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Cui CY, Chen Q, He Q, Chen C, Zhang RM, Feng Y, Sun J. Transferability of tigecycline resistance: Characterization of the expanding Tet(X) family. WIREs Mech Dis 2022; 14:e1538. [PMID: 35023325 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Tetracycline and its derivative tigecycline are clinical options against Gram-negative bacterial infections. The emergence of mobile Tet(X) enzymes that destruct tetracycline-type antibiotics is posing a big challenge to antibacterial therapy and food/environmental securities. Here, we present an update on a growing number of Tet(X) variants. We describe structure and action of Tet(X) enzyme, and discuss the evolutional origin. In addition, potential Tet(X) inhibitors are given. This mini-review might benefit better understanding of Tet(X)-mediated tigecycline resistance. This article is categorized under: Infectious Diseases > Genetics/Genomics/Epigenetics Infectious Diseases > Environmental Factors Infectious Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Yue Cui
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiwei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,Department of Microbiology, and Department of General Intensive Care Unit of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qian He
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chong Chen
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rong-Min Zhang
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Youjun Feng
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Microbiology, and Department of General Intensive Care Unit of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian Sun
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Reis RAG, Li H, Johnson M, Sobrado P. New frontiers in flavin-dependent monooxygenases. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 699:108765. [PMID: 33460580 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.108765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Flavin-dependent monooxygenases catalyze a wide variety of redox reactions in important biological processes and are responsible for the synthesis of highly complex natural products. Although much has been learned about FMO chemistry in the last ~80 years of research, several aspects of the reactions catalyzed by these enzymes remain unknown. In this review, we summarize recent advancements in the flavin-dependent monooxygenase field including aspects of flavin dynamics, formation and stabilization of reactive species, and the hydroxylation mechanism. Novel catalysis of flavin-dependent N-oxidases involving consecutive oxidations of amines to generate oximes or nitrones is presented and the biological relevance of the products is discussed. In addition, the activity of some FMOs have been shown to be essential for the virulence of several human pathogens. We also discuss the biomedical relevance of FMOs in antibiotic resistance and the efforts to identify inhibitors against some members of this important and growing family enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Maxim Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Pablo Sobrado
- Department of Biochemistry, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA; Center for Drug Discovery, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
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Kudryashova EV, Visser AJWG, van Berkel WJH. Monomer formation and function of p-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase in reverse micelles and in dimethylsulfoxide/water mixtures. Chembiochem 2008; 9:413-9. [PMID: 18176933 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200700267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
It has previously been postulated that the dimeric form of the flavoprotein p-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase (PHBH) is important for catalysis. Here it is demonstrated that the monomeric form of PHBH is active. In a water/AOT/isooctane reverse micellar system, the function of the monomeric and dimeric forms of PHBH could be observed separately by varying the size of the micelles. A considerable decrease in the K(M) value for p-hydroxybenzoate (POHB) was found for monomeric PHBH, accompanied by a 1.5-fold decrease in enzymatic activity. The same tendency was observed when monomers of PHBH were formed by adding DMSO to the buffer. The FAD in PHBH and PHBH labeled with the fluorescence dye Alexa488 was investigated by time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy to observe monomer formation in water/DMSO mixtures. Monomer formation of PHBH occurred gradually with increasing DMSO content in the mixture. Pure PHBH monomers were detected at DMSO concentrations of 30 % (v/v) and higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Kudryashova
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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