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Hashemi M, Rezaei M, Rezaeiaghdam H, Jamali B, Koohpar ZK, Tanha M, Bizhanpour A, Asadi S, Jafari AM, Khosroshahi EM, Eslami M, Salimimoghadam S, Nabavi N, Rashidi M, Fattah E, Taheriazam A, Entezari M. Highlighting function of Wnt signalling in urological cancers: Molecular interactions, therapeutic strategies, and (nano)strategies. Transl Oncol 2024; 50:102145. [PMID: 39357465 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2024.102145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/27/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a complex, multistep process characterized by abnormal cell growth and metastasis as well as the capacity of the tumor cells in therapy resistance development. The urological system is particularly susceptible to a group of malignancies known as urological cancers, where an accumulation of genetic alterations drives carcinogenesis. In various human cancers, Wnt singalling is dysregulated; following nuclear transfer of β-catenin, it promotes tumor progression and affects genes expression. Elevated levels of Wnt have been documented in urological cancers, where its overexpression enhances growth and metastasis. Additionally, increased Wnt singalling contributes to chemoresistance in urological cancers, leading to reduced sensitivity to chemotherapy agents like cisplatin, doxorubicin, and paclitaxel. Wnt upregulation can change radiotherapy response of urological cancers. The regulation of Wnt involves various molecular pathways, including Akt, miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs, all of which play roles in carcinogenesis. Targeting and silencing Wnt or its associated pathways can mitigate tumorigenesis in urological cancers. Anti-cancer compounds such as curcumin and thymoquinone have shown efficacy in suppressing tumorigenesis through the downregulation of Wnt singalling. Notably, nanoparticles have proven effective in treating urological cancers, with several studies in prostate cancer (PCa) using nanoparticles to downregulate Wnt and suppress tumor growth. Future research should focus on developing small molecules that inhibit Wnt singalling to further suppress tumorigenesis and advance the treatment of urological cancers. Moreover, Wnt can be used as reliable biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of urological cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Hashemi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Rezaei
- Health Research Center, Chamran Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadi Rezaeiaghdam
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Behdokht Jamali
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Kherad Institute of Higher Education, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Zeinab Khazaei Koohpar
- Department Of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences,Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran
| | - Mahsa Tanha
- Department Of Biological Sciences, University Of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Al, United States
| | - Anahita Bizhanpour
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saba Asadi
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Moghadas Jafari
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elaheh Mohandesi Khosroshahi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maedeh Eslami
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shokooh Salimimoghadam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Noushin Nabavi
- Independent Researcher, Victoria, British Columbia, V8V 1P7, Canada
| | - Mohsen Rashidi
- The Health of Plant and Livestock Products Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Eisa Fattah
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Afshin Taheriazam
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maliheh Entezari
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
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Sameti P, Amini M, Oroojalian F, Baghay Esfandyari Y, Tohidast M, Rahmani SA, Azarbarzin S, Mokhtarzadeh A, Baradaran B. MicroRNA-425: A Pivotal Regulator Participating in Tumorigenesis of Human Cancers. Mol Biotechnol 2024; 66:1537-1551. [PMID: 37332071 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00756-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small single-stranded regulatory RNAs that are shown to be dysregulated in a wide array of human cancers. MiRNAs play critical roles in cancer progression and function as either oncogenes or tumor suppressors through modulating various target genes. Therefore, they possess great potential as diagnostic and therapeutic targets for cancer detection and treatment. In particular, recent studies have illustrated that miR-425 is also dysregulated in various human malignancies and plays a fundamental role in cancer initiation and progression. miR-425 has been reported to function as a dual-role miRNA participating in the regulation of cellular processes, including metastasis, invasion, and cell proliferation by modulating multiple signaling pathways, such as TGF-β, Wnt, and P13K/AKT pathways. Therefore, regarding recent researches showing the high therapeutic potential of miR-425, in this review, we have noted the impact of its dysregulation on signaling pathways and various aspects of tumorigenesis in a variety of human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouriya Sameti
- Department of Biology, Higher Education Institute of Rab-Rashid, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amini
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Oroojalian
- Department of Advanced Technologies, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
- Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | | | - Maryam Tohidast
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Seyed Ali Rahmani
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shirin Azarbarzin
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahad Mokhtarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Yang B, Chen W, Tao T, Zhang J, Kong D, Hao J, Yu C, Liao G, Gong H. UBE2N promotes cell viability and glycolysis by promoting Axin1 ubiquitination in prostate cancer cells. Biol Direct 2024; 19:35. [PMID: 38715121 PMCID: PMC11075218 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-024-00469-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 N (UBE2N) is recognized in the progression of some cancers; however, little research has been conducted to describe its role in prostate cancer. The purpose of this paper is to explore the function and mechanism of UBE2N in prostate cancer cells. METHODS UBE2N expression was detected in Cancer Genome Atlas Prostate Adenocarcinoma (TCGA-PRAD) data, prostate cancer tissue microarrays, and prostate cancer cell lines, respectively. UBE2N knockdown or overexpression was used to analyze its role in cell viability and glycolysis of prostate cancer cells and tumor growth. XAV939 or Axin1 overexpression was co-treated with UBE2N overexpression to detect the involvement of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling and Axin1 in the UBE2N function. UBE2N interacting with Axin1 was analyzed by co-immunoprecipitation assay. RESULTS UBE2N was upregulated in prostate cancer and the UBE2N-high expression correlated with the poor prognosis of prostate cancer. UBE2N knockdown inhibited cell viability and glycolysis in prostate cancer cells and restricted tumor formation in tumor-bearing mice. Wnt/β-catenin inhibition and Axin1 overexpression reversed the promoting viability and glycolysis function of UBE2N. UBE2N promoted Axin1 ubiquitination and decreased Axin1 protein level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, No.1500 Zhouyuan Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Weihua Chen
- Department of Urology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Tianyi Tao
- Department of Urology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, No.1500 Zhouyuan Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 201318, China
- Graduate School, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, No.1500 Zhouyuan Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 201318, China
- Graduate School, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Dehui Kong
- Experimental Cellular Therapy Group, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, 94103, USA
| | - Jidong Hao
- Department of Urology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, No.1500 Zhouyuan Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Chao Yu
- Department of Urology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Guoqiang Liao
- Department of Urology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, No.1500 Zhouyuan Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 201318, China.
| | - Hua Gong
- Department of Urology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, No.1500 Zhouyuan Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 201318, China.
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Li P, Ding H, Han S, Ding S, Yang Y. Long noncoding RNA LINC00858 aggravates the progression of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma via regulating the miR-425-5p/ABL2 axis. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27337. [PMID: 38496838 PMCID: PMC10944188 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most fatal cancers with high morbidity and mortality, which severely affects people's lives. Long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 858 (LINC00858) was confirmed to promote the progression of colorectal cancer and lung cancer. However, the role of lncRNA LINC00858 is still unknown in ESCC. Herein, the main purpose of research was to explore LINC00858 function and its impact on ESCC cell biological behaviors. RT-qPCR was used to test the expression of LINC00858, miR-425-5p and ABL proto-oncogene 2 (ABL2) in ESCC cells. Functional experiments such as EdU assay, CCK-8 assay, transwell assay and Western blot assay were conducted to investigate the biological behaviors of ESCC cells. Luciferase reporter assay and RIP assay were implemented to determine the binding situation among RNAs. LINC00858 expression was abnormally high in ESCC cells and down-regulation of LINC00858 could restrain the proliferation, invasion, migration and EMT process of ESCC cells. Furthermore, miR-425-5p was proved to be sponged by LINC00858 and was down-regulated in ESCC cells. Besides, we discovered that miR-425-5p could target ABL2. Moreover, knockdown of ABL2 reversed the promoting function of miR-425-5p inhibitor on ESCC progression. LINC00858 aggravated ESCC progression via regulating the miR-425-5p/ABL2 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Hui Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Shuangyin Han
- Department of Gastroenterology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Songze Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Yuxiu Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
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Shu X, Zhang HW, Liu SY, Sun LX, Zhang T, Ran YL. Anti-ENO1 antibody combined with metformin against tumor resistance: a novel antibody-based platform. PeerJ 2024; 12:e16817. [PMID: 38515460 PMCID: PMC10956521 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Antibody-based platforms (i.e., ADC) have emerged as one of the most encouraging tools for the cancer resistance caused by cancer stem cells (CSCs) enrichment. Our study might provide a promising therapeutic direction against drug resistance and serve as a potential precursor platform for screening ADC. Methods The cell migration, invasion, drug resistance, and self-renewal were assessed by the cell invasion and migration assay, wound healing assay, CCK-8 assay, colony formation assay, and sphere formation assay, respectively. The expression profiles of CSCs (ALDH+ and CD44+) subpopulations were screened by flow cytometry. The western blot and cell immunofluorescence assay were used to evaluate pathway-related protein expression in both anti-ENO1 antibody, MET combined with DPP/CTX-treated CSCs. Results In the present study, western blot and flow cytometry verified that anti-ENO1 antibody target the CD44+ subpopulation by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT pathway, while metformin might target the ALDH+ subpopulation through activation of the AMPK pathway and thus reverse drug resistance to varying degrees. Subsequently, in vitro investigation indicated that anti-ENO1 antibody, metformin combined with cisplatin/cetuximab could simultaneously target ALDH+ and CD44+ subpopulations. The combination also inhibited the CSCs proliferation, migration, invasion, and sphere formation; which may result in overcoming the drug resistance. Then, molecular mechanism exploration verified that the anti-ENO1 antibody, metformin combined with cisplatin/cetuximab inhibited the Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Conclusions The study preliminarily revealed anti-ENO1 antibody combined with metformin could overcome drug resistance against CSCs by inhibiting the Wnt//β-catenin pathway and might serve as a potential precursor platform for screening ADC. More importantly, it is reasonably believed that antibody-based drug combination therapy might function as an encouraging tool for oncotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Shu
- National Center for Orthopaedics, Beijing Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Beijing JiShuiTan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Wen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shi Ya Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Li Xin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- The Second People’s Hospital of Xining, Xining, China
| | - Yu Liang Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Kazmi I, Altamimi ASA, Afzal M, Majami AA, AlGhamdi AS, Alkinani KB, Abbasi FA, Almalki WH, Alzera SI, Kukreti N, Fuloria NK, Sekar M, Abida. The emerging role of non-coding RNAs in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in Prostate Cancer. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 254:155134. [PMID: 38277746 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is an important worldwide medical concern, necessitating a greater understanding of the molecular processes driving its development. The Wnt/-catenin signaling cascade is established as a central player in PCa pathogenesis, and recent research emphasizes the critical involvement of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in this scenario. This in-depth study seeks to give a thorough examination of the complex relationship between ncRNAs and the Wnt/β-catenin system in PCa. NcRNAs, such as circular RNAs (circRNAs), long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), and microRNAs (miRNAs), have been recognized as essential regulators that modulate numerous facets of the Wnt/β-catenin network. MiRNAs have been recognized as targeting vital elements of the process, either enhancing or inhibiting signaling, depending on their specific roles and targets. LncRNAs participate in fine-tuning the Wnt/β-catenin network as a result of complicated interplay with both upstream and downstream elements. CircRNAs, despite being a relatively recent addition to the ncRNA family, have been implicated in PCa, influencing the Wnt/β-catenin cascade through diverse mechanisms. This article encompasses recent advances in our comprehension of specific ncRNAs that participate in the Wnt/β-catenin network, their functional roles, and clinical relevance in PCa. We investigate their use as screening and predictive indicators, and targets for treatment. Additionally, we delve into the interplay between Wnt/β-catenin and other signaling networks in PCa and the role of ncRNAs within this complex network. As we unveil the intricate regulatory functions of ncRNAs in the Wnt/β-catenin cascade in PCa, we gain valuable insights into the disease's pathogenesis. The implementation of these discoveries in practical applications holds promise for more precise diagnosis, prognosis, and targeted therapeutic approaches, ultimately enhancing the care of PCa patients. This comprehensive review underscores the evolving landscape of ncRNA research in PCa and the potential for innovative interventions in the battle against this formidable malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Kazmi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Muhammad Afzal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacy Program, Batterjee Medical College, P.O. Box 6231, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah A Majami
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abeer S AlGhamdi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khadijah B Alkinani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, 21955 Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad Al Abbasi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed Hassan Almalki
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sami I Alzera
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, 72341, Sakaka, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Neelima Kukreti
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun 248007, India
| | | | - Mahendran Sekar
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abida
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha 91911, Saudi Arabia
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Hu S, Zhou Q, Lu Q, Guo X, Wang Y, Duan YX. miR-199a/214 cluster enhances prostate cancer sensitiveness to nimotuzumab via targeting TBL1XR1. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2023; 39:1178-1189. [PMID: 37772770 DOI: 10.1002/kjm2.12758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a significant health concern affecting men worldwide. Previous studies have shown that nimotuzumab, a drug targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), can effectively inhibit cancer progression. Here, we aimed to explore the role of miR-199a/214 cluster in mediating the inhibitory effect of nimotuzumab on the development of PCa. In this study, we conducted an MTT assay to assess cell proliferation and utilized flow cytometry to evaluate cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of nimotuzumab on prostate cancer development, we focused on the miR-199a-5p and miR-214-3p miRNA clusters. The TargetScan Human database was used to predict the binding sites between miR-199a-5p or miR-214-3p and the 3'-UTR of the transducin (β)-like 1 X-linked receptor 1 (TBL1XR1) mRNA. To confirm the direct interaction and binding between miR-199a-5p or miR-214-3p and the 3'-UTR of TBL1XR1 mRNA, we performed luciferase reporter assays. Our findings demonstrated that nimotuzumab exerted a significant dosage-dependent suppression of PCa cell proliferation and facilitated PCa cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Concurrently, nimotuzumab obviously impeded the activity of Wnt/β-catenin and EGFR signaling pathways in PCa cells. We also observed downregulation of miR-199a-5p and miR-214-3p in PCa cells. Overexpression of miR-199a/214 cluster inhibited PCa cell viability and enhanced cell apoptosis. Furthermore, we found that miR-199a/214 cluster augmented the inhibitory effect of nimotuzumab on PCa cell proliferation and promoted its ability to induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. This effect was reversed upon TBL1XR1 overexpression, indicating that TBL1XR1 is involved in the regulatory pathway of miR-199a/214 and nimotuzumab in PCa cells. We further revealed that TBL1XR1 was overexpressed in PCa and was identified as a downstream target of the miR-199a/214 cluster. In nimotuzumab-treated PCa cells, the overexpression of miR-199a/214 markedly inhibited Wnt/β-catenin and EGFR signaling, and this effect was also rescued by TBL1XR1 overexpression. In summary, our data indicated that miR-199a/214 cluster play a crucial role in enhancing the inhibitory effect of nimotuzumab on PCa development by downregulating TBL1XR1 and modulating Wnt/β-catenin and EGFR signaling pathways. These findings offer a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Hu
- Department of Urology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital (The first-affiliated hospital of Hunan normal university), Changsha, Hunan Province, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Department of Urology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital (The first-affiliated hospital of Hunan normal university), Changsha, Hunan Province, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Lu
- Department of Urology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital (The first-affiliated hospital of Hunan normal university), Changsha, Hunan Province, P.R. China
| | - Xi Guo
- Department of Urology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital (The first-affiliated hospital of Hunan normal university), Changsha, Hunan Province, P.R. China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Urology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital (The first-affiliated hospital of Hunan normal university), Changsha, Hunan Province, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Xing Duan
- Department of Urology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital (The first-affiliated hospital of Hunan normal university), Changsha, Hunan Province, P.R. China
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Alsaab HO, Abdullaev B, Alkhafaji AT, Alawadi AH, Jahlan I, Bahir H, Bisht YS, Alsaalamy A, Jabbar AM, Mustafa YF. A comprehension of signaling pathways and drug resistance; an insight into the correlation between microRNAs and cancer. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 251:154848. [PMID: 37862919 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Despite the development of numerous therapies, cancer remains an incurable disease due to various factors, including drug resistance produced by cancer cells. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate different target genes involved in biological and pathological processes, including cancer, through post-transcriptional mechanisms. The development of drug resistance in cancer treatment is a significant barrier because it decreases drug uptake, cellular transport, and changes in proteins involved in cell proliferation, survival, and apoptotic pathways. Numerous studies have found a connection between miRNAs and the development of drug resistance in cancer cells. This paper provides a broad overview of how miRNAs regulate signaling pathways and influence treatment resistance in different cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashem O Alsaab
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Bekhzod Abdullaev
- Research Department of Biotechnology, New Uzbekistan University, Mustaqillik Avenue 54, Tashkent 100007, Uzbekistan; Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Central Asian University, Milliy Bog Street 264, Tashkent 111221, Uzbekistan.
| | | | - Ahmed Hussien Alawadi
- College of Technical Engineering, the Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq; College of Technical Engineering, the Islamic University of Al Diwaniyah, Iraq; College of Technical Engineering, the Islamic University of Babylon, Iraq
| | - Ibtesam Jahlan
- Maternal and Child Health Nursing Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hala Bahir
- Medical Technical College, Al-Farahidi University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Yashwant Singh Bisht
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Uttaranchal Institute of Technology, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun 248007, India
| | - Ali Alsaalamy
- College of Technical Engineering, Imam Ja'afar Al-Sadiq University, Al-Muthanna 66002, Iraq
| | - Abeer Mhussan Jabbar
- College of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, Dhi Qar, Iraq
| | - Yasser Fakri Mustafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul 41001, Iraq
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Bu T, Li L, Tian J. Unlocking the role of non-coding RNAs in prostate cancer progression: exploring the interplay with the Wnt signaling pathway. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1269233. [PMID: 37829301 PMCID: PMC10565042 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1269233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common cancers in males, exhibiting a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations that pose challenges in its diagnosis and treatment. The Wnt signaling pathway, a conserved and complex pathway, is crucial for embryonic development, tissue homeostasis, and various physiological processes. Apart from the classical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, there exist multiple non-classical Wnt signaling pathways, including the Wnt/PCP and Wnt/Ca2+ pathways. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are involved in the occurrence and development of PCa and the response to PCa treatment. ncRNAs are known to execute diverse regulatory roles in cellular processes, despite their inability to encode proteins. Among them, microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and circular RNAs play key roles in the regulation of the Wnt signaling pathway in PCa. Aberrant expression of these ncRNAs and dysregulation of the Wnt signaling pathway are one of the causes of cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, migration, and angiogenesis in PCa. Moreover, these ncRNAs affect the characteristics of PCa cells and hold promise as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Herein, we summarize the role of ncRNAs in the regulation of the Wnt signaling pathway during the development of PCa. Additionally, we present an overview of the current progress in research on the correlation between these molecules and clinical features of the disease to provide novel insights and strategies for the treatment of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jiyu Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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10
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Yang X, Du Y, Luo L, Xu X, Xiong S, Yang X, Guo L, Liang T. Deciphering the Enigmatic Influence: Non-Coding RNAs Orchestrating Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway in Tumor Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13909. [PMID: 37762212 PMCID: PMC10530696 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated expression of specific non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) has been strongly linked to tumorigenesis, cancer progression, and therapeutic resistance. These ncRNAs can act as either oncogenes or tumor suppressors, thereby serving as valuable diagnostic and prognostic markers. Numerous studies have implicated the participation of ncRNAs in the regulation of diverse signaling pathways, including the pivotal Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway that is widely acknowledged for its pivotal role in embryogenesis, cellular proliferation, and tumor biology control. Recent emerging evidence has shed light on the capacity of ncRNAs to interact with key components of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, thereby modulating the expression of Wnt target genes in cancer cells. Notably, the activity of this pathway can reciprocally influence the expression levels of ncRNAs. However, comprehensive analysis investigating the specific ncRNAs associated with the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and their intricate interactions in cancer remains elusive. Based on these noteworthy findings, this review aims to unravel the intricate associations between ncRNAs and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway during cancer initiation, progression, and their potential implications for therapeutic interventions. Additionally, we provide a comprehensive overview of the characteristics of ncRNAs and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, accompanied by a thorough discussion of their functional roles in tumor biology. Targeting ncRNAs and molecules associated with the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway may emerge as a promising and effective therapeutic strategy in future cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinbing Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; (X.Y.); (Y.D.); (L.L.); (X.X.)
| | - Yajing Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; (X.Y.); (Y.D.); (L.L.); (X.X.)
| | - Lulu Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; (X.Y.); (Y.D.); (L.L.); (X.X.)
| | - Xinru Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; (X.Y.); (Y.D.); (L.L.); (X.X.)
| | - Shizheng Xiong
- Department of Bioinformatics, Smart Health Big Data Analysis and Location Services Engineering Lab of Jiangsu Province, School of Geographic and Biologic Information, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China; (S.X.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xueni Yang
- Department of Bioinformatics, Smart Health Big Data Analysis and Location Services Engineering Lab of Jiangsu Province, School of Geographic and Biologic Information, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China; (S.X.); (X.Y.)
| | - Li Guo
- Department of Bioinformatics, Smart Health Big Data Analysis and Location Services Engineering Lab of Jiangsu Province, School of Geographic and Biologic Information, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China; (S.X.); (X.Y.)
| | - Tingming Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; (X.Y.); (Y.D.); (L.L.); (X.X.)
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11
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Gupta J, Abdulsahib WK, Turki Jalil A, Saadi Kareem D, Aminov Z, Alsaikhan F, Ramírez-Coronel AA, Ramaiah P, Farhood B. Prostate Cancer and microRNAs: New insights into Apoptosis. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 245:154436. [PMID: 37062208 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is known as one of the most prevalent malignancies globally and is not yet curable owing to its progressive nature. It has been well documented that Genetic and epigenetic alterations maintain mandatory roles in PCa development. Apoptosis, a form of programmed cell death, has been shown to be involved in a number of physiological processes. Apoptosis disruption is considered as one of the main mechanism involved in lots of pathological conditions, especially malignancy. There is ample of evidence in support of the fact that microRNAs (miRNAs) have crucial roles in several cellular biological processes, including apoptosis. Escaping from apoptosis is a common event in malignancy progression. Emerging evidence revealed miRNAs capabilities to act as apoptotic or anti-apoptotic factors by altering the expression levels of tumor inhibitor or oncogene genes. In the present narrative review, we described in detail how apoptosis dysfunction could be involved in PCa processes and additionally, the mechanisms behind miRNAs affect the apoptosis pathways in PCa. Identifying the mechanisms behind the effects of miRNAs and their targets on apoptosis can provide scientists new targets for PCa treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra Gupta
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura 281406, U. P., India
| | - Waleed K Abdulsahib
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Al Farahidi University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Abduladheem Turki Jalil
- Medical Laboratories Techniques Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Hilla, 51001, Iraq.
| | | | - Zafar Aminov
- Department of Public Health and Healthcare management, Samarkand State Medical University, 18 Amir Temur Street, Samarkand, Uzbekistan; Department of Scientific Affairs, Tashkent State Dental Institute, 103 Makhtumkuli Str., Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Fahad Alsaikhan
- College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Andrés Alexis Ramírez-Coronel
- Azogues Campus Nursing Career, Health and Behavior Research Group (HBR), Psychometry and Ethology Laboratory, Catholic University of Cuenca, Ecuador; Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Group, CES University, Colombia; Educational Statistics Research Group (GIEE), National University of Education, Ecuador
| | | | - Bagher Farhood
- Department of Medical Physics and Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
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12
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Wang Z, Xie W, Guan H. Diverse Functions of MiR-425 in Human Cancer. DNA Cell Biol 2023; 42:113-129. [PMID: 36796000 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2022.0557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
miRNAs are a type of small endogenous noncoding RNA composed of 20-22 nucleotides that can regulate gene expression by targeting the 3' untranslated region of mRNA. Many investigations have discovered that miRNAs have a role in the development and progression of human cancer. Several aspects of tumor development are affected by miR-425, including growth, apoptosis, invasion, migration, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and drug resistance. In this article, we discuss the properties and research development of miR-425, focusing on the regulation and function of miR-425 in various cancers. Furthermore, we discuss the clinical implications of miR-425. This review may broaden our horizon for better understanding the role of miR-425 as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenjie Xie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hongzai Guan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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13
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Mirzaei S, Paskeh MDA, Okina E, Gholami MH, Hushmandi K, Hashemi M, Kalu A, Zarrabi A, Nabavi N, Rabiee N, Sharifi E, Karimi-Maleh H, Ashrafizadeh M, Kumar AP, Wang Y. Molecular Landscape of LncRNAs in Prostate Cancer: A focus on pathways and therapeutic targets for intervention. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2022; 41:214. [PMID: 35773731 PMCID: PMC9248128 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02406-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background One of the most malignant tumors in men is prostate cancer that is still incurable due to its heterogenous and progressive natures. Genetic and epigenetic changes play significant roles in its development. The RNA molecules with more than 200 nucleotides in length are known as lncRNAs and these epigenetic factors do not encode protein. They regulate gene expression at transcriptional, post-transcriptional and epigenetic levels. LncRNAs play vital biological functions in cells and in pathological events, hence their expression undergoes dysregulation. Aim of review The role of epigenetic alterations in prostate cancer development are emphasized here. Therefore, lncRNAs were chosen for this purpose and their expression level and interaction with other signaling networks in prostate cancer progression were examined. Key scientific concepts of review The aberrant expression of lncRNAs in prostate cancer has been well-documented and progression rate of tumor cells are regulated via affecting STAT3, NF-κB, Wnt, PI3K/Akt and PTEN, among other molecular pathways. Furthermore, lncRNAs regulate radio-resistance and chemo-resistance features of prostate tumor cells. Overexpression of tumor-promoting lncRNAs such as HOXD-AS1 and CCAT1 can result in drug resistance. Besides, lncRNAs can induce immune evasion of prostate cancer via upregulating PD-1. Pharmacological compounds such as quercetin and curcumin have been applied for targeting lncRNAs. Furthermore, siRNA tool can reduce expression of lncRNAs thereby suppressing prostate cancer progression. Prognosis and diagnosis of prostate tumor at clinical course can be evaluated by lncRNAs. The expression level of exosomal lncRNAs such as lncRNA-p21 can be investigated in serum of prostate cancer patients as a reliable biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Mirzaei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahshid Deldar Abad Paskeh
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.,Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elena Okina
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117600, Singapore.,NUS Centre for Cancer Research (N2CR), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 180554, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Kiavash Hushmandi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of epidemiology & Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Hashemi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.,Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azuma Kalu
- School of Life, Health & Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom.,Pathology, Sheffield Teaching Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, 34396, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Noushin Nabavi
- Department of Urologic Sciences and Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, V6H3Z6, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Navid Rabiee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Korea.,School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
| | - Esmaeel Sharifi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, 6517838736, Iran
| | - Hassan Karimi-Maleh
- School of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, P.O. Box 611731, Xiyuan Ave, Chengdu, PR China.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Quchan University of Technology, Quchan, Iran.,Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, Johannesburg, 2028, South Africa
| | - Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Orta Mahalle, Üniversite Caddesi No. 27, Orhanlı, Tuzla, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Alan Prem Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117600, Singapore. .,NUS Centre for Cancer Research (N2CR), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 180554, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Yuzhuo Wang
- Department of Urologic Sciences and Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, V6H3Z6, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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14
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Zhang L, Khadka B, Wu J, Feng Y, Long B, Xiao R, Liu J. Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Derived Exosomal miR-425-5p Inhibits Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cell Proliferation, Apoptosis, Invasion and Migration by Targeting WTAP. Onco Targets Ther 2021; 14:4901-4914. [PMID: 34594112 PMCID: PMC8478487 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s286326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a predominant blood malignancy with high mortality and severe morbidity. AML is affected by microRNAs (miRNAs) loaded in exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs). MiR-425-5p has been reported to participate in different cancer models. However, the function of BM-MSCs-derived exosomal miR-425-5p in AML is unclear. Methods The expression of miR-425-5p was measured by qRT-PCR in clinical AML samples. The immunophenotype of BM-MSCs was analyzed using antibodies against CD44, CD90, and CD105. The exosome was isolated from BM-MSCs. The effect of BM-MSCs-derived exosomal miR-425-5p on AML was analyzed by CCK-8 assay, Edu assay, transwell assay, flow cytometry in AML cells. qRT-PCR, luciferase reporter gene assay and Western blot analysis were also conducted in AML cells. Results The expression levels of miR-425-5p were decreased in CD34 + CD38-AML cells from primary AML patients compared to that from the bone marrow of healthy cases, and were reduced in exosomes from AML patients compared that from healthy cases. Similarly, miR-425-5p was also down-regulated in AML cell lines compared with BM-MSCs. MiR-425-5p was able to express in exosomes from BM-MSCs. CCK-8, Edu, transwell assay and flow cytometry analysis revealed that BM-MSCs-derived exosomal miR-425-5p significantly inhibited cell viability, Edu positive cells, invasion and migration, and induced apoptosis of AML cells. Meanwhile, the expression levels of cleaved PARP and cleaved caspase3 were increased by BM-MSCs-derived exosomal miR-425-5p in cells. MiR-425-5p inhibited the expression of Wilms tumor 1-associated protein (WTAP). Moreover, overexpression of WTAP could reverse the miR-425-5p-induced inhibition effect on AML cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion. Conclusion BM-MSCs-derived exosomal miR-425-5p inhibits proliferation, invasion and migration of AML cells and induced apoptosis of AML cells by targeting WTAP. Therapeutically, BM-MSCs-derived exosomal miR-425-5p may serve as a potential target for AML therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Bijay Khadka
- Department of Hematology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Jieying Wu
- Department of Hematology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Yashu Feng
- Department of Hematology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Long
- Department of Hematology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruozhi Xiao
- Department of Hematology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiajun Liu
- Department of Hematology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, 510630, People's Republic of China
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15
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Zhao Y, Yuan D, Zhu D, Xu T, Huang A, Jiang L, Liu C, Qian H, Bu X. LncRNA-MSC-AS1 inhibits the ovarian cancer progression by targeting miR-425-5p. J Ovarian Res 2021; 14:109. [PMID: 34454554 PMCID: PMC8403346 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-021-00857-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) were reported to be aberrantly expressed and related to the pathogenesis of ovarian cancer. However, the role and regulatory mechanism of MSC-AS1 in ovarian cancer has yet to be fully elucidated. METHODS Expression of lncRNA MSC-AS1 (MSC-AS1) and microRNA-425-5p (miR-425-5p) in the ovarian cancer tissue samples and cell lines was examined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The functions of MSC-AS1 on ovarian cancer cell proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis were determined using MTT, colony formation and flow cytometry analyses. The protein expression levels were evaluated using western blot assay. The targeting relationship MSC-AS1 and miR-425-5p was verified via dual-luciferase reporter assay. RESULTS MSC-AS1 expression level was lowly expressed, while miR-425-5p level was highly in ovarian cancer tissues and cells. Elevation of MSC-AS1 has the ability to significantly inhibit cell proliferation and facilitate cell apoptosis in SKOV3 and A2780 cells. Moreover, MSC-AS1 targeted and negatively modulated miR-425-5p. MiR-425-5p up-regulation has been proved to partially reverse the tumor suppressive function of MSC-AS1 overexpression CONCLUSION: MSC-AS1 sponged miR-425-5p to inhibit the ovarian cancer progression. These findings may provide a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinling Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Taizhou People's Hospital, 399 Hailing South Road, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu, China
| | - Donglan Yuan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Taizhou People's Hospital, 399 Hailing South Road, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Dandan Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Taizhou People's Hospital, 399 Hailing South Road, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tianhui Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Taizhou People's Hospital, 399 Hailing South Road, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu, China
| | - Aihua Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Taizhou People's Hospital, 399 Hailing South Road, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Taizhou People's Hospital, 399 Hailing South Road, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chiwen Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Taizhou People's Hospital, 399 Hailing South Road, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hua Qian
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Taizhou People's Hospital, 399 Hailing South Road, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xinhua Bu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Taizhou People's Hospital, 399 Hailing South Road, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu, China
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16
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Li M, Chen X, Wang X, Wei X, Wang D, Liu X, Xu L, Batu W, Li Y, Guo B, Zhang L. RSL3 enhances the antitumor effect of cisplatin on prostate cancer cells via causing glycolysis dysfunction. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 192:114741. [PMID: 34428443 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The resistance to cisplatin (DDP) and dose-related toxicity are the two important obstacles in the chemotherapy of prostate cancer (PCa) patients. The present study demonstrated that cotreatment of DDP and RSL3, a type of small molecular compound which can inactivate glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and induce ferroptosis, synergistically inhibited the viability and proliferation of PCa cells in vitro and in vivo at low dose. In vitro studies revealed that RSL3 improved that sensitivity of PCa cells to DDP by producing ROS and aggravating the cell cycle arrest and apoptosis caused by DDP. Mechanistically, RSL3 could decrease the ATP and pyruvate content as well as the protein levels of HKII, PFKP, PKM2, which indicated that RSL3 induced glycolysis dysfunction in prostate cancer cells. Rescuing RSL3-induced glycolysis dysfunction by supplement of exterior sodium pyruvate not only inhibited RSL3/DDP-induced changes of apoptosis-related proteins levels, but also mitigated the cell death caused by RSL3/DDP. In vivo studies further confirmed that cotreatment of RSL3 and DDP at low dose significantly inhibited the growth of PCa with no obvious side effects. Taken together, we demonstrated that RSL3 improved the sensitivity of PCa to DDP via causing glycolysis dysfunction. Our findings indicated that DDP-based chemotherapy combined with RSL3 might provide a promising therapy for PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxin Li
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuyang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuanzhong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaodong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ding Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaorui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Libo Xu
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wuren Batu
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Baofeng Guo
- Department of Plastic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Ling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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17
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Konoshenko M, Laktionov P. The miRNAs involved in prostate cancer chemotherapy response as chemoresistance and chemosensitivity predictors. Andrology 2021; 10:51-71. [PMID: 34333834 DOI: 10.1111/andr.13086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reliable molecular markers that allow the rational prescription of an effective chemotherapy type for each prostate cancer patient are still needed. Since microRNAs expression is associated with the response to different types of prostate cancer therapy, microRNAs represent a pool of perspective markers of therapy effectiveness comprising chemotherapy. OBJECTIVES The available data on microRNAs associated with chemotherapy response (resistance and sensitivity) are summarized and analyzed in the article. MATERIALS AND METHODS A review of the published data, as well as their analysis by current bioinformatics resources, was conducted. The molecular targets of microRNAs, as well as the reciprocal relationships between the microRNAs and their targets, were studied using the DIANA, STRING, and TransmiR databases. Special attention was dedicated to the mechanisms of prostate cancer chemoresistance development. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The combined analysis of bioinformatics resources and the available literature indicated that the expression of eight microRNAs that are associated with different responses to chemotherapy have a high potential for the prediction of the prostate cancer chemotherapy response, as found in the experiments and confirmed by the functions of regulated genes. CONCLUSION An overview on the published data and bioinformatics resources, with respect to predictive microRNA markers of chemotherapy response, is presented in this review. The selected microRNA and gene panel has a high potential for predicting the chemosensitivity or chemoresistance of prostate cancer and could represent a set of markers for subsequent study using samples of cell-free microRNAs from different patient groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Konoshenko
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Pavel Laktionov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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18
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Wang Y, Shao F, Chen L. miR-425 regulates ovarian cancer proliferation, metastasis, and apoptosis by repressing PAK4 expression. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2021; 18:76-83. [PMID: 33765367 DOI: 10.1111/ajco.13519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To explore the biological function of miR-425/PAK4 axis in proliferation, metastasis, and apoptosis of ovarian cancer (OC) cells. METHODS qRT-PCR and Western blot were adopted to examine miR-425 and PAK4 expressions in OC tissues and cell lines. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and BrdU assays were applied to detect the proliferation ability of OC cells, and Transwell assay was adopted to assess the migration and invasion of OC cells. Flow cytometry was employed to evaluate the apoptosis of OC cells. The interaction between miR-425 and PAK4 was predicted and verified by bioinformatics analysis and dual luciferase reporter gene assay, respectively. RESULTS miR-425 was reduced in OC tissues and cell lines, and its underexpression was in evident correlation with the shorter overall survival time of OC patients. miR-425 impeded OC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, and accelerated apoptosis. Additionally, PAK4 was validated as the target of miR-425, and the cotransfection of PAK4 reversed the antitumor effect of miR-425. CONCLUSION miR-425 suppresses the proliferation, migration, and invasion of OC cells and enhances apoptosis via inhibiting PAK4, and it is expected to be a prognostic indicator and therapeutic target for the patients with OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Wang
- Department of thoracic surgery, Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (ICBM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Gynecological Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Feng Shao
- Department of thoracic surgery, Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (ICBM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Gynecological Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of thoracic surgery, Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (ICBM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Gynecological Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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19
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tRNA Lys-Derived Fragment Alleviates Cisplatin-Induced Apoptosis in Prostate Cancer Cells. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13010055. [PMID: 33406670 PMCID: PMC7824007 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin is a standard treatment for prostate cancer, which is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths among men globally. However, patients who have undergone cisplatin can rxperience relapse. tRNA-derived fragments (tRFs) are small non-coding RNAs generated via tRNA cleavage; their physiological activities are linked to the development of human diseases. Specific tRFs, including tRF-315 derived from tRNALys, are highly expressed in prostate cancer patients. However, whether tRF-315 regulates prostate cancer cell proliferation or apoptosis is unclear. Herein, we confirmed that tRF-315 expression was higher in prostate cancer cells (LNCaP, DU145, and PC3) than in normal prostate cells. tRF-315 prevented cisplatin-induced apoptosis and alleviated cisplatin-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in LNCaP and DU145 cells. Moreover, transfection of tRF-315 inhibitor increased the expression of apoptotic pathway-related proteins in LNCaP and DU145 cells. Furthermore, tRF-315 targeted the tumor suppressor gene GADD45A, thus regulating the cell cycle, which was altered by cisplatin in LNCaP and DU145 cells. Thus, tRF-315 protects prostate cancer cells from mitochondrion-dependent apoptosis induced by cisplatin treatment.
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miR-425-5p Acts as a Molecular Marker and Promoted Proliferation, Migration by Targeting RNF11 in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:6530973. [PMID: 33123581 PMCID: PMC7586158 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6530973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common and dangerous malignant tumors in China, which causes a large number of deaths every year. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) dysfunction contributes to the malignant progression of tumors. The aim of our study was to investigate the relationship between the biological role of miR-425-5p and malignant progression of HCC. Our results showed that miR-425-5p expression was significantly upregulated in HCC tissues and closely related to the poor prognosis of HCC patients. The knockdown of miR-425-5p inhibited cell proliferation and migration. Further, we identified RNF11 as the downstream target gene of miR-425-5p. In addition, the rescue experiments showed that the upregulation of RNF11 could rescue the inhibitory effect of miR-425-5p on HCC. In general, miR-425-5p as an oncogene promotes the malignant development of HCC via RNF11 and serves as a molecular target for predicting the prognosis of HCC patients.
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Dong C, Fan B, Ren Z, Liu B, Wang Y. CircSMARCA5 Facilitates the Progression of Prostate Cancer Through miR-432/PDCD10 Axis. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2020; 36:70-83. [PMID: 32407167 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2019.3490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been reported to be implicated in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer (PCa). Herein, the authors explore the role and molecular mechanism of circRNA SWI/SNF-related, matrix-associated, actin-dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily a, member 5 (circSMARCA5) in PCa. Materials and Methods: The levels of circSMARCA5, SMARCA5, miR-432, and programmed cell death 10 (PDCD10) were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The circular structure and stability of circSMARCA5 were validated by qRT-PCR using Oligo dT primer, transcriptional inhibitor actinomycin D, or RNase R treatment, respectively. Cell proliferation, migration, invasion, epithelial/mesenchymal transition (EMT), and glycolysis were detected by 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), transwell migration and invasion assays, Western blot assay, and Glucose or Lactate Detection Kit, respectively. The target relationship between miR-432 and circSMARCA5 or PDCD10 was validated by dual-luciferase reporter assay and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay. Western blot was performed to detect the protein expression of PDCD10 in PCa cells. Results: CircSMARCA5 was aberrantly upregulated, and was a circular and stable RNA in PCa cells. CircSMARCA5 accelerated the proliferation, metastasis, and glycolysis of PCa cells. MiR-432 was a direct target of circSMARCA5, and circSMARCA5 accelerated the development of PCa through miR-432 in PCa cells. PDCD10 was a direct target of miR-432, and PDCD10 addition reversed the inhibitory effects of miR-432 accumulation on the proliferation, metastasis, and glycolysis of PCa cells. CircSMARCA5 upregulated the expression of PDCD10 through sponging miR-432 in PCa cells. Conclusion: CircSMARCA5 deteriorated PCa through the miR-432/PDCD10 axis. CircSMARCA5/miR-432/PDCD10 axis might be an underlying therapeutic target for PCa treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Dong
- Department of Urology Surgery, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Bo Fan
- Department of Urology Surgery, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zongtao Ren
- Department of Urology Surgery, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Urology Surgery, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yanchao Wang
- Department of Urology Surgery, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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Ashrafizadeh M, Rafiei H, Mohammadinejad R, Farkhondeh T, Samarghandian S. Wnt-regulating microRNAs role in gastric cancer malignancy. Life Sci 2020; 250:117547. [PMID: 32173311 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is responsible for high morbidity and mortality worldwide. This cancer claims fifth place among other cancers. There are a number of factors associated with GC development such as alcohol consumption and tobacco smoking. It seems that genetic factors play significant role in GC malignancy and progression. MicroRNAs (miRs) are short non-coding RNA molecules with negative impact on the expression of target genes. A variety of studies have elucidated the potential role of miRs in GC growth. Investigation of molecular pathways has revealed that miRs function as upstream modulators of Wnt signaling pathway. This signaling pathway involves in important biological processes such as cell proliferation and differentiation, and its dysregulation is associated with GC invasion. At the present review, we demonstrate that how miRs regulate Wnt signaling pathway in GC malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Rafiei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Reza Mohammadinejad
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Tahereh Farkhondeh
- Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Saeed Samarghandian
- Healthy Ageing Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran.
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Ashrafizadeh M, Ahmadi Z, Kotla NG, Afshar EG, Samarghandian S, Mandegary A, Pardakhty A, Mohammadinejad R, Sethi G. Nanoparticles Targeting STATs in Cancer Therapy. Cells 2019; 8:E1158. [PMID: 31569687 PMCID: PMC6829305 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, an increase in the incidence rate of cancer has been witnessed. Although many efforts have been made to manage and treat this life threatening condition, it is still one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Therefore, scientists have attempted to target molecular signaling pathways involved in cancer initiation and metastasis. It has been shown that signal transducers and activator of transcription (STAT) contributes to the progression of cancer cells. This important signaling pathway is associated with a number of biological processes including cell cycle, differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis. It appears that dysregulation of the STAT signaling pathway promotes the migration, viability and malignancy of various tumor cells. Hence, there have been many attempts to target the STAT signaling pathway. However, it seems that currently applied therapeutics may not be able to effectively modulate the STAT signaling pathway and suffer from a variety of drawbacks such as low bioavailability and lack of specific tumor targeting. In the present review, we demonstrate how nanocarriers can be successfully applied for encapsulation of STAT modulators in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 5166616471, Iran.
| | - Zahra Ahmadi
- Department of Basic Science, Shoushtar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar 6451741117, Iran.
| | - Niranjan G Kotla
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland Galway, Newcastle, Galway H91 W2TY, Ireland.
| | - Elham Ghasemipour Afshar
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7619813159, Iran.
| | - Saeed Samarghandian
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur 9318614139, Iran.
| | - Ali Mandegary
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7619813159, Iran.
| | - Abbas Pardakhty
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7619813159, Iran.
| | - Reza Mohammadinejad
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7616911319, Iran.
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore.
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