toxins we found in midge genomes target eukaryotic cells, and catalytic residues important for toxin function are conserved in insect copies. This class of horizontally transferred, eukaryotic cell-targeting genes is potentially important in insect adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten I Verster
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Rebecca L Tarnopol
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Saron M Akalu
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Noah K Whiteman
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA,Corresponding author: E-mail:
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Su S, Munganga BP, Tian C, Li J, Yu F, Li H, Wang M, He X, Tang Y. Comparative Analysis of the Intermolt and Postmolt Hepatopancreas Transcriptomes Provides Insight into the Mechanisms of Procambarus clarkii Molting Process. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:480. [PMID: 34070595 PMCID: PMC8228513 DOI: 10.3390/life11060480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we used RNA-Seq to investigate the expression changes in the transcriptomes of two molting stages (postmolt (M) and intermolt (NM)) of the red swamp crayfish and identified differentially expressed genes. The transcriptomes of the two molting stages were de novo assembled into 139,100 unigenes with a mean length of 675.59 bp. The results were searched against the NCBI, NR, KEGG, Swissprot, and KOG databases, to annotate gene descriptions, associate them with gene ontology terms, and assign them to pathways. Furthermore, using the DESeq R package, differentially expressed genes were evaluated. The analysis revealed that 2347 genes were significantly (p > 0.05) differentially expressed in the two molting stages. Several genes and other factors involved in several molecular events critical for the molting process, such as energy requirements, hormonal regulation, immune response, and exoskeleton formation were identified and evaluated by correlation and KEGG analysis. The expression profiles of transcripts detected via RNA-Seq were validated by real-time PCR assay of eight genes. The information presented here provides a transient view of the hepatopancreas transcripts available in the postmolt and intermolt stage of crayfish, hormonal regulation, immune response, and skeletal-related activities during the postmolt stage and the intermolt stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyan Su
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Breeding and Aquaculture Biology of Freshwater Fishes, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China;
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; (B.P.M.); (C.T.); (J.L.); (F.Y.); (H.L.); (M.W.); (X.H.)
| | - Brian Pelekelo Munganga
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; (B.P.M.); (C.T.); (J.L.); (F.Y.); (H.L.); (M.W.); (X.H.)
| | - Can Tian
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; (B.P.M.); (C.T.); (J.L.); (F.Y.); (H.L.); (M.W.); (X.H.)
| | - Jianlin Li
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; (B.P.M.); (C.T.); (J.L.); (F.Y.); (H.L.); (M.W.); (X.H.)
| | - Fan Yu
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; (B.P.M.); (C.T.); (J.L.); (F.Y.); (H.L.); (M.W.); (X.H.)
| | - Hongxia Li
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; (B.P.M.); (C.T.); (J.L.); (F.Y.); (H.L.); (M.W.); (X.H.)
| | - Meiyao Wang
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; (B.P.M.); (C.T.); (J.L.); (F.Y.); (H.L.); (M.W.); (X.H.)
| | - Xinjin He
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; (B.P.M.); (C.T.); (J.L.); (F.Y.); (H.L.); (M.W.); (X.H.)
| | - Yongkai Tang
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Breeding and Aquaculture Biology of Freshwater Fishes, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China;
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; (B.P.M.); (C.T.); (J.L.); (F.Y.); (H.L.); (M.W.); (X.H.)
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Identification and Functional Analysis of a Lysozyme Gene from Coridius chinensis (Hemiptera: Dinidoridae). BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10040330. [PMID: 33920041 PMCID: PMC8071013 DOI: 10.3390/biology10040330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary As a medicinal insect, Coridius chinensis contains many active polypeptides. Extracts from C. chinensis are usually complex and it is not clear which polypeptides are effective medicinal ingredients. In addition, we also need to figure out the functions of various immune effectors in the innate immunity of C. chinensis. To explore the function of lysozyme in C. chinensis, a lysozyme gene CcLys2 was screened and identified from the transcriptome data of C. chinensis. The results showed that CcLys2 had a typical domain of the c-type lysozyme, belonging to the H-branch of the c-type lysozyme. The lysozyme Cclys2 is an effective immune effector in the immune response of C. chinensis and can be stimulated by bacterial infection. Like typical c-type lysozyme, Cclys2 has lytic activity against Gram-positive bacteria. The research holds promise for functional annotation of similar proteins from other dinidoridae insects and provides the theoretical feasibility for the development of medicinal components in C. chinensis. Our results also provide data for further investigating the origin and evolution of insect lysozymes. Abstract Coridius chinensis is a valuable medicinal insect resource in China. Previous studies have indicated that the antibacterial and anticancer effects of the C. chinensis extract mainly come from the active polypeptides. Lysozyme is an effective immune effector in insect innate immunity and usually has excellent bactericidal effects. There are two kinds of lysozymes in insects, c-type and i-type, which play an important role in innate immunity and intestinal digestion. Studying lysozyme in C. chinensis will be helpful to further explore the evolutionary relationship and functional differences among lysozymes of various species and to determine whether they have biological activity and medicinal value. In this study, a lysozyme CcLys2 was identified from C. chinensis. CcLys2 contains 223 amino acid residues, and possesses a typical domain of the c-type lysozyme and a putative catalytic site formed by two conserved residues Glu32 and Asp50. Phylogenetic analysis showed that CcLys2 belongs to the H-branch of the c-type lysozyme. The analysis of spatiotemporal expression patterns indicated that CcLys2 was mainly expressed in the fat body of C. chinensis adults and was highly expressed in the second- and fifth-instar nymphs. In addition, CcLys2 was significantly up-regulated after injecting and feeding bacteria. In the bacterial inhibition assay, it was found that CcLys2 had antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria at a low pH. These results indicate that CcLys2 has muramidase activity, involves in the innate immunity of C. chinensis, and is also closely related to the bacterial immune defense or digestive function of the intestine.
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Dong B, Sun C. Production of an invertebrate lysozyme of Scylla paramamosain in E.coli and evaluation of its antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Protein Expr Purif 2020; 177:105745. [PMID: 32896621 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2020.105745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lysozymes, which are secreted in many organisms, including invertebrates, mammals, plants, bacteria and fungus, exhibit antimicrobial, antiviral, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. Splys-i is an invertebrate-type (i-type) lysozyme isolated from Scylla paramamosain in 2017 and is involved in immune defense against bacteria. However, the antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities of Splys-i remain to be elucidated. In the current study, the expression parameters (including IPTG concentration, induction temperature, and induction duration) of Splys-i in Escherichia coli were optimized to achieve high-level yield through shake-flask cultivation with approximately 120 mg of Splys-i obtained from 1 L of LB medium. The purified Splys-i displayed low cytotoxicity to RAW264.7 macrophage cells and low hemolytic activity against erythrocytes of mouse, rat, and rabbit, respectively, and exhibited potent antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and -negative bacteria with minimum concentrations ranging from 15 to 90 μg/mL. The antibacterial property of Splys-i was also unaffected when treated with various temperature, pHs, and salinity, respectively, and Splys-i showed resistance to proteinase digestion. Radical-scavenging rate assay (including ABTS+, DPPH, hydroyl free radical, and superoxide anion) indicated that Splys-i was an efficient antioxidant. Splys-i also exerted anti-inflammatory effect through the inhibition of IκBα and NF-κB(P65) phosphorylation, thereby reducing the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. All these results suggested that Splys-i can be prepared from E. coli with potent biological property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Dong
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Wild Plant Resources Development and Application of Yellow River Delta, College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Binzhou University, 391 Huanghe 5th Road, Binzhou City, Shandong Province 256603, China.
| | - Chunlong Sun
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Wild Plant Resources Development and Application of Yellow River Delta, College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Binzhou University, 391 Huanghe 5th Road, Binzhou City, Shandong Province 256603, China
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Sforzini S, Banni M, Oliveri C, Moore MN, Viarengo A. New insights into the possible multiple roles of histidine-rich glycoprotein in blue mussels. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 245:110440. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2020.110440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Lamrabet O, Jauslin T, Lima WC, Leippe M, Cosson P. The multifarious lysozyme arsenal of Dictyostelium discoideum. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 107:103645. [PMID: 32061941 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Dictyostelium discoideum is a free-living soil amoeba which feeds upon bacteria. To bind, ingest, and kill bacteria, D. discoideum uses molecular mechanisms analogous to those found in professional phagocytic cells of multicellular organisms. D. discoideum is equipped with a large arsenal of antimicrobial peptides and proteins including amoebapore-like peptides and lysozymes. This review describes the family of lysozymes in D. discoideum. We identified 22 genes potentially encoding four different types of lysozymes in the D. discoideum genome. Although most of these genes are also present in the genomes of other amoebal species, no other organism is as well-equipped with lysozyme genes as D. discoideum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otmane Lamrabet
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire, 1 rue Michel Servet, CH-1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland.
| | - Tania Jauslin
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire, 1 rue Michel Servet, CH-1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Wanessa Cristina Lima
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire, 1 rue Michel Servet, CH-1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Leippe
- Zoological Institute, Comparative Immunobiology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Pierre Cosson
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire, 1 rue Michel Servet, CH-1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Adzigbli L, Wang Z, Li J, Deng Y. Survival, retention rate and immunity of the black shell colored stocks of pearl oyster Pinctada fucata martensii after grafting operation. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 98:691-698. [PMID: 31693946 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a black shell colored selected line observed to have higher survival ability. In this study, to understand its immune capacity, total carotenoid content (TCC) of the black shell colored line (BG) and the control group (CG) were compared. Survival and retention rates, immunity and antioxidant capacity of BG were compared relative to CG at different times after grafting operation. The results showed that BG had significantly larger TCC than CG (P < 0.05). BG had significantly higher survival and retention rates than CG on days 7, 30 and 360 after grafting (P < 0.05). On days 360, BG had significantly larger pearl thickness than CG (P < 0.05). BG exhibited increased ACP, AKP, SOD, CAT, TAOC and LZ activity than the CG on 0 h, 12 h, 1 d, 3 d, 5 d, 7 d and 30 d after grafting. BG had higher expression levels of Fascin, SOD, CDK-7, CDAP-1, IRAK-1, α2m, GST-1, TRAF-3 and Caspase-2 than CG. The results suggested that BG had higher immune competence and pearl production performances, which is promising to improve pearl quality and production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Adzigbli
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Ziman Wang
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Junhui Li
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Yuewen Deng
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Pearl Breeding and Processing Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, 524088, China.
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Lang L, Bao M, Jing W, Chen W, Wang L. Clone, identification and functional characterization of a novel toll (Shtoll1) from the freshwater crab Sinopotamon henanense in response to cadmium exposure and Aeromonas hydrophila infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 98:401-413. [PMID: 31953198 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Toll is essential in innate immune system which is important for defense against bacterial, fungal and viral infections in invertebrates. Our previous study showed that cadmium (Cd) could change the expression pattern of ShToll3 in the epithelium (gills and midgut from the freshwater crab Sinopotamon henanense) infected by Aeromonas hydrophila. To investigate the diverse innate immune roles of crustacean homolog Tolls, in this study, we cloned Shtoll1 from S. henanense. The full-length cDNA of Shtoll1 was 4746 bp, with an ORF of 3033 bp encoding a putative protein of 111 amino acids, a 5'-untranslated region of 255 bp and a 3'-untranslated region of 1713 bp. Phylogenetic analysis showed that ShToll1 was clustered into the group of DmToll1, DmToll 4 and DmToll 5. In addition, the tissue distribution results showed that Shtoll1 was expressed widely in different tissues, with the highest expression in heamocytes. Besides, Shtoll1 expressions were upregulated in heamocytes and hepatopancreas after A. hydrophila infection. At the same time, the increase of Shtoll1 expressions were examined in heamocytes in response to Cd exposure and A. hydrophila infection in combination. Through western blotting and immunohistochemical analysis, the ShToll1 expressions in heamocytes were increased in response to A. hydrophila and Cd independently as well as in combination. Moreover, the mRNA level of three antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) alf5, alf6, and c-lys, which possibly responded to Cd and A. hydrophila stimulation through Shtoll1, were analyzed. Thus, we conclude that Cd expand the susceptibility of ShToll1 to A. hydrophila infection in heamocytes. This suggest that ShToll1 may contribute to the innate immune defense of S. henanense against A. hydrophila and Cd in heamocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Lang
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Minnan Bao
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Weixin Jing
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Lan Wang
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, China.
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Nnyigide OS, Hyun K. Molecular dynamics studies of the protective and destructive effects of sodium dodecyl sulfate in thermal denaturation of hen egg-white lysozyme and bovine serum albumin. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:1106-1120. [PMID: 32028858 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1726209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the protective and destructive effects of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in thermal denaturation of proteins, we carried out twelve independent atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and hen egg-white lysozyme (LYZ) in pure water and SDS solutions at 25 and 80 °C, using SDS concentrations of 0.01, 0.05, 0.1 and 1 M. In the case of the BSA in pure water and SDS solutions, it was found that its helicity decreased from 67.02% in reference structure to 35% in pure water at 80 °C due to thermal denaturation, whereas it increased to 49.34, 52.36 and 54% at 0.01, 0.05 and 0.1 M SDS, respectively, owing to the SDS protective effect. In 1 M SDS, however, the surfactant's protective effect was weak, and consequently the helicity of the BSA decreased to 47.01%. In contrast, no protection by SDS was observed for the LYZ in SDS solutions as the loss of its helices increased with SDS concentration from 0.01 to 1 M. In attempt to interpret the SDS effects molecularly, we calculated the diffusion coefficients of SDS in the protein solutions. The calculated values were found to decrease with increasing SDS concentration in the BSA solutions, but to increase with SDS concentration in the LYZ solutions. The decrease or increase in the diffusion coefficient of SDS was attributed to the net negative or positive charge on the proteins at neutral pH, indicating that electrostatic repulsions or attractions affect diffusivity significantly and can moderate SDS-proteins non-covalent interactions. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osita Sunday Nnyigide
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Kyu Hyun
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
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Liu J, Han Q, Cheng Q, Chen Y, Wang R, Li X, Liu Y, Yan D. Efficient Expression of Human Lysozyme Through the Increased Gene Dosage and Co-expression of Transcription Factor Hac1p in Pichia pastoris. Curr Microbiol 2020; 77:846-854. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-019-01872-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Purification and sweetness properties of egg white lysozymes from Indonesian local poultry of ayam kampung and Cihateup duck. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-019-00299-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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26
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Li H, Wei X, Yang J, Zhang R, Zhang Q, Yang J. The bacteriolytic mechanism of an invertebrate-type lysozyme from mollusk Octopus ocellatus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 93:232-239. [PMID: 31340169 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
As an important economic mollusk in coastal areas, Octopus ocellatus dependents on innate immune system to resist the invasion of microorganisms. Lysozyme is a crucial effector owing to its significant lytic activity against bacterial pathogens during the immune responses. In this study, characteristic and immune function of an I-type lysozyme from O. ocellatus (OoLyz) was investigated. OoLyz shared a close relationship with the lysozymes from other bivalve mollusks. The mRNA of OoLyz exhibited a broad transcript in different tissues/organs, and with the greatest expression in hepatopancreas. The expression of OoLyz was significantly raised when O. ocellatus was infected by Vibrio anguillarum or Micrococcus luteus, suggesting OoLyz participated in innate immune response of host. Prokaryotic recombinant OoLyz (rOoLyz) exhibited obvious bacteriolysis ability towards both gram-negative bacteria V. anguillarum and Escherichia coli, and gram-positive bacteria M. luteus and Staphylococcus aureus. The bacteriolysis activities of rOoLyz towards gram-negative but not gram-positive bacteria was heat stable, indicating that OoLyz might clear gram-positive bacterium by enzyme-dependent mechanisms, but eliminate gram-negative microbe via enzymatic activity independent way. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that rOoLyz destroyed microbes by damaging cell wall. More importantly, the fact that rOoLyz could directly degrade the peptidoglycan, further revealed its bactericidal mechanism as a muramidase. Our results revealed the essential role of I-type lysozyme in the innate immunity of O. ocellatus, and shed new light to understand the mechanism of immune defense of mollusks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xiumei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Jialong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
| | - Ranran Zhang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- School of Marine Science and Biotechnology, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Utilization of Microbial and Botanical Resources, Nanning, 530008, China
| | - Jianmin Yang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
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Yang Y, Sun Y, Zhang N, Li J, Zhang C, Duan X, Ding Y, Zhao R, Zheng Z, Geng D, Sun Y. The up-regulation of two identified wound healing specific proteins-HSP70 and lysozyme in regenerated Eisenia fetida through transcriptome analysis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 237:64-73. [PMID: 30902745 PMCID: PMC7126112 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Disposed earthworm has been used to treat various common ailments including burns, arthritis, itching, and inflammation for thousands of years in China. As their remarkable ability to fully regenerate in a scar-free manner, regenerated tissue homogenate of amputated Eisenia fetida (E. fetida) have been considered as an excellent wound repair therapy in our previous study. We have demonstrated that regenerated earthworm (G-90') can perform higher wound repair ability to non-regeneration tissue (G-90) through significant promotion of cutaneous wound repair in mice after their administration into wound beds. OBJECTIVE In the present study, we aimed to reveal the mechanism of G-90' and to explore a potential wound healing accelerated strategy. METHODS AND RESULTS Two functional proteins- HSP70 and lysozyme in G-90' were confirmed by cross-identification of LC-MS/MS and transcriptome analyses. Followed with semi-quantitative PCR and western blot, their expression were validated to up-regulate in 3-day regenerated tissues (G-90'). CONCLUSION This study implies the therapeutic potency of G-90' for wound recovery and provides a new strategy to assess other natural materials targeting wound healing with the tail-amputated E .fetida as a model organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Yang
- School of Chinese Material Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Yangguang South Road, Fangshan District, Beijing, China
| | - Yujie Sun
- School of Chinese Material Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Yangguang South Road, Fangshan District, Beijing, China
| | - Na Zhang
- School of Chinese Material Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Yangguang South Road, Fangshan District, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhao Li
- School of Chinese Material Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Yangguang South Road, Fangshan District, Beijing, China
| | - Chenning Zhang
- School of Chinese Material Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Yangguang South Road, Fangshan District, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojie Duan
- School of Chinese Material Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Yangguang South Road, Fangshan District, Beijing, China
| | - Yuting Ding
- School of Chinese Material Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Yangguang South Road, Fangshan District, Beijing, China
| | - Renyun Zhao
- School of Chinese Material Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Yangguang South Road, Fangshan District, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuhong Zheng
- School of Chinese Material Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Yangguang South Road, Fangshan District, Beijing, China
| | - Di Geng
- School of Chinese Material Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Yangguang South Road, Fangshan District, Beijing, China.
| | - Yikun Sun
- School of Chinese Material Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Yangguang South Road, Fangshan District, Beijing, China.
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Enhancing the immune response in the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus by addition of Chinese herbs Houttuynia cordata Thunb as a food supplement. AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aaf.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Cai S, Zhang Y, Wu F, Wu R, Yang S, Li Y, Xu Y. Identification and functional characterization of a c-type lysozyme from Fenneropenaeus penicillatus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 88:161-169. [PMID: 30802628 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Lysozyme is an important defense molecule of the innate immune system and possess high antimicrobial activities. In this study, a full-length c-type lysozyme cDNA (Fplysc) was cloned and characterized from Fenneropenaeus penicillatus. The cDNA contains an open reading frame of 477 bp encoding 158 amino acids, with 53-94% identity with those of other crustaceans. The recombinant Fplysc had antibacterial activities against Gram-positive bacteria (Streptococcus agalactiae and Micrococcus luteus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Vibrio alginolyticus and Escherichia coli), and showed antiviral activity against WSSV and IHHNV. The qRT-PCR analysis showed that Fplysc expression levels were most abundant in hemocytes and less in eyestalk. The expression levels of Fplysc were significantly upregulated in gill, intestine and hemocytes when challenged with WSSV and V. alginolyticus. Fplysc-silencling suppressed Fplysc expression in cephalothoraxes and increased mortality caused by WSSV and V. alginolyticus, and exogenous rFplysc led to a significant decrease of shrimp mortality by injecting rFplysc into Fplysc silenced shrimp, suggesting Fplysc is the important molecule in shrimp antimicrobial and antiviral response. In conclusion, the results provide some insights into the function of Fplysc in shrimp against bacterial and viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuanghu Cai
- Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals & Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Zhanjiang, China.
| | - Yilin Zhang
- Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals & Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Fan Wu
- Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals & Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Rimin Wu
- Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals & Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Shiping Yang
- Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals & Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Ya Li
- Agricultural College of Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Youhou Xu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity Conservation, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou, China.
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Leprêtre M, Almunia C, Armengaud J, Salvador A, Geffard A, Palos-Ladeiro M. The immune system of the freshwater zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha, decrypted by proteogenomics of hemocytes and plasma compartments. J Proteomics 2019; 202:103366. [PMID: 31015035 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The immune system of bivalves is of great interest since it reflects the health status of these organisms during stressful conditions. While immune molecular responses are well documented for marine bivalves, few information is available for continental bivalves such as the zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha. A proteogenomic approach was conducted on both hemocytes and plasma to identified immune proteins of this non-model species. Combining transcriptomic sequences with mass spectrometry data acquired on proteins is a relevant strategy since 3020 proteins were identified, representing the largest protein inventory for this sentinel organism. Functional annotation and gene ontology (GO) analysis performed on the identified proteins described the main molecular players of hemocytes and plasma in immunity. GO analysis highlights the complementary immune functions of these two compartments in the management of micro-organisms. Functional annotation revealed new mechanisms in the immune defence of the zebra mussel. Proteins rarely observed in the hemolymph of bivalves were pinpointed such as natterin-like and thaumatin-like proteins. Furthermore, the high abundance of complement-related proteins observed in plasma suggested a strong implication of the complement system in the immune defence of D. polymorpha. This work brings a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in zebra mussel immunity. SIGNIFICANCE: Although the molecular mechanisms of marine bivalves are widely investigated, little information is known for continental bivalves. Moreover, few proteomic studies described the complementarity of both hemolymphatic compartments (cellular and plasmatic) in the immune defence of invertebrates. The recent proteogenomics concept made it possible to discover proteins in non-model organisms. Here, we propose a proteogenomic strategy with the zebra mussel, a key sentinel species for biomonitoring of freshwater, to identify and describe the molecular actors involved in the immune system in both hemocytes and plasma compartments. More widely, this study provided new insight into bivalve immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Leprêtre
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne UMR-I 02 INERIS-URCA-ULH SEBIO Unité Stress Environnementaux et, BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Campus du Moulin de la Housse, BP 1039 51687, Reims, CEDEX, France; Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, CNRS UMR 5280, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Christine Almunia
- Laboratoire Innovations Technologiques pour la Détection et le Diagnostic (Li2D), Service de Pharmacologie et Immunoanalyse (SPI), CEA, INRA, F-30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Jean Armengaud
- Laboratoire Innovations Technologiques pour la Détection et le Diagnostic (Li2D), Service de Pharmacologie et Immunoanalyse (SPI), CEA, INRA, F-30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Arnaud Salvador
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, CNRS UMR 5280, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Alain Geffard
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne UMR-I 02 INERIS-URCA-ULH SEBIO Unité Stress Environnementaux et, BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Campus du Moulin de la Housse, BP 1039 51687, Reims, CEDEX, France
| | - Mélissa Palos-Ladeiro
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne UMR-I 02 INERIS-URCA-ULH SEBIO Unité Stress Environnementaux et, BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Campus du Moulin de la Housse, BP 1039 51687, Reims, CEDEX, France.
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Identification and expression pattern of a new digestive invertebrate-type lysozyme from the earthworm. Genes Genomics 2019; 41:367-371. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-018-0776-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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32
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Liu Y, Zhang YH, Li T, Cao XT, Zhou Y, Yuan JF, Gu ZM, Lan JF. PcLys-i3, an invertebrate lysozyme, is involved in the antibacterial immunity of the red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 87:109-115. [PMID: 29909090 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) play important roles in innate immunity against pathogens and lysozymes are a particularly type of AMP. Lysozymes are hydrolytic enzymes that are characterized by their ability to cleave the beta-(1,4)-glycosidic bond between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetylglucosamine in peptidoglycan, which is the major bacterial cell wall polymer. In this work, a lysozyme was identified from Procambarus clarkii and designated PcLys-i3. Quantitative RT-PCR was used to analyze the tissue distribution and expression profiles of PcLys-i3. PcLys-i3 was present in all tested tissues and had high expression levels in gills, stomach and intestine. The expression levels of PcLys-i3 were up-regulated in gills and intestine after challenge with Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Staphylococcus aureus and Aeromonas hydrophila. PcLys-i3 and PcFer proteins can enhance the bacterial elimination in crayfish, whereas the bacterial elimination was weakened when the expression level of PcLys-i3 or PcFer RNAs was suppressed by RNAi. Recombinant PcLys-i3 and PcFer significantly reduced the mortality of crayfish with bacterial infections. Further study found that PcLys-i3 could interact with PcFer in vitro. Finally, the PcLys-i3 and PcFer proteins could bind to bacteria and inhibit bacterial replication. These results suggest that both PcLys-i3 and PcFer play important roles in the antibacterial immunity of red swamp crayfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Research Center for Marine Biology, Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Ying-Hao Zhang
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Tong Li
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Research Center for Marine Biology, Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Xiao-Tong Cao
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Research Center for Marine Biology, Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Research Center for Marine Biology, Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Jun-Fa Yuan
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Research Center for Marine Biology, Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Ze-Mao Gu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Research Center for Marine Biology, Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Jiang-Feng Lan
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Research Center for Marine Biology, Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
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Oh HY, Kim CH, Go HJ, Park NG. Isolation of an invertebrate-type lysozyme from the nephridia of the echiura, Urechis unicinctus, and its recombinant production and activities. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 79:351-362. [PMID: 29753144 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Invertebrates, unlike vertebrates which have adaptive immune system, rely heavily on the innate immune system for the defense against pathogenic bacteria. Lysozymes, along with other immune effectors, are regarded as an important group in this defense. An invertebrate-type (i-type) lysozyme, designated Urechis unicinctus invertebrate-type lysozyme, Uu-ilys, has been isolated from nephridia of Urechis unicinctus using a series of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and ultrasensitive radial diffusion assay (URDA) as a bioassay system. Analyses of the primary structure and cDNA cloning revealed that Uu-ilys was approximately 14 kDa and composed of 122 amino acids (AAs) of which the precursor had a total of 160 AAs containing a signal peptide of 18 AAs and a pro-sequence of 20 AAs encoded by the nucleotide sequence of 714 bp that comprises a 5' untranslated region (UTR) of 42 bp, an open reading frame (ORF) of 483 bp, and a 3' UTR of 189 bp. Multiple sequence alignment showed Uu-ilys has high homology to i-type lysozymes from several annelids. Relatively high transcriptional expression levels of Uu-ilys was detected in nephridia, anal vesicle, and intestine. The native Uu-ilys exhibited comparable lysozyme enzymatic and antibacterial activities to hen egg white lysozyme. Collectively, these data suggest that Uu-ilys, the isolated antibacterial protein, plays a role in the immune defense mechanism of U. unicinctus. Recombinant Uu-ilys (rUu-ilys) produced in a bacterial expression system showed significantly decreased lysozyme lytic activity from that of the native while its potency on radial diffusion assay detecting antibacterial activity was retained, which may indicate the non-enzymatic antibacterial capacity of Uu-ilys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Young Oh
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Hee Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Go
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Gyu Park
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea.
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SliC is a surface-displayed lipoprotein that is required for the anti-lysozyme strategy during Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007081. [PMID: 29975784 PMCID: PMC6033465 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysozymes are nearly omnipresent as the first line of immune defense against microbes in animals. They exert bactericidal action through antimicrobial peptide activity and peptidoglycan hydrolysis. Gram-negative bacteria developed several weapons to battle lysozymes, including inhibitors of c-type lysozymes in the MliC/PliC family and the Neisseria adhesin complex protein (ACP). Until the recent discovery of ACP, no proteinaceous lysozyme inhibitors were reported for the genus Neisseria, including the important human pathogen N. gonorrhoeae. Here, we describe a previously unrecognized gonococcal virulence mechanism involving a protein encoded by the open reading frame ngo1063 that acts to counteract c-type Iysozyme and provides a competitive advantage in the murine model of gonorrhea. We named this protein SliC as a surface-exposed lysozyme inhibitor of c-type lysozyme. SliC displays low overall primary sequence similarity to the MliC/PliC inhibitors, but we demonstrate that it has a parallel inhibitory mechanism. Our studies provide the first evidence that bacterial proteinaceous lysozyme inhibitors protect against host lysozyme during infection based on lack of attenuation of the ΔsliC mutant in lysozyme knock-out mice, and that the conserved residues involved in lysozyme inhibition, S83 and K103, are functionally indispensable during infection in wild type mice. Recombinant SliC completely abrogated the lytic activity of human and chicken c-type lysozymes, showing a preference towards human lysozyme with an IC50 of 1.85 μM and calculated KD value of 9.2 ± 1.9 μM. In contrast, mutated SliC bearing S83A and K103A substitutions failed to protect fluorescein-labeled cell-wall from lysozyme-mediated hydrolysis. Further, we present data revealing that SliC is a surface-displayed lipoprotein released in membrane vesicles that is expressed throughout all phases of growth, in conditions relevant to different niches of the human host, and during experimental infection of the murine genital tract. SliC is also highly conserved and expressed by diverse gonococcal isolates as well as N. meningitidis, N. lactamica, and N. weaveri. This study is the first to highlight the importance of an anti-lysozyme strategy to escape the innate immune response during N. gonorrhoeae infection. Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the etiologic agent of gonorrhea, is a clinically important pathogen due to the emergence of multi-drug resistance and the lack of a vaccine(s). During host colonization, pathogenic and commensal Neisseria inevitably encounter lysozyme, a major host innate defense factor that is abundantly present in epithelial secretions and phagocytic cells. Although Neisseria spp produce a c-type lysozyme inhibitor, the Adhesin Complex Protein, the significance of lysozyme inhibition for host colonization has not been addressed. Here we demonstrate the existence of a new c-type lysozyme inhibitor in Neisseria. We show that it is a surface-displayed lipoprotein in N. gonorrhoeae and, through its lysozyme-blocking function, plays a critical role in colonization of genital tract mucosae during infection in the female gonorrhea mouse model. We named the protein SliC as a surface-exposed lysozyme inhibitor of c-type lysozyme. Understanding the mechanisms underlying anti-lysozyme strategies may facilitate antimicrobial development.
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Wang Y, Zhang XW, Wang H, Fang WH, Ma H, Zhang F, Wang Y, Li XC. SpCrus3 and SpCrus4 share high similarity in mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) exhibiting different antibacterial activities. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 82:139-151. [PMID: 29352984 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Type I crustins are crucial effectors of crustacean immune system. Various type I crustins with high sequence diversity possess different antimicrobial activities. To date, the mechanism on how the sequence diversity of type I crustins affects their antimicrobial activities is largely unclear, and how different crustins function together against bacterial invasion still remains unknown. In this study, we identified two novel type I crustins, namely, SpCrus3 and SpCrus4, from an economically important crab, Scylla paramamosain. Either SpCrus3 or SpCrus4 was highly expressed in gill. After challenges with Vibrio parahemolyticus or Staphylococcus aureus, SpCrus4 was up-regulated, whereas SpCrus3 was down-regulated. No significant expression change of SpCrus3 and SpCrus4 was observed after white spot syndrome virus injection, suggesting that these two genes may not participate in the antiviral immune responses. SpCrus3 and SpCrus4 had the common 5' terminus and high similarity of 66.06%, but SpCrus4 exhibited stronger antimicrobial activity than that of SpCrus3. Microorganism-binding assay results revealed that both SpCrus3 and SpCrus4 exhibited binding ability to all tested microorganisms. Furthermore, the polysaccharide-binding assay showed that these two proteins exhibited strong binding activity to bacterial polysaccharides, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), lipoteichoic acid (LTA), and peptidoglycan (PGN). SpCrus3 and SpCrus4 exhibited stronger binding activity to LPS or LTA than to PGN. Moreover, SpCrus4 showed stronger binding activity to LTA than that of SpCrus3, which may be responsible for the significantly distinct antimicrobial activity between these two proteins. In addition, SpCrus4 displayed stronger agglutination activity against several kinds of microorganisms than that of SpCrus3. This increased agglutination activity may also contribute to the strong antibacterial activity of SpCrus4. On the basis of all these results, a possible antibacterial mode exerted by SpCrus3 and SpCrus4 was proposed as follows. SpCrus3 was highly expressed in normal crabs to maintain low-level antibacterial activity without bacterial challenges. When crabs were challenged with bacteria, large amount of SpCrus4 was generated to exhibit strong antibacterial activity against bacterial invasion. This study provides new insights to understand the antibacterial functions and mechanisms of type I crustins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200090, China; College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
| | - Xiao-Wen Zhang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
| | - Hui Wang
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Wen-Hong Fang
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Hongyu Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Fengxia Zhang
- Department of Arts and Sciences, New York University, Shanghai, 200122, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Xin-Cang Li
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200090, China.
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Engineering Pichia pastoris for Efficient Production of a Novel Bifunctional Strongylocentrotus purpuratus Invertebrate-Type Lysozyme. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2018; 186:459-475. [PMID: 29651700 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-018-2753-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Lysozymes are known as ubiquitously distributed immune effectors with hydrolytic activity against peptidoglycan, the major bacterial cell wall polymer, to trigger cell lysis. In the present study, the full-length cDNA sequence of a novel sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus invertebrate-type lysozyme (sp-iLys) was synthesized according to the codon usage bias of Pichia pastoris and was cloned into a constitutive expression plasmid pPIC9K. The resulting plasmid, pPIC9K-sp-iLys, was integrated into the genome of P. pastoris strain GS115. The bioactive recombinant sp-iLys was successfully secreted into the culture broth by positive transformants. The highest lytic activity of 960 U/mL of culture supernatant was reached in fed-batch fermentation. Using chitin affinity chromatography and gel-filtration chromatography, recombinant sp-iLys was produced with a yield of 94.5 mg/L and purity of > 99%. Recombinant sp-iLys reached its peak lytic activity of 8560 U/mg at pH 6.0 and 30 °C and showed antimicrobial activities against Gram-negative bacteria (Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio parahemolyticus, and Aeromonas hydrophila) and Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis). In addition, recombinant sp-iLys displayed isopeptidase activity which reached the peak at pH 7.5 and 37 °C with the presence of 0.05 M Na+. In conclusion, this report describes the heterologous expression of recombinant sp-iLys in P. pastoris on a preparative-scale, which possesses lytic activity and isopeptidase activity. This suggests that sp-iLys might play an important role in the innate immunity of S. purpuratus.
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Wang ZZ, Zhan LQ, Chen XX. Two types of lysozymes from the whitefly Bemisia tabaci: Molecular characterization and functional diversification. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 81:252-261. [PMID: 29247722 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Lysozyme is well-known as an immune effector in the immune system. Here we identified three genes including one c-type lysozyme, Btlysc, and two i-type lysozymes, Btlysi1 and Btlysi2, from the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. All three lysozymes were constitutively expressed in different tissues and developmental stages, but the two types of lysozymes showed different expression patterns. The expression levels of Btlysi1 and Btlysi2 were dramatically induced after the whitefly fed with different host plants while the expression level of Btlysc kept unchanged. After fungal infection and begomovirus acquisition, Btlysc expression was significantly upregulated while Btlysi1 and Btlysi2 expression were basically not induced. Furthermore, we found that Btlysc showed muramidase and antibacterial activities. Altogether, our results suggest that the two types of lysozymes act in two different ways in B. tabaci, that is, Btlysc is involved in the whitefly immune system while Btlysi1 and Btlysi2 may play a role in digestion or nutrition absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Zhi Wang
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Le-Qing Zhan
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xue-Xin Chen
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Jiang J, Zhou Z, Dong Y, Zhao Z, Sun H, Wang B, Jiang B, Chen Z, Gao S. Comparative expression analysis of immune-related factors in the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 72:342-347. [PMID: 29113862 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In order to preliminarily explore the joint involvement of different immune-related factors during the same immune process in Apostichopus japonicus, the transcriptional expression of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD), catalase (CAT), c-type lysozyme (c-LYZ), i-type lysozyme (i-LYZ), cathepsin D, melanotransferrin (MTF), Toll, c-type lectin (c-LCT) and complement 3 (C3) during the development from fertilized eggs to juveniles and after challenging the juveniles with Vibrio splendidus, Pseudoalteromonas nigrifaciens, Shewanella baltica and Bacillus cereus, respectively, was measured using the method of quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and then the correlations among different immune-related factors were analyzed. The results showed that the selected immune-related factors were expressed at all of the determined developmental stages and significantly up-regulated at doliolaria stage, suggesting the selected factors are indispensable immune components and the immune system might be broadly activated at doliolaria stage in A. japonicus. After challenged with four pathogenic bacteria, Cu/Zn-SOD, CAT, i-LYZ, cathepsin D, MTF, Toll, C3 were all significantly down-regulated at 4 h, indicating that some components of A. japonicus immune system might be inhibited at the beginning of pathogenic bacteria invasion. The immune-responsive analysis also showed that the significant regulation in Toll after challenged with four tested bacteria, that in MTF after challenged with S. baltica and that in C3 after challenged with P. nigrifaciens were all minus, suggesting Toll, MTF and C3 are probably the primary targets of pathogenic bacteria attack. Furthermore, the correlation analysis indicated that, all of the selected immune-related factors except cathepsin D might be in the same immune regulatory network during A. japonicus development, while all of the selected immune-related factors except c-LYZ might be in the same responsive regulatory network after challenged with four pathogenic bacteria. Altogether, A. japonicus immune system exhibited high complexity in regulation during organism development and after bacterial challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Jiang
- Liaoning Key Lab of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Zunchun Zhou
- Liaoning Key Lab of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China.
| | - Ying Dong
- Liaoning Key Lab of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Zelong Zhao
- Liaoning Key Lab of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Hongjuan Sun
- Liaoning Key Lab of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Bai Wang
- Liaoning Key Lab of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Bei Jiang
- Liaoning Key Lab of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Liaoning Key Lab of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Shan Gao
- Liaoning Key Lab of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
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Zhou J, Zhao S, Fang WH, Zhou JF, Zhang JX, Ma H, Lan JF, Li XC. Newly identified invertebrate-type lysozyme (Splys-i) in mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) exhibiting muramidase-deficient antimicrobial activity. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 74:154-166. [PMID: 28438599 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Lysozymes are widely distributed immune effectors exerting muramidase activity against the peptidoglycan of the bacterial cell wall to trigger cell lysis. However, some invertebrate-type (i-type) lysozymes deficient of muramidase activity still exhibit antimicrobial activity. To date, the mechanism underlying the antimicrobial effect of muramidase-deficient i-type lysozymes remains unclear. Accordingly, this study characterized a novel i-type lysozyme, Splys-i, in the mud crab Scylla paramamosain. Splys-i shared the highest identity with the Litopenaeus vannamei i-type lysozyme (Lvlys-i2, 54% identity) at the amino acid level. Alignment analysis and 3D structure comparison show that Splys-i may be a muramidase-deficient i-type lysozyme because it lacks the two conserved catalytic residues (Glu and Asp) that are necessary for muramidase activity. Splys-i is mainly distributed in the intestine, stomach, gills, hepatopancreas, and hemocytes, and it is upregulated by Vibrio harveyi or Staphylococcus aureus challenge. Recombinant Splys-i protein (rSplys-i) can inhibit the growth of Gram-negative bacteria (V. harveyi, Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio parahemolyticus, and Escherichia coli), Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Bacillus megaterium), and the fungus Candida albicans to varying degrees. In this study, two binding assays and a bacterial agglutination assay were conducted to elucidate the potential antimicrobial mechanisms of Splys-i. Results demonstrated that rSplys-i could bind to all nine aforementioned microorganisms. It also exhibited a strong binding activity to lipopolysaccharide from E. coli and lipoteichoic acid and peptidoglycan (PGN) from S. aureus but a weak binding activity to PGN from B. subtilis and β-glucan from fungi. Moreover, rSplys-i could agglutinate these nine types of microorganisms in the presence of Ca2+ at different protein concentrations. These results suggest that the binding activity and its triggered agglutinating activity might be two major mechanisms of action to realize the muramidase-deficient antibacterial activity. In addition, rSplys-i can hydrolyze the peptidoglycan of some Gram-positive bacteria because it exhibits weak isopeptidase activities in salt and protein concentration-dependent manner. This result indicates that such an isopeptidase activity may contribute to the muramidase-deficient antimicrobial activity to a certain degree. In conclusion, Splys-i is upregulated by pathogenic bacteria, and it inhibits bacterial growth by binding and agglutination activities as well as isopeptidase activity, suggesting that Splys-i is involved in immune defense against bacteria through several different mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhou
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China; Key Laboratory of East China Sea and Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 200090, China; School of Aquaculture and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Shu Zhao
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China; Key Laboratory of East China Sea and Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Wen-Hong Fang
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China; Key Laboratory of East China Sea and Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Jun-Fang Zhou
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China; Key Laboratory of East China Sea and Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Jing-Xiao Zhang
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China; Key Laboratory of East China Sea and Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Hongyu Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063 China
| | - Jiang-Feng Lan
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
| | - Xin-Cang Li
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China; Key Laboratory of East China Sea and Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 200090, China.
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Hou ZG, Wang Y, Hui K, Fang WH, Zhao S, Zhang JX, Ma H, Li XC. A novel anti-lipopolysaccharide factor SpALF6 in mud crab Scylla paramamosain exhibiting different antimicrobial activity from its single amino acid mutant. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 72:44-56. [PMID: 28232132 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In crustaceans, anti-lipopolysaccharide factors (ALFs) are important immune effectors that have sequence diversity and exhibit broad antimicrobial activities. In this study, we characterized a novel ALF homolog SpALF6 from mud crab Scylla paramamosain and its variant SpALF6-V, which was generated by mutations of two amino acids (H46 to R and A110 to P) due to the presence of two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). SpALF6 was an anionic peptide with isoelectric point (pI) 6.79, whereas SpALF6-V was a cationic protein with pI 7.98. These two proteins shared a common lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding domain (LBD) with pI 6.05. SpALF6 was expressed mainly in hemocytes and up-regulated by Vibrio parahaemolyticus or Staphylococcus aureus challenge, indicating that SpALF6 may participate in the antibacterial immune responses. To investigate the likely functional differences between SpALF6 and SpALF6-V and elucidate the underlying mechanisms, a single amino acid mutant SpALF6-M (from H46 to R, outside but very close to LBD), which had the same pI as SpALF6-V, was harvested by a fusion PCR. Then, both SpALF6 and SpALF6-M were overexpressed and purified to test antimicrobial activity and binding activity to microbial cells or polysaccharides. SpALF6-M exhibited more potent antimicrobial and cell-binding activity on Gram-positive bacteria and fungi than SpALF6. Furthermore, SpALF6-M possessed stronger lipoteichoic acid (LTA)-binding activity than SpALF6, demonstrating that this particular positively charged amino acid outside but close to LBD contributed to the increase in SpALF6-M antibacterial activity. In addition, SpALF6 LBD peptide and its biotin-labeled form were synthesized in this study. Results showed that this anionic LBD peptide itself did not exhibit any significant antimicrobial activity against 10 kinds of microorganisms but it possessed strong binding activity to LPS, LTA, and peptidoglycan. These findings suggested that this anionic LBD was still an important active center and required collaboration with some particular positively charged amino acids outside LBD to exhibit antibacterial activity. Thus, SpALF6-M antimicrobial activity was increased by the mutation of H46 to R instead of A110 to P, which did not change the protein charge, suggesting that SpALF6-V may have more potent antimicrobial activity than SpALF6 and play more important roles in antibacterial immunity. This study provided a new insight into the mechanisms of how ALF amino acid sequence diversity resulted in their functional divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Guo Hou
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of East China Sea and Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 200090, China; School of Aquaculture and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of East China Sea and Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Kaimin Hui
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Wen-Hong Fang
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of East China Sea and Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Shu Zhao
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of East China Sea and Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Jing-Xiao Zhang
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of East China Sea and Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Hongyu Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063 China.
| | - Xin-Cang Li
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of East China Sea and Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 200090, China.
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Yang D, Wang Q, Chen L, Liu Y, Cao R, Wu H, Li F, Ji C, Cong M, Zhao J. Molecular characterization and antibacterial activity of a phage-type lysozyme from the Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 65:17-24. [PMID: 28365385 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A phage-type lysozyme, designed as RpPLYZ, was cloned and characterized from the clam Ruditapes philippinarum. The full-length cDNA of RpPLYZ was of 699 bp with an open reading frame (ORF) of 534 bp, encoding a polypeptide of 177-amino acid with a calculated molecular mass of 19.6 kDa and an isoelectric point of 9.05. Multiple alignments and phylogenetic analysis strongly suggested that RpPLYZ was a new member of the phage-type lysozyme family. The mRNA transcript of RpPLYZ was found to be constitutively expressed in a wide range of tissues and mainly in hemocytes and mantle. The relative expression of RpPLYZ mRNA in hemocytes was significantly up-regulated at 6, 24, 48 and 72 h after Vibrio anguillarum challenge. The recombinant RpPLYZ (rRpPLYZ) showed high activity against Entherobacter cloacae and Staphyloccocus aureus, and less effective towards Entherobacter aerogenes and V. anguillarum. Moreover, the optimal pH, temperature and ionic strength for rRpPLYZ activity was determined to be 5.5, 50 °C and 5 mM, respectively. These results suggested that RpPLYZ was a member of the phage-type lysozyme family and perhaps played an important role in the immune responses against bacterial invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinglong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Lizhu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Yongliang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China; Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Ruiwen Cao
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Huifeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Fei Li
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Chenglong Ji
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Ming Cong
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Jianmin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China; Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China.
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Greenwood JM, Milutinović B, Peuß R, Behrens S, Esser D, Rosenstiel P, Schulenburg H, Kurtz J. Oral immune priming with Bacillus thuringiensis induces a shift in the gene expression of Tribolium castaneum larvae. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:329. [PMID: 28446171 PMCID: PMC5405463 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3705-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The phenomenon of immune priming, i.e. enhanced protection following a secondary exposure to a pathogen, has now been demonstrated in a wide range of invertebrate species. Despite accumulating phenotypic evidence, knowledge of its mechanistic underpinnings is currently very limited. Here we used the system of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum and the insect pathogen Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) to further our molecular understanding of the oral immune priming phenomenon. We addressed how ingestion of bacterial cues (derived from spore supernatants) of an orally pathogenic and non-pathogenic Bt strain affects gene expression upon later challenge exposure, using a whole-transcriptome sequencing approach. Results Whereas gene expression of individuals primed with the orally non-pathogenic strain showed minor changes to controls, we found that priming with the pathogenic strain induced regulation of a large set of distinct genes, many of which are known immune candidates. Intriguingly, the immune repertoire activated upon priming and subsequent challenge qualitatively differed from the one mounted upon infection with Bt without previous priming. Moreover, a large subset of priming-specific genes showed an inverse regulation compared to their regulation upon challenge only. Conclusions Our data demonstrate that gene expression upon infection is strongly affected by previous immune priming. We hypothesise that this shift in gene expression indicates activation of a more targeted and efficient response towards a previously encountered pathogen, in anticipation of potential secondary encounter. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-3705-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny M Greenwood
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Hüfferstrasse 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Barbara Milutinović
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Hüfferstrasse 1, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Robert Peuß
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Hüfferstrasse 1, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Current Address: Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA
| | - Sarah Behrens
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Hüfferstrasse 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Daniela Esser
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Schittenhelmstr. 12, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Philip Rosenstiel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Schittenhelmstr. 12, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hinrich Schulenburg
- Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Joachim Kurtz
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Hüfferstrasse 1, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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Transcriptomic changes in an animal-bacterial symbiosis under modeled microgravity conditions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46318. [PMID: 28393904 PMCID: PMC5385879 DOI: 10.1038/srep46318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Spaceflight imposes numerous adaptive challenges for terrestrial life. The reduction in gravity, or microgravity, represents a novel environment that can disrupt homeostasis of many physiological processes. Additionally, it is becoming increasingly clear that an organism’s microbiome is critical for host health and examining its resiliency in microgravity represents a new frontier for space biology research. In this study, we examine the impact of microgravity on the interactions between the squid Euprymna scolopes and its beneficial symbiont Vibrio fischeri, which form a highly specific binary mutualism. First, animals inoculated with V. fischeri aboard the space shuttle showed effective colonization of the host light organ, the site of the symbiosis, during space flight. Second, RNA-Seq analysis of squid exposed to modeled microgravity conditions exhibited extensive differential gene expression in the presence and absence of the symbiotic partner. Transcriptomic analyses revealed in the absence of the symbiont during modeled microgravity there was an enrichment of genes and pathways associated with the innate immune and oxidative stress response. The results suggest that V. fischeri may help modulate the host stress responses under modeled microgravity. This study provides a window into the adaptive responses that the host animal and its symbiont use during modeled microgravity.
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Kong C, Eng SA, Lim MP, Nathan S. Beyond Traditional Antimicrobials: A Caenorhabditis elegans Model for Discovery of Novel Anti-infectives. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1956. [PMID: 27994583 PMCID: PMC5133244 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The spread of antibiotic resistance amongst bacterial pathogens has led to an urgent need for new antimicrobial compounds with novel modes of action that minimize the potential for drug resistance. To date, the development of new antimicrobial drugs is still lagging far behind the rising demand, partly owing to the absence of an effective screening platform. Over the last decade, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has been incorporated as a whole animal screening platform for antimicrobials. This development is taking advantage of the vast knowledge on worm physiology and how it interacts with bacterial and fungal pathogens. In addition to allowing for in vivo selection of compounds with promising anti-microbial properties, the whole animal C. elegans screening system has also permitted the discovery of novel compounds targeting infection processes that only manifest during the course of pathogen infection of the host. Another advantage of using C. elegans in the search for new antimicrobials is that the worm itself is a source of potential antimicrobial effectors which constitute part of its immune defense response to thwart infections. This has led to the evaluation of effector molecules, particularly antimicrobial proteins and peptides (APPs), as candidates for further development as therapeutic agents. In this review, we provide an overview on use of the C. elegans model for identification of novel anti-infectives. We highlight some highly potential lead compounds obtained from C. elegans-based screens, particularly those that target bacterial virulence or host defense to eradicate infections, a mechanism distinct from the action of conventional antibiotics. We also review the prospect of using C. elegans APPs as an antimicrobial strategy to treat infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cin Kong
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Su-Anne Eng
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Mei-Perng Lim
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Sheila Nathan
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Bangi, Malaysia
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Wippler J, Kleiner M, Lott C, Gruhl A, Abraham PE, Giannone RJ, Young JC, Hettich RL, Dubilier N. Transcriptomic and proteomic insights into innate immunity and adaptations to a symbiotic lifestyle in the gutless marine worm Olavius algarvensis. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:942. [PMID: 27871231 PMCID: PMC5117596 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3293-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The gutless marine worm Olavius algarvensis has a completely reduced digestive and excretory system, and lives in an obligate nutritional symbiosis with bacterial symbionts. While considerable knowledge has been gained of the symbionts, the host has remained largely unstudied. Here, we generated transcriptomes and proteomes of O. algarvensis to better understand how this annelid worm gains nutrition from its symbionts, how it adapted physiologically to a symbiotic lifestyle, and how its innate immune system recognizes and responds to its symbiotic microbiota. Results Key adaptations to the symbiosis include (i) the expression of gut-specific digestive enzymes despite the absence of a gut, most likely for the digestion of symbionts in the host's epidermal cells; (ii) a modified hemoglobin that may bind hydrogen sulfide produced by two of the worm’s symbionts; and (iii) the expression of a very abundant protein for oxygen storage, hemerythrin, that could provide oxygen to the symbionts and the host under anoxic conditions. Additionally, we identified a large repertoire of proteins involved in interactions between the worm's innate immune system and its symbiotic microbiota, such as peptidoglycan recognition proteins, lectins, fibrinogen-related proteins, Toll and scavenger receptors, and antimicrobial proteins. Conclusions We show how this worm, over the course of evolutionary time, has modified widely-used proteins and changed their expression patterns in adaptation to its symbiotic lifestyle and describe expressed components of the innate immune system in a marine oligochaete. Our results provide further support for the recent realization that animals have evolved within the context of their associations with microbes and that their adaptive responses to symbiotic microbiota have led to biological innovations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-3293-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Wippler
- Symbiosis Department, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstr. 1, D-28359, Bremen, Germany. .,Symbiosis Department, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstr. 1, D-28359, Bremen, Germany.
| | - Manuel Kleiner
- Symbiosis Department, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstr. 1, D-28359, Bremen, Germany. .,Energy Bioengineering and Geomicrobiology Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 1N4, AB, Canada.
| | - Christian Lott
- Symbiosis Department, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstr. 1, D-28359, Bremen, Germany.,HYDRA Institute for Marine Sciences, Elba Field Station, Via del Forno 80, 57034, Campo nell' Elba, (LI), Italy
| | - Alexander Gruhl
- Symbiosis Department, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstr. 1, D-28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Paul E Abraham
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 1 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Richard J Giannone
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 1 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Jacque C Young
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 1 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA.,Present Address: Saul Ewing LLP, 1500 Market Street, 37th Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19102-2186, USA
| | - Robert L Hettich
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 1 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Nicole Dubilier
- Symbiosis Department, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstr. 1, D-28359, Bremen, Germany
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Gravato-Nobre MJ, Vaz F, Filipe S, Chalmers R, Hodgkin J. The Invertebrate Lysozyme Effector ILYS-3 Is Systemically Activated in Response to Danger Signals and Confers Antimicrobial Protection in C. elegans. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005826. [PMID: 27525822 PMCID: PMC4985157 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the relative contributions and importance of antibacterial effectors in the nematode C. elegans, despite extensive work on the innate immune responses in this organism. We report an investigation of the expression, function and regulation of the six ilys (invertebrate-type lysozyme) genes of C. elegans. These genes exhibited a surprising variety of tissue-specific expression patterns and responses to starvation or bacterial infection. The most strongly expressed, ilys-3, was investigated in detail. ILYS-3 protein was expressed constitutively in the pharynx and coelomocytes, and dynamically in the intestine. Analysis of mutants showed that ILYS-3 was required for pharyngeal grinding (disruption of bacterial cells) during normal growth and consequently it contributes to longevity, as well as being protective against bacterial pathogens. Both starvation and challenge with Gram-positive pathogens resulted in ERK-MAPK-dependent up-regulation of ilys-3 in the intestine. The intestinal induction by pathogens, but not starvation, was found to be dependent on MPK-1 activity in the pharynx rather than in the intestine, demonstrating unexpected communication between these two tissues. The coelomocyte expression appeared to contribute little to normal growth or immunity. Recombinant ILYS-3 protein was found to exhibit appropriate lytic activity against Gram-positive cell wall material. Innate immune defenses against bacterial pathogenesis depend on the activation of antibacterial factors. We examined the expression and relative importance of a gene family encoding six invertebrate-type lysozymes in the much-studied nematode C. elegans. The ilys genes exhibit distinct patterns of tissue-specific expression and response to pathogenic challenge and/or starvation. The most abundantly expressed, ilys-3, exhibits constitutive pharyngeal expression, which we show is essential for efficient disruption of bacteria under non-pathogenic growth conditions, and consequently it contributes to normal longevity. ilys-3 is also strongly up-regulated in intestinal cells after starvation or exposure to Gram-positive pathogens such as Microbacterium nematophilum and acts as a ‘slow-effector’ in limiting pathogenic damage from intestinal infections. We show that this induction by pathogens depends on the action of an ERK-MAPK cascade, which acts in pharyngeal rather than intestinal cells; this implies communication between pharynx and intestine. Tagged ILYS-3 protein was detected mainly in recycling endosomes of intestinal cells and in the intestinal lumen after starvation. ILYS-3 was also expressed in coelomocytes (scavenger cells) but we found that these cells make little or no contribution to defense. We examined the enzymatic properties of recombinant ILYS-3 protein, finding that it has lytic activity against M. nematophilum cell-walls.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Filipa Vaz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sergio Filipe
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ronald Chalmers
- Laboratory of Bacterial Cell Surfaces and Pathogenesis, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica and Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jonathan Hodgkin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Chen T, Ren C, Wang Y, Luo P, Jiang X, Huang W, Chen C, Hu C. Molecular cloning, inducible expression and antibacterial analysis of a novel i-type lysozyme (lyz-i2) in Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 54:197-203. [PMID: 27074443 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The full-length cDNA coding for a novel invertebrate (i-type) lysozyme was identified in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). The newly obtained L. vannamei lysozyme is similar to the Penaeus monodon i-type lysozyme 2, but it is distant from the known L. vannamei c-type lysozyme and i-type lysozyme 1 in protein sequence; therefore, it was defined as L. vannamei i-type lysozyme 2 (lyz-i2). Expression of L. vannamei lyz-i2 transcripts were ubiquitously detected in all tissues we selected, with the highest abundance observed in the hemolymph. Challenge with Vibrio harveyi might elicit L. vannamei lyz-i2 mRNA expression in the hepatopancreas, intestine, muscle, gill and hemolymph. In the themolymph, specifically, the stimulatory effects of Vibrio and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on lyz-i2 transcript levels were durable and transient, respectively; while Polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid [Poly (I:C)] treatment did not affect lyz-i2 expression. L. vannamei lyz-i2 recombinant protein was generated in an Escherichia coli system. By lysoplate and turbidimetric assays, the L. vannamei lyz-i2 recombinant protein showed a broad spectrum of antimicrobial properties with high activities against Micrococcaceae lysodeikticus and various Vibrio species and relatively low activity against E. coli. In conclusion, L. vannamei lyz-i2 might be a potent antibacterial protein with a role in innate immunity in Penaeid shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology (LAMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China; South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Chunhua Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology (LAMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China; South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yanhong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology (LAMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Peng Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology (LAMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xiao Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology (LAMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Wen Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology (LAMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Chang Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology (LAMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Chaoqun Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology (LAMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
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Beckert A, Wiesner J, Schmidtberg H, Lehmann R, Baumann A, Vogel H, Vilcinskas A. Expression and characterization of a recombinant i-type lysozyme from the harlequin ladybird beetle Harmonia axyridis. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 25:202-15. [PMID: 26778648 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Lysozymes are enzymes that destroy bacterial cell walls by hydrolysing the polysaccharide component of peptidoglycan. In insects, there are two classes of lysozymes, the c-type with muramidase activity and the i-type whose prototypical members from annelids and molluscs possess both muramidase and isopeptidase activities. Many insect genes encoding c-type and i-type lysozymes have been identified during genome and transcriptome analyses, but only c-type lysozymes have been functionally characterized at the protein level. Here we produced one of five i-type lysozymes represented in the immunity-related transcriptome of the invasive harlequin ladybird beetle Harmonia axyridis as recombinant protein. This was the only one containing the serine and histidine residues that are thought to be required for isopeptidase activity. This i-type lysozyme was recombinantly expressed in the yeast Pichia pastoris, but the purified protein was inactive in both muramidase and isopeptidase assays. Transcription and immunofluorescence analysis revealed that this i-type lysozyme is produced in the fat body but is not inducible by immune challenge. These data suggest that i-type lysozymes in insects may have acquired novel and as yet undetermined functions in the course of evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Beckert
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Gießen, Germany
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - J Wiesner
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Gießen, Germany
| | - H Schmidtberg
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Gießen, Germany
| | - R Lehmann
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Gießen, Germany
| | - A Baumann
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Gießen, Germany
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - H Vogel
- Department of Entomology, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - A Vilcinskas
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Gießen, Germany
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Liu H, Liu J, Qi C, Fang Y, Zhang L, Zhuo R, Jiang X. Thermosensitive injectable in-situ forming carboxymethyl chitin hydrogel for three-dimensional cell culture. Acta Biomater 2016; 35:228-37. [PMID: 26911882 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Injectable hydrogels have gained great attentions for cell therapy and tissue regeneration as a result of the applications in minimally invasive surgical procedures with the ease of handling and complete filling of the defect area. Here, a novel biodegradable, thermosensitive and injectable carboxymethyl chitin (CMCH) hydrogel was developed for three-dimensional (3D) cell culture. The obtained CMCH solution remained transparent liquid flowing easily at low temperatures and gelled rapidly at 37°C. The gelation time of CMCH hydrogels could be easily tuned by varying temperature and the degree of carboxymethylation, which facilitates the cell encapsulation process at room temperature and in-situ forming hydrogel at body temperature. Moreover, the CMCH-14 hydrogels in PBS buffer remained stable and continuous porous structure and could be degraded in the presence of lysozyme or hyaluronidase. HeLa cells proliferated sustainably and self-assembled to form 3D multicellular spheroids with high cell activity on the surface of CMCH-14 hydrogel. Encapsulation of COS-7 cells within the in-situ forming CMCH hydrogel demonstrated that CMCH hydrogels promoted cell survival and proliferation. In vivo mouse study of the CMCH hydrogels showed good in-situ gel formation and tissue biocompatibility. Thus, the biodegradable thermosensitive injectable CMCH hydrogels hold potential for 3D cell culture and biomedical applications. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Biodegradable hydrogels have been widely studied for cell therapy and tissue regeneration. Herein, we report a novel thermosensitive injectable carboxymethyl chitin (CMCH) hydrogel for 3D cell culture, which was synthesized homogeneously from the bioactive natural chitin through the "green" process avoiding using organic solvent. The CMCH solutions exhibited rapid thermoresponsive sol-to-gel phase transition behavior at 37°C with controllable gelation times, which facilitates the cell encapsulation process at room temperature and in-situ forming hydrogel at body temperature. Importantly, in vitro 3D cell culture and in vivo mouse study of the CMCH hydrogel showed promotion of cell survival and proliferation, good in-situ gel formation and biocompatibility. We believe that such thermosensitive injectable CMCH hydrogels would be very useful for biomedical applications, such as tumor model for cancer research, post-operative adhesion prevention, the regeneration of cartilage and central nervous system and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Jia Liu
- Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, PR China
| | - Chao Qi
- Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, PR China
| | - Yapeng Fang
- Glyn O. Phillips Hydrocolloid Research Centre, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 43006, PR China
| | - Lina Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Renxi Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Xulin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China.
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