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Thammaket J, Srimongkol P, Ekkaphan P, Thitiprasert S, Niyomsin S, Chaisuwan T, Chirachanchai S, Thongchul N. Isolation, screening, and characterization of the newly isolated osmotolerant yeast Wickerhamomyces anomalus BKK11-4 for the coproduction of glycerol and arabitol. Braz J Microbiol 2024; 55:2149-2167. [PMID: 38775906 PMCID: PMC11405736 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-024-01383-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024] Open
Abstract
This study explored the isolation and screening of an osmotolerant yeast, Wickerhamomyces anomalus BKK11-4, which is proficient in utilizing renewable feedstocks for sugar alcohol production. In batch fermentation with high initial glucose concentrations, W. anomalus BKK11-4 exhibited notable production of glycerol and arabitol. The results of the medium optimization experiments revealed that trace elements, such as H3BO3, CuSO4, FeCl3, MnSO4, KI, H4MoNa2O4, and ZnSO4, did not increase glucose consumption or sugar alcohol production but substantially increased cell biomass. Osmotic stress, which was manipulated by varying initial glucose concentrations, influenced metabolic outcomes. Elevated glucose levels promoted glycerol and arabitol production while decreasing citric acid production. Agitation rates significantly impacted the kinetics, enhancing glucose utilization and metabolite production rates, particularly for glycerol, arabitol, and citric acid. The operational pH dictated the distribution of the end metabolites, with glycerol production slightly reduced at pH 6, while arabitol production remained unaffected. Citric acid production was observed at pH 6 and 7, and acetic acid production was observed at pH 7. Metabolomic analysis using GC/MS identified 29 metabolites, emphasizing the abundance of sugar/sugar alcohols. Heatmaps were generated to depict the variations in metabolite levels under different osmotic stress conditions, highlighting the intricate metabolic dynamics occurring post-glucose uptake, affecting pathways such as the pentose phosphate pathway and glycerolipid metabolism. These insights contribute to the optimization of W. anomalus BKK11-4 as a whole-cell factory for desirable products, demonstrating its potential applicability in sustainable sugar alcohol production from renewable feedstocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesnipit Thammaket
- Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Piroonporn Srimongkol
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Wangmai, Pathumwan, 10330, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Paweena Ekkaphan
- Metabolomics for Life Sciences Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Scientific and Technological Research Equipment Centre, Chulalongkorn University, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sitanan Thitiprasert
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Wangmai, Pathumwan, 10330, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Center of Excellence in Bioconversion and Bioseparation for Platform Chemical Production, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Wangmai, Pathumwan, 10330, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Sorapat Niyomsin
- The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Wangmai, Pathumwan, 10330, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thanyalak Chaisuwan
- The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Wangmai, Pathumwan, 10330, Bangkok, Thailand
- The Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Wangmai, 10330, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suwabun Chirachanchai
- The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Wangmai, Pathumwan, 10330, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nuttha Thongchul
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Wangmai, Pathumwan, 10330, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Center of Excellence in Bioconversion and Bioseparation for Platform Chemical Production, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Wangmai, Pathumwan, 10330, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Hakkoymaz O, Mazı H. Termostable and effective immobilized invertase for sucrose determination in fruit juices. Anal Biochem 2024; 690:115515. [PMID: 38522812 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2024.115515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
In this study, immobilization of invertase enzyme was performed on a previously synthesized and characterized poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone-co-butylacrylate-co-N hydroxymethylacrylamide) terpolymer membranes by covalent bonding method. Glutaraldehyde(GA) was used as the crosslinker and Bovine Serum Albumin(BSA) was used as the binding agent. Optimum pH, temperature, amount of polymer, substrate concentration, amount of BSA and amount of GA values were determined for both free and immobilized enzyme. Optimum pH and temperature values were found as pH = 5.0, T = 55 °C, pH = 7.0 and T = 80 °C for free and immobilized enzyme, respectively. In particular, the optimum temperature of 80 °C for the immobilized enzyme provides its potential to be used commercially. The kinetic parameters of the free enzyme and the immobilized enzyme were determined using the well known Lineweaver-Burk method. The Vmax values for free (13.4 μM/min) and immobilized enzyme (12.2 μM/min) were found as close to each other, while the Km value of the immobilized enzyme (8.33 mM) was much lower than that of the free enzyme (29.41 mM). In reuse studies conducted with peach and orange juices, it was determined that the immobilized enzyme retained approximately 90% of its activity even after 30 reuses within 1 month.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orhun Hakkoymaz
- Department of Chemistry, Gaziantep University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Gaziantep, 27310, Turkey
| | - Hidayet Mazı
- Department of Chemistry, Gaziantep University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Gaziantep, 27310, Turkey.
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Dokuzparmak E. Industrial Approach to Invertase Production from Fruit Waste for Enhanced Efficiency and Conservation. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:26183-26194. [PMID: 38911758 PMCID: PMC11190939 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c01732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the commercial viability of repurposing fruit waste for enzyme production, specifically focusing on the invertase enzyme derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. By utilizing fruit pulp that incorporates mulberry, carob, Figure, and grape pulp as a nutrient source, it is observed that the culture medium containing carob pulp exhibits the highest invertase activity. Specifically, the invertase activity in this medium is approximately 2.5 times greater (12.90 U/mg protein) than that observed in the peptone medium (5.98 U/mg protein). The extract undergoes several purification steps, including ultrafiltration, ammonium sulfate precipitation, dialysis, and ion-exchange chromatography (purification ratio: 12.11 times, yield: 26.93%). The purified enzyme is immobilized using alginate beads, improving pH and thermal stability. The immobilized enzyme exhibits optimal activity between pH 3.50 and pH 7.00, thereby broadening the enzyme's high-activity pH range. The thermal stability of the immobilized invertase enzyme is significantly improved, especially at 65 °C. Activity studies in the presence of metal ions and certain chemicals have been conducted. The immobilized enzyme's activity increases by approximately 40% in the presence of Ca2+ and Mg2+, and the immobilized enzyme maintains its activity in the presence of detergents such as SDS, Tween-20, and organic solvents like ethanol and methanol. The potential for the reuse of immobilized invertase was investigated under standard assay conditions. After 20 cycles, the immobilized enzyme was found to retain 80% of its initial activity. Overall, the study establishes the commercial potential of fruit pulp, typically discarded in fruit juice production, as a valuable source for obtaining an invertase enzyme. Furthermore, this study also aims to develop a suitable purification process for invertase in the fruit juice industry. By harnessing fruit waste and implementing innovative enzyme production strategies, industries can enhance their efficiency, reduce their environmental footprint, and optimize resource utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Dokuzparmak
- Ege University, Department
of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, İzmir 35040, Turkey
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4
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Metur SP, Klionsky DJ. Nutrient-dependent signaling pathways that control autophagy in yeast. FEBS Lett 2024; 598:32-47. [PMID: 37758520 PMCID: PMC10841420 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is a highly conserved catabolic process vital for cellular stress responses and maintaining equilibrium within the cell. Malfunctioning autophagy has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases, including certain neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, metabolic diseases, and cancer. Cells face diverse metabolic challenges, such as limitations in nitrogen, carbon, and minerals such as phosphate and iron, necessitating the integration of complex metabolic information. Cells utilize a signal transduction network of sensors, transducers, and effectors to coordinate the execution of the autophagic response, concomitant with the severity of the nutrient-starvation condition. This review presents the current mechanistic understanding of how cells regulate the initiation of autophagy through various nutrient-dependent signaling pathways. Emphasizing findings from studies in yeast, we explore the emerging principles that underlie the nutrient-dependent regulation of autophagy, significantly shaping stress-induced autophagy responses under various metabolic stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shree Padma Metur
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Daniel J Klionsky
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Banerjee J, Bar N, Basu RK, Das SK. Biosorption of Ni(II) by Ni(II) resistant S. cerevisiae AJ208: potential study with nutritive elements and GA modeling. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2023.2175692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nirjhar Bar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- St. James’ School, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Sudip Kumar Das
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Optimization of medium composition for production of chitin-glucan complex and mannose-containing polysaccharides by the yeast Komagataella pastoris. J Biotechnol 2019; 303:30-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Mendes DB, Silva FFD, Guarda PM, Almeida AF, de Oliveira DP, Morais PB, Guarda EA. Lipolytic Enzymes with Hydrolytic and Esterification Activities Produced by Filamentous Fungi Isolated from Decomposition Leaves in an Aquatic Environment. Enzyme Res 2019; 2019:8182425. [PMID: 31275637 PMCID: PMC6582840 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8182425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial lipases are prominent biocatalysts able to catalyze a wide variety of reactions in aqueous and nonaqueous media. In this work, filamentous fungi isolated from leaves decomposed in an aquatic environment were screened for lipase production with hydrolytic activity and esterification. Agar plates with Tween 20 and Rhodamine B were used for selection, while submerged cultures with olive oil were subsequently used to select 38 filamentous fungi. Trichoderma harzianum, Fusarium solani, Trichoderma harzianum F5, and Penicillium sp. F36 were grown in six different culture media. F. solani presented the highest lipase production (2.37 U/mL) with esterification activity of 0.07 U/mL using medium composed of (g.L-1) KH2PO4 1.00, MgSO4 H2O 1.123, and CuSO4 0.06. Supplementation of this culture medium with organic nitrogen sources increased lipase production by 461.3% using tryptone and by 419.4% using yeast extract. Among the vegetable oils from the Amazon region, degummed cotton oil induced lipase production up to 8.14 U/mL. The lipase produced by F. solani F61 has great potential to application in conventional processes and biodiesel production by transesterification of vegetable oils, as well as food industries in the production of fatty acid esters by hydrolysis and esterification.
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Musa H, Hafiz Kasim F, Nagoor Gunny AA, Gopinath SCB, Azmier Ahmad M. Enhanced halophilic lipase secretion by Marinobacter litoralis SW-45 and its potential fatty acid esters release. J Basic Microbiol 2018; 59:87-100. [PMID: 30270443 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201800382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
An approach was made to enhance the halophilic lipase secretion by a newly isolated moderate halophilic Marinobacter litoralis SW-45, through the statistical optimization of Plackett-Burman (PB) experimental design and the Face Centered Central Composite Design (FCCCD). Initially, PB statistical design was used to screen the medium components and process parameters, while the One-factor-at-a-time technique was availed to find the optimum level of significant parameters. It was found that MgSO4 · 7H2 O, NaCl, agitation speed, FeSO4 · 7H2 O, yeast extract and KCl positively influence the halophilic lipase production, whereas temperature, carbon source (maltose), inducer (olive oil), inoculum size, and casein-peptone had a negative effect on enzyme production. The optimum level of halophilic lipase production was obtained at 3.0 g L-1 maltose, 1% (v/v) olive oil, 30 °C growth temperature and 4% inoculum volume (v/v). Further optimization by FCCCD was revealed 1.7 folds improvement in the halophilic lipase production from 0.603 U ml-1 to 1.0307 U ml-1 . Functional and biochemical characterizations displayed that the lipase was significantly active and stable in the pH ranges of 7.0-9.5, temperature (30-50 °C), and NaCl concentration (0-21%). The lipase was maximally active at pH 8.0, 12% (w/v) NaCl, and 50 °C temperature. Besides, M. litoralis SW-45 lipase was found to possess the promising industrial potential to be utilized as a biocatalyst for the esterification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haliru Musa
- School of Bioprocess Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia.,Centre of Excellence for Biomass Utilization, School of Bioprocess Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Farizul Hafiz Kasim
- School of Bioprocess Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia.,Centre of Excellence for Biomass Utilization, School of Bioprocess Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad A Nagoor Gunny
- Centre of Excellence for Biomass Utilization, School of Bioprocess Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia.,Faculty of Engineering Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Padang Besar, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Subash C B Gopinath
- School of Bioprocess Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Azmier Ahmad
- School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebai, Penang, Malaysia
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Poondla V, Yannam SK, Gummadi SN, Subramanyam R, Reddy Obulam VS. Enhanced production of pectinase by Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolate using fruit and agro-industrial wastes: Its application in fruit and fiber processing. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Ahmed MM, Md. Fakruddin, Rashid MM, Hossain MM, Uddin MN, Hoque MM, Haque MM. Semi-Pilot Study of the Production of Biomass and β-D-Fructofuranosidase by Saccharomyces cerevisiaeIFSTBY111 in a Fed-Batch Fermenter. Ind Biotechnol (New Rochelle N Y) 2014. [DOI: 10.1089/ind.2013.0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Monzur Morshed Ahmed
- Industrial Microbiology Laboratory, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Fakruddin
- Industrial Microbiology Laboratory, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Md. Mohaddis Hossain
- Department of Food Engineering and Tea Technology, Shahjalal University of Science & Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Nashir Uddin
- BCSIR Laboratories Dhaka, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Laboratories, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Mozammel Hoque
- Department of Food Engineering and Tea Technology, Shahjalal University of Science & Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
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Enhanced production of β-d-fructofuranosidase by Saccharomyces cerevisiae using agro-industrial wastes as substrates. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Hiralal L, Olaniran AO, Pillay B. Aroma-active ester profile of ale beer produced under different fermentation and nutritional conditions. J Biosci Bioeng 2013; 117:57-64. [PMID: 23845914 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A broad range of aroma-active esters produced during fermentation are vital for the complex flavour of beer. This study assessed the influence of fermentation temperature, pH, and wort nutritional supplements on the production of yeast-derived ester compounds and the overall fermentation performance. The best fermentation performance was achieved when wort was supplemented with 0.75 g/l l-leucine resulting in highest reducing sugar and FAN (free amino nitrogen) utilization and ethanol production. At optimum fermentation pH of 5, 38.27% reducing sugars and 35.28% FAN was utilized resulting in 4.07% (v/v) ethanol. Wort supplemented with zinc sulphate (0.12 g/l) resulted in 5.01% ethanol (v/v) production and 54.32% reducing sugar utilization. Increase in fermentation temperature from 18°C to room temperature (± 22.5°C) resulted in 17.03% increased ethanol production and 14.42% and 62.82% increase in total acetate ester concentration and total ethyl ester concentration, respectively. Supplementation of worth with 0.12 g/l ZnSO4 resulted in 2.46-fold increase in both isoamyl acetate and ethyl decanoate concentration, while a 7.05-fold and 1.96-fold increase in the concentration of isoamyl acetate and ethyl decanoate, respectively was obtained upon 0.75 g/l l-leucine supplementation. Wort supplemented with l-leucine (0.75 g/l) yielded the highest beer foam head stability with a rating of 2.67, while highest yeast viability was achieved when wort was supplemented with 0.12 g/l zinc sulphate. Results from this study suggest that supplementing wort with essential nutrients required for yeast growth and optimizing the fermentation conditions could be an effective way of improving fermentation performance and controlling aroma-active esters in beer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lettisha Hiralal
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Ademola O Olaniran
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa.
| | - Balakrishna Pillay
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
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Taskin M. A new strategy for improved glutathione production from Saccharomyces cerevisiae: use of cysteine- and glycine-rich chicken feather protein hydrolysate as a new cheap substrate. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2013; 93:535-541. [PMID: 22865342 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.5818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutathione (GSH) is composed of the amino acids glutamic acid, cysteine and glycine. This study investigated the usability of chicken feather protein hydrolysate (chicken feather peptone, CFP) as a substrate for GSH production from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. RESULTS CFP was found to be rich in ash (36.7 g per 100 g), protein (61.1 g per 100 g) and minerals (S, P, K, Ca, Fe, Na and Mg). It also had high contents of cysteine and glycine. CFP augmented biomass and GSH production by 53 and 115% respectively compared with the control medium. The highest biomass (17.4 g l(-1)) and GSH (271 mg L(-1)) concentrations were attained in CFP medium. The second highest biomass (16.8 g l(-1)) and GSH (255 mg L(-1)) concentrations were obtained in fish peptone medium. It was assumed that the high mineral, cysteine and glycine contents of CFP were related to cell growth and GSH synthesis in S. cerevisiae. CONCLUSION This is the first report on the effect of cysteine- and glycine-rich protein hydrolysates on GSH production from S. cerevisiae. In this regard, CFP was tested for the first time as a GSH production substrate. As an additional contribution, a new hydrolysis process was developed for the preparation of protein hydrolysates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mesut Taskin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Science Faculty, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey.
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