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Clark SA, Vazquez A, Furiya K, Splattstoesser MK, Bashmail AK, Schwartz H, Russell M, Bhark SJ, Moreno OK, McGovern M, Owsley ER, Nelson TA, Sanchez EL, Delgado T. Rewiring of the Host Cell Metabolome and Lipidome during Lytic Gammaherpesvirus Infection Is Essential for Infectious-Virus Production. J Virol 2023; 97:e0050623. [PMID: 37191529 PMCID: PMC10308918 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00506-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic virus infections are estimated to cause ~15% of all cancers. Two prevalent human oncogenic viruses are members of the gammaherpesvirus family: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV). We use murine herpesvirus 68 (MHV-68), which shares significant homology with KSHV and EBV, as a model system to study gammaherpesvirus lytic replication. Viruses implement distinct metabolic programs to support their life cycle, such as increasing the supply of lipids, amino acids, and nucleotide materials necessary to replicate. Our data define the global changes in the host cell metabolome and lipidome during gammaherpesvirus lytic replication. Our metabolomics analysis found that MHV-68 lytic infection induces glycolysis, glutaminolysis, lipid metabolism, and nucleotide metabolism. We additionally observed an increase in glutamine consumption and glutamine dehydrogenase protein expression. While both glucose and glutamine starvation of host cells decreased viral titers, glutamine starvation led to a greater loss in virion production. Our lipidomics analysis revealed a peak in triacylglycerides early during infection and an increase in free fatty acids and diacylglyceride later in the viral life cycle. Furthermore, we observed an increase in the protein expression of multiple lipogenic enzymes during infection. Interestingly, pharmacological inhibitors of glycolysis or lipogenesis resulted in decreased infectious virus production. Taken together, these results illustrate the global alterations in host cell metabolism during lytic gammaherpesvirus infection, establish essential pathways for viral production, and recommend targeted mechanisms to block viral spread and treat viral induced tumors. IMPORTANCE Viruses are intracellular parasites which lack their own metabolism, so they must hijack host cell metabolic machinery in order to increase the production of energy, proteins, fats, and genetic material necessary to replicate. Using murine herpesvirus 68 (MHV-68) as a model system to understand how similar human gammaherpesviruses cause cancer, we profiled the metabolic changes that occur during lytic MHV-68 infection and replication. We found that MHV-68 infection of host cells increases glucose, glutamine, lipid, and nucleotide metabolic pathways. We also showed inhibition or starvation of glucose, glutamine, or lipid metabolic pathways results in an inhibition of virus production. Ultimately, targeting changes in host cell metabolism due to viral infection can be used to treat gammaherpesvirus-induced cancers and infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Clark
- Northwest University, Department of Biology, Kirkland, Washington, USA
| | - Angie Vazquez
- Seattle Pacific University, Department of Biology, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kelsey Furiya
- Seattle Pacific University, Department of Biology, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | | | - Haleigh Schwartz
- Northwest University, Department of Biology, Kirkland, Washington, USA
| | - Makaiya Russell
- Seattle Pacific University, Department of Biology, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Shun-Je Bhark
- Seattle Pacific University, Department of Biology, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Osvaldo K. Moreno
- San Francisco State University, Department of Biology, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Morgan McGovern
- Seattle Pacific University, Department of Biology, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Eric R. Owsley
- Seattle Pacific University, Department of Biology, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Timothy A. Nelson
- Seattle Pacific University, Department of Biology, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Erica L. Sanchez
- San Francisco State University, Department of Biology, San Francisco, California, USA
- University of Texas at Dallas, Department of Biological Sciences, Richardson, Texas, USA
| | - Tracie Delgado
- Seattle Pacific University, Department of Biology, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Northwest University, Department of Biology, Kirkland, Washington, USA
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Zhang T, Liu Y, Ge Z, Tian D, Lin L, Zhao Z, Shen Y, Yu X, Feng Y, Qiang C, Duan J, Ma Y, Fan T, Zhao Y, Chen Z. Predictive Value of Triglyceride-Glucose Index for In-hospital Mortality in Patients With Severe Fever With Thrombocytopenia Syndrome: A Multi-Center Observational Study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 8:768101. [PMID: 35059413 PMCID: PMC8763701 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.768101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index has been proposed as a reliable indicator for insulin resistance and proved to be closely associated with the severity and mortality risk of infectious diseases. It remains indistinct whether TyG index performs an important role in predicting in-hospital mortality in patients with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS). Methods: The current study retrospectively recruited patients who were admitted for SFTS from January to December 2019 at five medical centers. TyG index was calculated in accordance with the description of previous study: Ln [fasting triglyceride (TG) (mg/dl) × fasting blood glucose (FBG) (mg/dl)/2]. The observational endpoint of the present study was defined as the in-hospital death. Results: In total, 79 patients (64.9 ± 10.5 years, 39.2% female) who met the enrollment criteria were enrolled in the current study. During the hospitalization period, 17 (21.5%) patients died in the hospital. TyG index remained a significant and independent predictor for in-hospital death despite being fully adjusted for confounders, either being taken as a nominal [hazard ratio (HR) 5.923, 95% CI 1.208–29.036, P = 0.028] or continuous (HR 7.309, 95% CI 1.854–28.818, P = 0.004) variate. TyG index exhibited a moderate-to-high strength in predicting in-hospital death, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.821 (95% CI 0.712–0.929, P < 0.001). The addition of TyG index displayed significant enhancement on the predictive value for in-hospital death beyond a baseline model, manifested as increased AUC (baseline model: 0.788, 95% CI 0.676–0.901 vs. + TyG index 0.866, 95% CI 0.783–0.950, P for comparison = 0.041), increased Harrell's C-index (baseline model: 0.762, 95% CI 0.645–0.880 vs. + TyG index 0.813, 95% CI 0.724–0.903, P for comparison = 0.035), significant continuous net reclassification improvement (NRI) (0.310, 95% CI 0.092–0.714, P = 0.013), and significant integrated discrimination improvement (0.111, 95% CI 0.008–0.254, P = 0.040). Conclusion: Triglyceride-glucose index, a novel indicator simply calculated from fasting TG and FBG, is strongly and independently associated with the risk of in-hospital death in patients with SFTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingyu Zhang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanni Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yantai City Hospital for Infectious Disease, Yantai, China
| | - Ziruo Ge
- Department of Infectious Disease, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Di Tian
- Department of Infectious Disease, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Lin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yantai City Hospital for Infectious Disease, Yantai, China
| | - Zhenghua Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tai'an City Central Hospital, Tai'an, China
| | - Yi Shen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Dandong Infectious Disease Hospital, Dandong, China
| | - Xiaoli Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Dandong Infectious Disease Hospital, Dandong, China
| | - Yang Feng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tai'an City Central Hospital, Tai'an, China
| | - Chunqian Qiang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yantai City Hospital for Infectious Disease, Yantai, China
| | - Jianping Duan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Qing Dao No. 6 People's Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanli Ma
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Qing Dao No. 6 People's Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Tianli Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Qing Dao No. 6 People's Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Yongxiang Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Dandong Infectious Disease Hospital, Dandong, China
| | - Zhihai Chen
- Department of Infectious Disease, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Zhou TZ, He K, Gong JP. Kupffer cells and hepatic lipid metabolism disorder. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:2071-2076. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i13.2071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the most common liver disorder of our times in both developed and developing countries, which is associated with insulin resistance and genetic susceptibility. Simple steatosis, a seemingly innocent manifestation of early stage NAFLD, may progress into steatohepatitis and cirrhosis, which may even progress into hepatocellular carcinoma. Kupffer cells (KCs) constitute the first firewall of the liver, representing 80%-90% of all tissue macrophages in the body and taking part in various acute and chronic inflammatory reactions. It is deemed that the genesis and development of NAFLD are closely related to the chronic metabolic inflammation induced by KCs. KCs could be activated by lipids accumulated in the liver, and activated KCs participate in metabolic inflammation through releasing pro-inflammatory factors. In this review, we focus on recently uncovered aspects of the biochemical, immunological and molecular events that are responsible for the development and progression of this highly prevalent and potentially serious disease, and summarize the role of KCs in the pathogenesis of NAFLD.
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