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Attili L, Garofalo L, Puddu G, Tirone G, Pizzarelli A, Barbara N, Haring E, Lorenzini R. Genetic distinctiveness of an endangered falcon: Implications for conservation in Europe. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0295424. [PMID: 38117737 PMCID: PMC10732417 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In the Falconidae, the genus Falco comprises species of large birds of prey with wide distribution worldwide. However, the European lanner falcon Falco biarmicus feldeggii is rapidly heading for global extinction following a dramatic decline caused by anthropogenic interference. Conservation projects are currently underway with the main purpose of increasing its population size in the Mediterranean basin through captive breeding and release of birds into the wild. To support the projects, and strengthen the legitimacy of conservation efforts consistently with the Evolutionary Significant Unit concept, we explored the possibility of characterising the gene pool of the European lanner and reliably distinguishing it from other falcon taxa inhabiting the Mediterranean area, which show morphological and genetic similarities. To address the issue, we examined genetic variability at the nuclear level through the analysis of 12 neutral Short Tandem Repeat loci, and, for the first time in these taxa, two single-copy functional genes, coding for the brain-derived neurotrophic factor precursor and the oocyte maturation factor, respectively. The second exon of the major histocompatibility complex class II B gene was also investigated. Additionally, to frame our data with previously published data, we assess variation at the mitochondrial level by sequencing portions of the cytochrome b, 12S rRNA gene, and the control region. Our results showed that the European lanner is highly distinct from other falcon taxa, as revealed by nuclear, but not by mitochondrial DNA. We discuss our findings focusing on their implications for the preservation of this highly endangered European bird, and highlighted the critical role of genetic information in planning and monitoring concrete interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Attili
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana M. Aleandri, Centro di Referenza Nazionale per la Medicina Forense Veterinaria, Grosseto, Italy
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “C. Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa Garofalo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana M. Aleandri, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Puddu
- Regione Lazio, Riserva Naturale Lago di Vico, Caprarola, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Giampiero Tirone
- Regione Lazio, Riserva Naturale Lago di Vico, Caprarola, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Antonella Pizzarelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana M. Aleandri, Centro di Referenza Nazionale per la Medicina Forense Veterinaria, Grosseto, Italy
| | | | | | - Rita Lorenzini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana M. Aleandri, Centro di Referenza Nazionale per la Medicina Forense Veterinaria, Grosseto, Italy
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Korshunova T, Lundin K, Malmberg K, Martynov A. Narrowly defined taxa on a global scale: The phylogeny and taxonomy of the genera Catriona and Tenellia (Nudibranchia, Trinchesiidae) favours fine-scale taxonomic differentiation and dissolution of the "lumpers & splitters" dilemma. Evol Appl 2023; 16:428-460. [PMID: 36793683 PMCID: PMC9923469 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
By applying morphological and molecular data on two genera of the nudibranch molluscs it is shown that the tension between taxonomic practice and evolutionary processes persists. A review of the related genera Catriona and Tenellia is used to demonstrate that the fine-scale taxonomic differentiation is an important tool in the integration of morphological and molecular data. This is highlighted by the hidden species problem and provides strong argument that the genus must be kept as a maximally narrowly-defined entity. Otherwise, we are forced to compare a highly disparate species under the putatively lumped name "Tenellia". We demonstrate this in the present study by applying a suite of delimitation methods and describing a new species of Tenellia from the Baltic Sea. The new species possesses fine-scale morphological distinguishing features, which were not investigated before. The true, narrowly defined genus Tenellia represents a peculiar taxon with a clearly expressed paedomorphic characters and predominantly brackish-water habitats. The phylogenetically related genus Catriona, of which three new species are described here, clearly demonstrates different features. A lumping decision to call many morphologically and evolutionary different taxa as "Tenellia" will downgrade the taxonomic and phylogenetic resolution of the entire family Trinchesiidae to just a single genus. The dissolution of the dilemma of "lumpers & splitters", which still significantly affects taxonomy, will further help to make systematics a true evolutionary discipline.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kennet Lundin
- Gothenburg Natural History Museum Gothenburg Sweden.,Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Klas Malmberg
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden.,Aquatilis Gothenburg Sweden
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3
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Klunzinger MW, Whisson C, Zieritz A, Benson JA, Stewart BA, Kirkendale L. Integrated taxonomy reveals new threatened freshwater mussels (Bivalvia: Hyriidae: Westralunio) from southwestern Australia. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20385. [PMID: 36437370 PMCID: PMC9701689 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24767-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The freshwater mussel Westralunio carteri (Iredale, 1934) has long been considered the sole Westralunio species in Australia, limited to the Southwest and listed as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List and under Australian legislation. Here, we used species delimitation models based on COI mtDNA sequences to confirm existence of three evolutionarily significant units (ESUs) within this taxon and conducted morphometric analyses to investigate whether shell shape differed significantly among these ESUs. "W. carteri" I was found to be significantly larger and more elongated than "W. carteri" II and "W. carteri" II + III combined, but not different from "W. carteri" III alone. We recognise and redescribe "W. carteri" I as Westralunio carteri (Iredale, 1934) from western coastal drainages and describe "W. carteri" II and "W. carteri" III as Westralunio inbisi sp. nov. from southern and lower southwestern drainages. Two subspecies are further delineated: "W. carteri" II is formally described as Westralunio inbisi inbisi subsp. nov. from southern coastal drainages, and "W. carteri" III as Westralunio inbisi meridiemus subsp. nov. from the southwestern corner. Because this study profoundly compresses the range of Westralunio carteri northward and introduces additional southern and southwestern taxa with restricted distributions, new threatened species nominations are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Klunzinger
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 6111, Australia.
- Mollusc Section, Department of Aquatic Zoology, Western Australian Museum, Welshpool, WA, 6163, Australia.
| | - Corey Whisson
- Mollusc Section, Department of Aquatic Zoology, Western Australian Museum, Welshpool, WA, 6163, Australia
| | - Alexandra Zieritz
- School of Geography, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Justin A Benson
- Centre for Natural Resource Management, UWA School of Agriculture and the Environment, The University of Western Australia, Albany, WA, 6330, Australia
| | - Barbara A Stewart
- Centre for Natural Resource Management, UWA School of Agriculture and the Environment, The University of Western Australia, Albany, WA, 6330, Australia
| | - Lisa Kirkendale
- Mollusc Section, Department of Aquatic Zoology, Western Australian Museum, Welshpool, WA, 6163, Australia
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Mitogenome selection in the evolution of key ecological strategies in the ancient hexapod class Collembola. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14810. [PMID: 36045215 PMCID: PMC9433435 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18407-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A longstanding question in evolutionary biology is how natural selection and environmental pressures shape the mitochondrial genomic architectures of organisms. Mitochondria play a pivotal role in cellular respiration and aerobic metabolism, making their genomes functionally highly constrained. Evaluating selective pressures on mitochondrial genes can provide functional and ecological insights into the evolution of organisms. Collembola (springtails) are an ancient hexapod group that includes the oldest terrestrial arthropods in the fossil record, and that are closely associated with soil environments. Of interest is the diversity of habitat stratification preferences (life forms) exhibited by different species within the group. To understand whether signals of positive selection are linked to the evolution of life forms, we analysed 32 published Collembola mitogenomes in a phylomitogenomic framework. We found no evidence that signatures of selection are correlated with the evolution of novel life forms, but rather that mutations have accumulated as a function of time. Our results highlight the importance of nuclear-mitochondrial interactions in the evolution of collembolan life forms and that mitochondrial genomic data should be interpreted with caution, as complex selection signals may complicate evolutionary inferences.
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Doyle JJ. Cell types as species: Exploring a metaphor. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:868565. [PMID: 36072310 PMCID: PMC9444152 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.868565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The concept of "cell type," though fundamental to cell biology, is controversial. Cells have historically been classified into types based on morphology, physiology, or location. More recently, single cell transcriptomic studies have revealed fine-scale differences among cells with similar gross phenotypes. Transcriptomic snapshots of cells at various stages of differentiation, and of cells under different physiological conditions, have shown that in many cases variation is more continuous than discrete, raising questions about the relationship between cell type and cell state. Some researchers have rejected the notion of fixed types altogether. Throughout the history of discussions on cell type, cell biologists have compared the problem of defining cell type with the interminable and often contentious debate over the definition of arguably the most important concept in systematics and evolutionary biology, "species." In the last decades, systematics, like cell biology, has been transformed by the increasing availability of molecular data, and the fine-grained resolution of genetic relationships have generated new ideas about how that variation should be classified. There are numerous parallels between the two fields that make exploration of the "cell types as species" metaphor timely. These parallels begin with philosophy, with discussion of both cell types and species as being either individuals, groups, or something in between (e.g., homeostatic property clusters). In each field there are various different types of lineages that form trees or networks that can (and in some cases do) provide criteria for grouping. Developing and refining models for evolutionary divergence of species and for cell type differentiation are parallel goals of the two fields. The goal of this essay is to highlight such parallels with the hope of inspiring biologists in both fields to look for new solutions to similar problems outside of their own field.
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Main DC, van Vuuren BJ, Tilbury CR, Tolley KA. Out of southern Africa: Origins and cryptic speciation in Chamaeleo, the most widespread chameleon genus. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2022; 175:107578. [PMID: 35809854 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Molecular phylogenetics and the application of species delimitation methods have proven useful in addressing limitations associated with morphology based taxonomy and have highlighted the inconsistencies in the current taxonomy for many groups. For example, the genus Chamaeleo, which comprises 14 species with large distributions across mainland Africa and parts of Eurasia, exhibits relatively minor phenotypic differentiation between species, leading to speculation regarding the presence of cryptic diversity in the genus. Therefore, the aims of the present study were to construct a robust and comprehensive phylogeny of the genus and highlight potential species-level cryptic diversity. Additionally, we sought to ascertain the most likely biogeographic origin of the genus and understand its spatio-temporal diversification. Accordingly, we made use of species delimitation methods (Bayesian and divergence based) to investigate the extent of cryptic diversity in Chamaeleo, and applied an ancestral area reconstruction to examine the biogeographic origin of the group. Our phylogenetic analyses suggested the presence of at least 18 taxa within Chamaeleo. Notably, three taxa could be recognised within C. dilepis, none of which are equivalent in context with any of the currently described subspecies. There were also three taxa within C. gracilis and two within C. anchietae. The single available tissue specimen identified as C. necasi was embedded within the C. gracilis clade. Our ancestral area reconstruction points to a southern African/Zambezian origin for Chamaeleo, with diversification beginning during the cooling and aridification of Africa that characterised the Oligocene Epoch, ca. 34-23 Mya (Million years ago). Species-level diversification began in the Miocene Epoch (ca. 23-5 Mya), possibly tracking the aridification that triggered the shift from forest to more open, mesic savanna for most clades, but with tectonic events influencing speciation in a Palearctic clade. These findings lay the foundation for a future integrative taxonomic re-evaluation of Chamaeleo, which will be supported with additional lines of evidence before implementing any taxonomic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon C Main
- Centre for Ecological Genomics and Wildlife Conservation, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, 2006 Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Bettine Jansen van Vuuren
- Centre for Ecological Genomics and Wildlife Conservation, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, 2006 Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Colin R Tilbury
- Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, South Africa
| | - Krystal A Tolley
- Centre for Ecological Genomics and Wildlife Conservation, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, 2006 Johannesburg, South Africa; South African National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch Research Centre, Private Bag X7 Claremont, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Johnson A, Forschler BT. Biodiversity and Distribution of Reticulitermes in the Southeastern USA. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13070565. [PMID: 35886741 PMCID: PMC9316241 DOI: 10.3390/insects13070565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Describing global biodiversity involves identifying species and describing their distributions. The subterranean termite genus Reticulitermes represents an important group of wood-destroying organisms; however, little is known about their species-specific distribution across the three northern hemisphere continents where they are endemic. We combined several taxonomic methods to identify the species of over 4000 specimens in the first statewide survey of subterranean termites from Georgia, USA. The area surveyed, 153,900 km2, represents eco-regions typical of most of the southeast and eastern seaboard of the United States. There were three species, R. flavipes, R. virginicus, and R. nelsonae, found throughout Georgia. R. malletei was predominantly collected in the northern Piedmont soil province, while R. hageni, the least encountered species, was not collected from South Georgia. Our findings support the need for a taxonomic revision of the genus Reticulitermes, agreement on an appropriate integrated taxonomic approach for species determination, and should stimulate future research on diverse topics such as biodiversity, monitoring for these structural pests, and identifying their role in forest ecosystems. Abstract Reticulitermes subterranean termites are widely distributed ecosystem engineers and structural pests, yet describing their species distribution worldwide or regionally has been hindered by taxonomic uncertainties. Morphological plasticity confounds the use of taxonomic keys, while recent species descriptions and molecular techniques lacking taxonomic support have caused a muddle in interpreting the literature on Reticulitermes species distributions. We employed an integrative taxonomic approach combining behavioral, morphological, and molecular techniques to identify 4371 Reticulitermes samples to species. Five Reticulitermes species were collected from wood-on-ground at 1570 sites covering 153,900 km2 in the state of Georgia, USA. Three species were collected throughout Georgia, with R. flavipes identified from every one of the 159 counties. R. nelsonae was the second most frequently collected species, found in 128 counties, with R. virginicus third with 122. Two species had distributions confined to the northern part of the state. R. malletei was collected from 73 counties, while the least collected species, R. hageni, was found in 16. Results show that the most recently described species (R. nelsonae, 2012) is widely distributed and the second-most frequently encountered termite, representing 23% of all samples. The invasive species R. flavipes represented half of all the samples collected, while R. hageni, the least at less than 1%. A search of GenBank identified a number of accessions mismatched to a species designation resulting in the literature under-reporting the biodiversity of the genus. We, therefore, outline a path to standardize methods for species identification using an integrated taxonomic approach with appropriate barcodes for consistent identification across research teams worldwide. The data also illuminate new opportunities to examine questions related to the ecology, evolution, dispersal, and resource partitioning behaviors of these sympatric species across distinct geographical regions.
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Chang JT, Chao CT, Nakamura K, Liu HL, Luo MX, Liao PC. Divergence With Gene Flow and Contrasting Population Size Blur the Species Boundary in Cycas Sect. Asiorientales, as Inferred From Morphology and RAD-Seq Data. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:824158. [PMID: 35615129 PMCID: PMC9125193 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.824158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The divergence process of incipient species is fascinating but elusive by incomplete lineage sorting or gene flow. Species delimitation is also challenging among those morphologically similar allopatric species, especially when lacking comprehensive data. Cycas sect. Asiorientales, comprised of C. taitungensis and C. revoluta in the Ryukyu Archipelago and Taiwan, diverged recently with continuous gene flow, resulting in a reciprocal paraphyletic relationship. Their previous evolutionary inferences are questioned from few genetic markers, incomplete sampling, and incomprehensive morphological comparison by a long-term taxonomic misconception. By whole range sampling, this study tests the geographic mode of speciation in the two species of Asiorientales by approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) using genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The individual tree was reconstructed to delimit the species and track the gene-flow trajectory. With the comparison of diagnostic morphological traits and genetic data, the allopatric speciation was rejected. Alternatively, continuous but spatially heterogeneous gene flow driven by transoceanic vegetative dispersal and pollen flow with contrasting population sizes blurred their species boundary. On the basis of morphological, genetic, and evolutionary evidence, we synonymized these two Cycas species. This study highlights not only the importance of the Kuroshio Current to species evolution but also the disadvantage of using species with geographically structured genealogies as conservation units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Tse Chang
- School of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ti Chao
- School of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Koh Nakamura
- Botanic Garden, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hsiao-Lei Liu
- Department of Anthropology, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Min-Xin Luo
- School of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chun Liao
- School of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Kitchener AC, Hoffmann M, Yamaguchi N, Breitenmoser-Würsten C, Wilting A. A system for designating taxonomic certainty in mammals and other taxa. Mamm Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s42991-021-00205-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
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10
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Pyle RL, Barik SK, Christidis L, Conix S, Costello MJ, van Dijk PP, Garnett ST, Hobern D, Kirk PM, Lien AM, Orrell TM, Remsen D, Thomson SA, Wambiji N, Zachos FE, Zhang ZQ, Thiele KR. Towards a global list of accepted species V. The devil is in the detail. ORG DIVERS EVOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-021-00504-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Tschopp E, Napoli JG, Wencker LCM, Delfino M, Upchurch P. How to Render Species Comparable Taxonomic Units Through Deep Time: a Case Study on Intraspecific Osteological Variability in Extant and Extinct Lacertid Lizards. Syst Biol 2021; 71:875-900. [PMID: 34605923 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syab078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Generally, the species is considered to be the only naturally occurring taxon. However, species recognised and defined using different species delimitation criteria cannot readily be compared, impacting studies of biodiversity through Deep Time. This comparability issue is particularly marked when comparing extant with extinct species, because the only available data for species delimitation in fossils is derived from their preserved morphology, which is generally restricted to osteology in vertebrates. Here, we quantify intraspecific, intrageneric, and intergeneric osteological variability in extant species of lacertid lizards using pairwise dissimilarity scores based on a dataset of 253 discrete osteological characters for 99 specimens referred to 24 species. Variability is always significantly lower intraspecifically than between individuals belonging to distinct species of a single genus, which is in turn significantly lower than intergeneric variability. Average values of intraspecific variability and associated standard deviations are consistent (with few exceptions), with an overall average within a species of 0.208 changes per character scored. Application of the same methods to six extinct lacertid species (represented by 40 fossil specimens) revealed that intraspecific osteological variability is inconsistent, which can at least in part be attributed to different researchers having unequal expectations of the skeletal dissimilarity within species units. Such a divergent interpretation of intraspecific and interspecific variability among extant and extinct species reinforces the incomparability of the species unit. Lacertidae is an example where extant species recognised and defined based on a number of delimitation criteria show comparable and consistent intraspecific osteological variability. Here, as well as in equivalent cases, application of those skeletal dissimilarity values to palaeontological species delimitation potentially provides a way to ameliorate inconsistencies created by the use of morphology to define species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Tschopp
- Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.,Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA.,Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Torino, Italy.,GeoBioTec, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
| | - James G Napoli
- Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA.,Richard Gilder Graduate School, American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA
| | | | - Massimo Delfino
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Torino, Italy.,Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paul Upchurch
- Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, London, UK
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Joshi J, Agarwal I. Integrative Taxonomy in the Indian Subcontinent: Current Progress and Prospects. J Indian Inst Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s41745-021-00244-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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13
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Hashemzadeh Segherloo I, Freyhof J, Berrebi P, Ferchaud AL, Geiger M, Laroche J, Levin BA, Normandeau E, Bernatchez L. A genomic perspective on an old question: Salmo trouts or Salmo trutta (Teleostei: Salmonidae)? Mol Phylogenet Evol 2021; 162:107204. [PMID: 34015446 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
There are particular challenges in defining the taxonomic status of recently radiated groups due to the low level of phylogenetic signal. Members of the Salmo trutta species-complex, which mostly evolved during and following the Pleistocene, show high morphological and ecological diversity that, along with their very wide geographic distribution, have led to morphological description of 47 extant nominal species. However, many of these species have not been supported by previous phylogenetic studies, which could be partly due to lack of significant genetic differences among them, the limited resolution offered by molecular methods previously used, as well as the often local scale of these studies. The development of next-generation sequencing (NGS) and related analytical tools have enhanced our ability to address such challenging questions. In this study, Genotyping-by-Sequencing (GBS) of 15,169 filtered SNPs and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) D-loop sequences were combined to assess the phylogenetic relationships among 166 brown trouts representing 21 described species and three undescribed groups collected from 84 localities throughout their natural distribution in Europe, west Asia, and North Africa. The data were analysed using different clustering algorithms (admixture analysis and discriminant analysis of principal components-DAPC), a Bayes Factor Delimitation (BFD) test, species tree reconstruction, gene flow tests (three- and four-population tests), and Rogue taxa identification tests. Genomic contributions of the Atlantic lineage brown trout were found in all major sea basins excluding the North African and Aral Sea basins, suggesting introgressive hybridization of native brown trouts driven by stocking using strains of the Atlantic lineage. After removing the phylogenetic noise caused by the Atlantic brown trout, admixture clusters and DAPC clustering based on GBS data, respectively, resolved 11 and 13 clusters among the previously described brown trout species, which were also supported by BFD test results. Our results suggest that natural hybridization between different brown trout lineages has probably played an important role in the origin of several of the putative species, including S. marmoratus, S. carpio, S. farioides, S. pellegrini, S. caspius (in the Kura River drainage) and Salmo sp. in the Danube River basin. Overall, our results support a multi-species taxonomy for brown trouts. They also resolve some species in the Adriatic-Mediterranean and Black Sea drainages as members of very closely related genomic clusters that may need taxonomic revision. However, any final conclusions pertaining to the taxonomy of the brown trout complex should be based on an integrative approach combining genomic, morphological, and ecological data. To avoid challenges in taxonomy and conservation of species complexes like brown trouts, it is suggested to describe species based on genomic clusters of populations instead of describing species based only on morphologically differentiated single type populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iraj Hashemzadeh Segherloo
- Department of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Earth Sciences, Shahr-e-Kord University, Shahr-e-Kord, Iran; Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Jörg Freyhof
- Museum für Naturkunde Leibniz Institute for Research on Evolution and Biodiversity at the Humboldt University Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Berrebi
- Genome - Research & Diagnostic, 697 avenue de Lunel, 34400 Saint-Just, France
| | - Anne-Laure Ferchaud
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Matthias Geiger
- Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Museum Alexander Koenig, Leibniz Institute for Animal Biodiversity, 53133 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jérôme Laroche
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Boris A Levin
- Papanin Institute of Biology of Inland Waters, Russian Academy of Sciences, Borok, Yaroslavl Region, Russia & Cherepovets State University, Cherepovets, Vologda Region, Russia
| | - Eric Normandeau
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Louis Bernatchez
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
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14
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Diwekar U, Amekudzi-Kennedy A, Bakshi B, Baumgartner R, Boumans R, Burger P, Cabezas H, Egler M, Farley J, Fath B, Gleason T, Huang Y, Karunanithi A, Khanna V, Mangan A, Mayer AL, Mukherjee R, Mullally G, Rico-Ramirez V, Shonnard D, Svanström M, Theis T. A perspective on the role of uncertainty in sustainability science and engineering. RESOURCES, CONSERVATION, AND RECYCLING 2021; 164:105140. [PMID: 32921915 PMCID: PMC7480224 DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Trans-Atlantic Research and Development Interchange on Sustainability Workshop (TARDIS) is a meeting on scientific topics related to sustainability. The 2019 workshop theme was "On the Role of Uncertainty in Managing the Earth for Global Sustainability." This paper presents the perspectives on this topic derived from talks and discussions at the 2019 TARDIS workshop. There are four kinds of uncertainties encountered in sustainability ranging from clear enough futures to true surprises. The current state-of-the-art in assessing and mitigating these uncertainties is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Diwekar
- Vishwamitra Research Institute, Crystal Lake, IL 60012, United States
| | | | - B Bakshi
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - R Baumgartner
- University of Graz, Merangasse 18/I, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - R Boumans
- AFORDable Futures LLC, Charlotte, VT, United States
| | - P Burger
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - H Cabezas
- University of Miskolc, Miskolc, Hungary
| | - M Egler
- University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - J Farley
- University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - B Fath
- Towson University, Towson, MD, United States
- Advanced Systems Analysis Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - T Gleason
- USA Environmental Protection Agency, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882, United States
| | - Y Huang
- Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - A Karunanithi
- University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, 80217, United States
| | - V Khanna
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - A Mangan
- United States Business Council for Sustainable Development, Austin, Texas, United States
| | - A L Mayer
- Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, United States
| | - R Mukherjee
- Vishwamitra Research Institute, Crystal Lake, IL 60012, United States
- The University of Texas Permian Basin, Odessa, TX, 79762, United States
| | | | - V Rico-Ramirez
- Instituto Tecnologico de Celaya, Celaya, Guanajuato 38010, Mexico
| | - D Shonnard
- Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, United States
| | - M Svanström
- Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - T Theis
- The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, United States
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15
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Mussmann SM, Douglas MR, Oakey DD, Douglas ME. Defining relictual biodiversity: Conservation units in speckled dace (Leuciscidae: Rhinichthys osculus) of the Greater Death Valley ecosystem. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:10798-10817. [PMID: 33072297 PMCID: PMC7548178 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The tips in the tree of life serve as foci for conservation and management, yet clear delimitations are masked by inherent variance at the species-population interface. Analyses using thousands of nuclear loci can potentially sort inconsistencies, yet standard categories applied to this parsing are themselves potentially conflicting and/or subjective [e.g., DPS (distinct population segments); DUs (Diagnosable Units-Canada); MUs (management units); SSP (subspecies); ESUs (Evolutionarily Significant Units); and UIEUs (uniquely identified evolutionary units)]. One potential solution for consistent categorization is to create a comparative framework by accumulating statistical results from independent studies and evaluating congruence among data sets. Our study illustrates this approach in speckled dace (Leuciscidae: Rhinichthys osculus) endemic to two basins (Owens and Amargosa) in the Death Valley ecosystem. These fish persist in the Mojave Desert as isolated Plio-Pleistocene relicts and are of conservation concern, but lack formal taxonomic descriptions/designations. Double digest RAD (ddRAD) methods identified 14,355 SNP loci across 10 populations (N = 140). Species delimitation analyses [multispecies coalescent (MSC) and unsupervised machine learning (UML)] delineated four putative ESUs. F ST outlier loci (N = 106) were juxtaposed to uncover the potential for localized adaptations. We detected one hybrid population that resulted from upstream reconnection of habitat following contemporary pluvial periods, whereas remaining populations represent relics of ancient tectonism within geographically isolated springs and groundwater-fed streams. Our study offers three salient conclusions: a blueprint for a multifaceted delimitation of conservation units; a proposed mechanism by which criteria for intraspecific biodiversity can be potentially standardized; and a strong argument for the proactive management of critically endangered Death Valley ecosystem fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M. Mussmann
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of ArkansasFayettevilleARUSA
| | - Marlis R. Douglas
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of ArkansasFayettevilleARUSA
| | - David D. Oakey
- School of Life SciencesArizona State UniversityTempeAZUSA
- Present address:
Arizona State Veteran HomePhoenixAZUSA
| | - Michael E. Douglas
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of ArkansasFayettevilleARUSA
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16
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De Mattia W, Fehér Z, Mason K, Haring E. An integrative approach to the taxonomy and systematics within the genus MontenegrinaBoettger, 1877 (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Clausiliidae). J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jzs.12407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Willy De Mattia
- Central Research Laboratories Natural History Museum Vienna Vienna Austria
- Department of Evolutionary Biology University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Zoltán Fehér
- Department of Zoology Hungarian Natural History Museum Budapest Hungary
- 3rd Zoological Department Natural History Museum Vienna Austria
| | - Katharina Mason
- Central Research Laboratories Natural History Museum Vienna Vienna Austria
- Department of Evolutionary Biology University of Vienna Vienna Austria
- 3rd Zoological Department Natural History Museum Vienna Austria
| | - Elisabeth Haring
- Central Research Laboratories Natural History Museum Vienna Vienna Austria
- Department of Evolutionary Biology University of Vienna Vienna Austria
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17
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McClure CJW, Lepage D, Dunn L, Anderson DL, Schulwitz SE, Camacho L, Robinson BW, Christidis L, Schulenberg TS, Iliff MJ, Rasmussen PC, Johnson J. Towards reconciliation of the four world bird lists: hotspots of disagreement in taxonomy of raptors. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20200683. [PMID: 32546096 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.0683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There are currently four world bird lists referenced by different stakeholders including governments, academic journals, museums and citizen scientists. Consolidation of these lists is a conservation and research priority. In reconciling lists, care must be taken to ensure agreement in taxonomic concepts-the actual groups of individual organisms circumscribed by a given scientific epithet. Here, we compare species-level taxonomic concepts for raptors across the four lists, highlighting areas of disagreement. Of the 665 species-level raptor taxa observed at least once among the four lists, only 453 (68%) were consistent across all four lists. The Howard and Moore Checklist of the Birds of the World contains the fewest raptor species (528), whereas the International Ornithological Community World Bird List contains the most (580) and these two lists are in the most disagreement. Of the disagreements, 67% involved owls, and Indonesia was the country containing the most disagreed upon species (169). Finally, we calculated the amount of species-level agreement across lists for each avian order and found raptor orders spread throughout the rankings of agreement. Our results emphasize the need to reconcile the four world bird lists for all avian orders, highlight broad disagreements across lists and identify hotspots of disagreement for raptors, in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Denis Lepage
- Birds Canada, PO Box 160, 115 Front Street, Port Rowan, Ontario, Canada N0E 1M0
| | - Leah Dunn
- The Peregrine Fund, 5668 West Flying Hawk Lane, Boise, ID 83709, USA
| | - David L Anderson
- The Peregrine Fund, 5668 West Flying Hawk Lane, Boise, ID 83709, USA
| | - Sarah E Schulwitz
- The Peregrine Fund, 5668 West Flying Hawk Lane, Boise, ID 83709, USA
| | - Leticia Camacho
- The Peregrine Fund, 5668 West Flying Hawk Lane, Boise, ID 83709, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences and Raptor Research Center, Boise State University, 1910, Boise, ID 83725, USA
| | | | - Les Christidis
- Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Marshall J Iliff
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, 159 Sapsucker Woods Road, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Pamela C Rasmussen
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University Museum, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jeff Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #310559, Denton, TX 76203, USA
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18
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Korshunova T, Malmberg K, Prkić J, Petani A, Fletcher K, Lundin K, Martynov A. Fine-scale species delimitation: speciation in process and periodic patterns in nudibranch diversity. Zookeys 2020; 917:15-50. [PMID: 32206016 PMCID: PMC7076062 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.917.47444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Using the nudibranch genus Amphorina as a model, ongoing speciation is demonstrated, as well as how periodic-like patterns in colouration can be included in an integrated method of fine-scale species delimitation. By combining several methods, including BPP analysis and the study of molecular, morphological, and ecological data from a large number of specimens within a broad geographic range from northern Europe to the Mediterranean, five species are recognised within the genus Amphorina, reviewed here for the first time. Two new species from the southwestern coast of Sweden are described, A. viriola sp. nov. and A. andra sp. nov. Evidence is provided of a recent speciation process between the two closely related, yet separate, species which inhabit the same geographic localities but demonstrate strict water depth differentiation, with one species inhabiting the shallow brackish top layer above the halocline and the other species inhabiting the underlying saltier water. The results presented here are of relevance for currently debated issues such as conservation in relation to speciation, fine species delimitation, and integration of molecular, morphological and ecological information in biodiversity studies. The periodic approach to biological taxonomy has considerable practical potential for various organismal groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Korshunova
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology RAS, 26 Vavilova Str., 119334 Moscow, Russia Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology RAS Moscow Russia.,Zoological Museum, Moscow State University, Bolshaya Nikitskaya Str. 6, 125009 Moscow, Russia Moscow State University Moscow Russia
| | - Klas Malmberg
- Aquatilis, Nostravägen 11, S-41743, Gothenburg, Sweden Aquatilis Gothenburgh Sweden
| | - Jakov Prkić
- Getaldiceva 11, C 21000 Split, Croatia Unaffiliated Split Croatia
| | - Alen Petani
- Put Kotlara 6, C 23000 Zadar, Croatia Unaffiliated Zadar Croatia
| | - Karin Fletcher
- Port Orchard, Washington, 98366, USA Unaffiliated Port Orchard United States of America
| | - Kennet Lundin
- Gothenburg Natural History Museum, Box 7283, SE-40235, Gothenburg, Sweden Gothenburg Natural History Museum Gothenburg Sweden.,Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Box 461, SE-40530, Gothenburg, Sweden Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Alexander Martynov
- Zoological Museum, Moscow State University, Bolshaya Nikitskaya Str. 6, 125009 Moscow, Russia Moscow State University Moscow Russia
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19
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Abstract
The cephalochordates amphioxus or lancelets are benthic marine animals representing the earliest divergent evolutionary lineage within chordates. Although amphioxus are present in most of the world's tropical and temperate oceans, only about thirty different species grouped into three different genera, Branchiostoma, Epigonichthys and Asymmetron have been described. In the genus Asymmetron, only two species have been characterized, although for one of them, A. lucayanum, several cryptic lineages exist. In this work we have sequenced and analyzed the mitogenome of an A. lucayanum population previously described in the Red Sea. The phylogenetic study using this complete mitogenome as well as the analysis of COI gene sequences of several individuals of this Red Sea population show that the Red Sea population is a new cryptic species. We propose to call this new species Asymmetron rubrum.
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20
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Hundsdoerfer AK, Lee KM, Kitching IJ, Mutanen M. Genome-wide SNP Data Reveal an Overestimation of Species Diversity in a Group of Hawkmoths. Genome Biol Evol 2020; 11:2136-2150. [PMID: 31143925 PMCID: PMC6685492 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evz113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The interface between populations and evolving young species continues to generate much contemporary debate in systematics depending on the species concept(s) applied but which ultimately reduces to the fundamental question of “when do nondiscrete entities become distinct, mutually exclusive evolutionary units”? Species are perceived as critical biological entities, and the discovery and naming of new species is perceived by many authors as a major research aim for assessing current biodiversity before much of it becomes extinct. However, less attention is given to determining whether these names represent valid biological entities because this is perceived as both a laborious chore and an undesirable research outcome. The charismatic spurge hawkmoths (Hyles euphorbiae complex, HEC) offer an opportunity to study this less fashionable aspect of systematics. To elucidate this intriguing systematic challenge, we analyzed over 10,000 ddRAD single nucleotide polymorphisms from 62 individuals using coalescent-based and population genomic methodology. These genome-wide data reveal a clear overestimation of (sub)species-level diversity and demonstrate that the HEC taxonomy has been seriously oversplit. We conclude that only one valid species name should be retained for the entire HEC, namely Hyles euphorbiae, and we do not recognize any formal subspecies or other taxonomic subdivisions within it. Although the adoption of genetic tools has frequently revealed morphologically cryptic diversity, the converse, taxonomic oversplitting of species, is generally (and wrongly in our opinion) accepted as rare. Furthermore, taxonomic oversplitting is most likely to have taken place in intensively studied popular and charismatic organisms such as the HEC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyung Min Lee
- Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Ian J Kitching
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marko Mutanen
- Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, University of Oulu, Finland
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21
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Babiychuk E, Teixeira JG, Tyski L, Guimaraes JTF, Romeiro LA, da Silva EF, Dos Santos JF, Vasconcelos S, da Silva DF, Castilho A, Siqueira JO, Fonseca VLI, Kushnir S. Geography is essential for reproductive isolation between florally diversified morning glory species from Amazon canga savannahs. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18052. [PMID: 31792228 PMCID: PMC6889514 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53853-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The variety, relative importance and eco-evolutionary stability of reproductive barriers are critical to understanding the processes of speciation and species persistence. Here we evaluated the strength of the biotic prezygotic and postzygotic isolation barriers between closely related morning glory species from Amazon canga savannahs. The flower geometry and flower visitor assemblage analyses supported pollination by the bees in lavender-flowered Ipomoea marabaensis and recruitment of hummingbirds as pollinators in red-flowered Ipomoea cavalcantei. Nevertheless, native bee species and alien honeybees foraged on flowers of both species. Real-time interspecific hybridization underscored functionality of the overlap in flower visitor assemblages, questioning the strength of prezygotic isolation underpinned by diversification in flower colour and geometry. Interspecific hybrids were fertile and produced offspring in nature. No significant asymmetry in interspecific hybridization and hybrid incompatibilities among offspring were found, indicating weak postmating and postzygotic isolation. The results suggested that despite floral diversification, the insular-type geographic isolation remains a major barrier to gene flow. Findings set a framework for the future analysis of contemporary evolution of plant-pollinator networks at the population, community, and ecosystem levels in tropical ecosystems that are known to be distinct from the more familiar temperate climate models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Babiychuk
- Instituto Tecnológico Vale, Rua Boaventura da Silva 955, CEP 66055-090, Belém, Pará, Brazil.
| | | | - Lourival Tyski
- Parque Zoobotânico Vale, VALE S.A., Rod. Raimundo Mascarenhas, Km 26, S/N., Núcleo Urbano de Carajás, CEP 68516-000, Parauapebas, Pará, Brazil
| | | | - Luiza Araújo Romeiro
- Instituto Tecnológico Vale, Rua Boaventura da Silva 955, CEP 66055-090, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | | | | | - Santelmo Vasconcelos
- Instituto Tecnológico Vale, Rua Boaventura da Silva 955, CEP 66055-090, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Delmo Fonseca da Silva
- Parque Zoobotânico Vale, VALE S.A., Rod. Raimundo Mascarenhas, Km 26, S/N., Núcleo Urbano de Carajás, CEP 68516-000, Parauapebas, Pará, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Castilho
- Gerência de Meio Ambiente, Departamento de Ferrosos Corredor Norte, Vale S.A., Rua Guamá n 60, Núcleo Urbano, CEP 68516-000, Parauapebas, Pará, Brazil
| | - José Oswaldo Siqueira
- Instituto Tecnológico Vale, Rua Boaventura da Silva 955, CEP 66055-090, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | | | - Sergei Kushnir
- Unaffiliated, Belém, Pará, Brazil.,Teagasc, Crop Science Department, Oak Park, Carlow, R93 XE12, Ireland
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22
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Zachos FE, Christidis L, Garnett ST. Mammalian species and the twofold nature of taxonomy: a comment on Taylor et al. 2019. MAMMALIA 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/mammalia-2019-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In a recently published paper, Taylor and colleagues discussed different approaches and interpretations of mammalian taxonomy and their bearing on more general issues such as conservation and evolutionary biology. We fully endorse the fundamental importance of taxonomy and its being grounded on scientific principles. However, we also deplore a lack of awareness in the literature of the fact that taxonomy is a twofold enterprise that encompasses not only (i) the scientific description and quantitative analysis of biodiversity but also (ii) an executive decision as to how the results of (i) are translated into names. This has serious ramifications for the conservation of our planet’s dwindling biodiversity and when taxonomic names are used as raw data for ecological and evolutionary analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank E. Zachos
- Natural History Museum Vienna , Mammal Collection , Burgring 7 , 1010 Vienna , Austria
- Department of Genetics , University of the Free State , PO Box 339 , Bloemfontein , South Africa
- Department of Integrative Zoology , University of Vienna , Althanstraße 14 , 1090 Vienna , Austria
| | - Les Christidis
- School of Environment, Science and Engineering , Southern Cross University , Coffs Harbour , NSW 2450 , Australia
| | - Stephen T. Garnett
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods , Charles Darwin University , Darwin , NT 0909 , Australia
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23
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Kunz F, Gamauf A, Zachos FE, Haring E. Mitochondrial phylogenetics of the goshawk
Accipiter
[
gentilis
] superspecies. J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jzs.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Kunz
- Central Research Laboratories Natural History Museum Vienna Vienna Austria
- Institute of Wildlife Biology and Game Management University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Anita Gamauf
- 1st Zoological Department Natural History Museum Vienna Vienna Austria
- Department of Integrative Zoology University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Frank E. Zachos
- 1st Zoological Department Natural History Museum Vienna Vienna Austria
- Department of Integrative Zoology University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Elisabeth Haring
- Central Research Laboratories Natural History Museum Vienna Vienna Austria
- Department of Integrative Zoology University of Vienna Vienna Austria
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24
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Conix S. Taxonomy and conservation science: interdependent and value-laden. HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF THE LIFE SCIENCES 2019; 41:15. [PMID: 30937631 DOI: 10.1007/s40656-019-0252-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The relation between conservation science and taxonomy is typically seen as a simple dependency of the former on the latter. This dependency is assumed to be strictly one-way to avoid normative concerns from conservation science inappropriately affecting the descriptive discipline of taxonomy. In this paper, I argue against this widely assumed standard view on the relation between these two disciplines by highlighting two important roles for conservation scientists in scientific decisions that are part of the internal stages of taxonomy. I show that these roles imply that the two disciplines should be interdependent and that value-judgments should play a substantial role in both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stijn Conix
- Institute of Philosophy, KU Leuven, Vesaliusstraat 2, 3000, Louvain, Belgium.
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25
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26
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