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Cai Y, Jiang J, Yue C, Zhang Z, Liu W. Gallic acid promotes macrophage phagosome acidification and phagolysosome formation by activating NLRP3/mTOR signaling pathway. J Infect Chemother 2024:S1341-321X(24)00070-9. [PMID: 38462174 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2024.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gallic acid (GA) has a good therapeutic effect in bacteriological inhibition and plays a variety of functions in maintaining the stability of the immune system. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of GA on the bactericidal activity of macrophages against Vibrio vulnificus (Vv). METHODS A cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay was carried out to test the cytotoxicity of GA on J774A.1 cells. Concentration of proinflammatory cytokines in J774A.1 cells were evaluated by ELISA. The internalization and degradation of Vv in the phagosomes were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The phagosome acidification and phagolysosome formation were detected to evaluate the bacteria-clearing function of J774A.1 cells. The bactericidal activity of GA in vivo was also investigated by collecting the survival time of Vv infected mice and observing the inflammatory infiltration of organs. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that GA at 50 μM significantly inhibited the proinflammatory cytokines levels, promoted phagosome acidification and phagolysosome formation in J774A.1 cells with Vv infection. This may be related to the activation of NLRP3/mTOR signaling pathway. Additionally, GA treatment improves the survival and bactericidal activity of mice infected with Vv. CONCLUSIONS In summary, GA exerts bactericidal activity against Vv infection by regulating the formation and acidification of phagocytic lysosomes in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqu Cai
- Center for New Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, No. 280, East Waihuan Road, Guangzhou Universities Town Campus, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine of Education Department of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, No. 280, East Waihuan Road, Guangzhou Universities Town Campus, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, No. 280, East Waihuan Road, Guangzhou Universities Town Campus, Guangzhou, China; Class III Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine Preparation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the P.R.C, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, No. 280, East Waihuan Road, Guangzhou Universities Town Campus, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Jinzhu Jiang
- Center for New Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, No. 280, East Waihuan Road, Guangzhou Universities Town Campus, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunhua Yue
- College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, No. 280, East Waihuan Road, Guangzhou Universities Town Campus, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhipeng Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Science & Technology, No. 88, Xianning Avenue, Xianning, China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, No. 280, East Waihuan Road, Guangzhou Universities Town Campus, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, No. 280, East Waihuan Road, Guangzhou Universities Town Campus, Guangzhou, China.
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Cheng Y, Liu S, Wang F, Wang T, Yin L, Chen J, Fu C. Effects of Dietary Terminalia chebula Extract on Growth Performance, Immune Function, Antioxidant Capacity, and Intestinal Health of Broilers. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:746. [PMID: 38473130 DOI: 10.3390/ani14050746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Terminalia chebula extract (TCE) has many physiological functions and is potentially helpful in maintaining poultry health, but its specific effect on the growth of broilers is not yet known. This research investigated the effects of dietary Terminalia chebula extract (TCE) supplementation on growth performance, immune function, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal health in yellow-feathered broilers. A total of 288 one-day-old yellow-feathered broilers were divided into four treatment groups (72 broilers/group), each with six replicates of 12 broilers. The broilers were given a basal diet of corn-soybean meal supplemented with 0 (control), 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg TCE for 56 d. The results demonstrated that, compared with the basal diet, the addition of TCE significantly increased (linear and quadratic, p < 0.05) the final body weight and overall weight gain and performance and decreased (linear and quadratic, p < 0.05) the feed-to-gain ratio in the overall period. Dietary TCE increased (linear, p < 0.05) the levels of IgM, IL-4, and IL-10 and decreased (linear and quadratic, p < 0.05) the level of IL-6 in the serum. Dietary TCE increased (linear and quadratic, p < 0.05) the levels of IL-2 and IL-4, decreased (linear and quadratic, p < 0.05) the level of IL-1β, and decreased (linear, p < 0.05) the level of IL-6 in the liver. Dietary TCE increased (linear and quadratic, p < 0.05) the level of IgM and IL-10, increased (linear, p < 0.05) the level of IgG, and decreased (linear and quadratic, p < 0.05) the levels of IL-1β and IL-6 in the spleen. Supplementation with TCE linearly and quadratically increased (p < 0.05) the catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and total antioxidant capacity activities while decreasing (p < 0.05) the malonic dialdehyde concentrations in the serum, liver, and spleen. TCE-containing diets for broilers resulted in a higher (linear and quadratic, p < 0.05) villus height, a higher (linear and quadratic, p < 0.05) ratio of villus height to crypt depth, and a lower (linear and quadratic, p < 0.05) crypt depth compared with the basal diet. TCE significantly increased (linear, p < 0.05) the acetic and butyric acid concentrations and decreased (quadratic, p < 0.05) the isovaleric acid concentration. Bacteroidaceae and Bacteroides, which regulate the richness and diversity of microorganisms, were more abundant and contained when TCE was added to the diet. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that supplementing broilers with TCE could boost their immune function, antioxidant capacity, and gut health, improving their growth performance; they could also provide a reference for future research on TCE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cheng
- Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Shida Liu
- Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Lichen Yin
- Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Jiashun Chen
- Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Chenxing Fu
- Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
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Sultan MT, Anwar MJ, Imran M, Khalil I, Saeed F, Neelum S, Alsagaby SA, Al Abdulmonem W, Abdelgawad MA, Hussain M, El-Ghorab AH, Umar M, Al Jbawi E. Phytochemical profile and pro-healthy properties of Terminalia chebula: A comprehensive review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2023.2166951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Narowal-Pakistan, Narowal, Pakistan
| | - Ijaz Khalil
- Institute of Food and Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Farhan Saeed
- Department of Food Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shahzadi Neelum
- Department of Biochemistry, Hamdard University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Suliman A. Alsagaby
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, AL-Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed Al Abdulmonem
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A. Abdelgawad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muzzamal Hussain
- Department of Food Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ahmed H. El-Ghorab
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maryam Umar
- Department of Food Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Quoc LPT. Terminalia spp.: A Potential Material and Its Limitations in Medicine. Malays J Med Sci 2023; 30:172-174. [PMID: 38239258 PMCID: PMC10793130 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2023.30.6.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Le Pham Tan Quoc
- Institute of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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Ashraf MV, Pant S, Khan MAH, Shah AA, Siddiqui S, Jeridi M, Alhamdi HWS, Ahmad S. Phytochemicals as Antimicrobials: Prospecting Himalayan Medicinal Plants as Source of Alternate Medicine to Combat Antimicrobial Resistance. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:881. [PMID: 37375828 DOI: 10.3390/ph16060881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Among all available antimicrobials, antibiotics hold a prime position in the treatment of infectious diseases. However, the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has posed a serious threat to the effectiveness of antibiotics, resulting in increased morbidity, mortality, and escalation in healthcare costs causing a global health crisis. The overuse and misuse of antibiotics in global healthcare setups have accelerated the development and spread of AMR, leading to the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens, which further limits treatment options. This creates a critical need to explore alternative approaches to combat bacterial infections. Phytochemicals have gained attention as a potential source of alternative medicine to address the challenge of AMR. Phytochemicals are structurally and functionally diverse and have multitarget antimicrobial effects, disrupting essential cellular activities. Given the promising results of plant-based antimicrobials, coupled with the slow discovery of novel antibiotics, it has become highly imperative to explore the vast repository of phytocompounds to overcome the looming catastrophe of AMR. This review summarizes the emergence of AMR towards existing antibiotics and potent phytochemicals having antimicrobial activities, along with a comprehensive overview of 123 Himalayan medicinal plants reported to possess antimicrobial phytocompounds, thus compiling the existing information that will help researchers in the exploration of phytochemicals to combat AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Vikas Ashraf
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri 185 234, India
| | - Shreekar Pant
- Centre for Biodiversity Studies, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri 185 234, India
| | - M A Hannan Khan
- Department of Zoology, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri 185 234, India
| | - Ali Asghar Shah
- Department of Zoology, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri 185 234, India
| | - Sazada Siddiqui
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mouna Jeridi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Shoeb Ahmad
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri 185 234, India
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Polyphenolic characterization and evaluation of multimode antioxidant, cytotoxic, biocompatibility and antimicrobial potential of selected ethno-medicinal plant extracts. ARAB J CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.104474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Chormare R, Kumar MA. Environmental health and risk assessment metrics with special mention to biotransfer, bioaccumulation and biomagnification of environmental pollutants. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 302:134836. [PMID: 35525441 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The environment pollutants, which are landed up in environment because of human activities like urbanization, mining and industrializations, affects human health, plants and animals. The living organisms present in environment are constantly affected by the toxic pollutants through direct contact or bioaccumulation of chemicals from the environment. The toxic and hazardous pollutants are easily transferred to different environmental matrices like land, air and water bodies such as surface and ground waters. This comprehensive review deeply discusses the routes and causes of different environmental pollutants along with their toxicity, impact, occurrences and fate in the environment. Environment health and risk assessment tools that are used to evaluate the harmfulness, exposure of living organisms to pollutants and the amount of pollutant accumulated are explained with help of bio-kinetic models. Biotransfer, toxicity factor, biomagnification and bioaccumulation of different pollutants in the air, water and marine ecosystems are critically addressed. Thus, the presented survey would be collection of correlations those addresses the factors involved in assessing the environmental health and risk impacts of distinct environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishikesh Chormare
- Process Design and Engineering Cell, CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, 364 002, Gujarat, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201 002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Madhava Anil Kumar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201 002, Uttar Pradesh, India; Analytical and Environmental Science Division & Centralized Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, 364 002, Gujarat, India.
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Plant Bioactives in the Treatment of Inflammation of Skeletal Muscles: A Molecular Perspective. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:4295802. [PMID: 35911155 PMCID: PMC9328972 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4295802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle mass responds rapidly to growth stimuli, precipitating hypertrophies (increased protein synthesis) and hyperplasia (activation of the myogenic program). For ages, muscle degeneration has been attributed to changes in the intracellular myofiber pathways. These pathways are tightly regulated by hormones and lymphokines that ultimately pave the way to decreased anabolism and accelerated protein breakdown. Despite the lacunae in our understanding of specific pathways, growing bodies of evidence suggest that the changes in the myogenic/regenerative program are the major contributing factor in the development and progression of muscle wasting. In addition, inflammation plays a key role in the pathophysiology of diseases linked to the failure of skeletal muscles. Chronic inflammation with elevated levels of inflammatory mediators has been observed in a spectrum of diseases, such as inflammatory myopathies and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Although the pathophysiology of these diseases varies greatly, they all demonstrate sarcopenia and dysregulated skeletal muscle physiology as common symptoms. Medicinal plants harbor potential novel chemical moieties for a plenitude of illnesses, and inflammation is no exception. However, despite the vast number of potential antiinflammatory compounds found in plant extracts and isolated components, the research on medicinal plants is highly daunting. This review aims to explore the various phytoconstituents employed in the treatment of inflammatory responses in skeletal muscles, while providing an in-depth molecular insight into the latter.
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Courtney R, Cock IE. Comparison of the antibacterial activity of Australian Terminalia spp. extracts against Klebsiella pneumoniae: a potential treatment for ankylosing spondylitis. Inflammopharmacology 2022; 30:207-223. [PMID: 34989930 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-021-00914-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Traditional medicines prepared using Terminalia species have been used globally to treat inflammation and pathogenic infections. Recent studies have demonstrated that multiple Asian and African Terminalia spp. inhibit bacterial triggers of some autoimmune inflammatory diseases, including ankylosing spondylitis. Despite this, the effects of Australian Terminalia spp. on a bacterial trigger of ankylosing spondylitis (K. pneumoniae) remain unexplored. Fifty-five extracts from five Australian Terminalia spp. were investigated for K. pneumoniae growth inhibitory activity. Methanolic, aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts of most species and plant parts inhibited K. pneumoniae growth, with varying potencies. Methanolic leaf extracts were generally the most potent bacterial growth inhibitors, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 66 μg/mL (T. ferdinandiana), 128 μg/mL (T. carpenteriae) and 83 μg/mL (T. petiolares). However, the aqueous leaf extract was the most potent T. grandiflora extract (MIC = 87 μg/mL). All T. catappa extracts displayed low growth inhibitory activity. The Terminalia spp. methanolic leaf extracts were examined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). All contained a relative abundance of simple gallotannins (particularly gallic and chebulic acids), the flavonoid luteolin, as well as the monoterpenoids cineole and terpineol. Notably, all Terminalia spp. were non-toxic or of low toxicity in ALA and HDF toxicity assays, highlighting their potential for preventing the onset of ankylosing spondylitis and treating its symptoms once the disease is established, although this needs to be verified in in vivo systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reece Courtney
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia.,School of Environment and Science, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Ian Edwin Cock
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia. .,School of Environment and Science, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia.
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Sadgrove NJ, Padilla-González GF, Leuner O, Melnikovova I, Fernandez-Cusimamani E. Pharmacology of Natural Volatiles and Essential Oils in Food, Therapy, and Disease Prophylaxis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:740302. [PMID: 34744723 PMCID: PMC8566702 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.740302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This commentary critically examines the modern paradigm of natural volatiles in 'medical aromatherapy', first by explaining the semantics of natural volatiles in health, then by addressing chemophenetic challenges to authenticity or reproducibility, and finally by elaborating on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes in food, therapy, and disease prophylaxis. Research over the last 50 years has generated substantial knowledge of the chemical diversity of volatiles, and their strengths and weaknesses as antimicrobial agents. However, due to modest in vitro outcomes, the emphasis has shifted toward the ability to synergise or potentiate non-volatile natural or pharmaceutical drugs, and to modulate gene expression by binding to the lipophilic domain of mammalian cell receptors. Because essential oils and natural volatiles are small and lipophilic, they demonstrate high skin penetrating abilities when suitably encapsulated, or if derived from a dietary item they bioaccumulate in fatty tissues in the body. In the skin or body, they may synergise or drive de novo therapeutic outcomes that range from anti-inflammatory effects through to insulin sensitisation, dermal rejuvenation, keratinocyte migration, upregulation of hair follicle bulb stem cells or complementation of anti-cancer therapies. Taking all this into consideration, volatile organic compounds should be examined as candidates for prophylaxis of cardiovascular disease. Considering the modern understanding of biology, the science of natural volatiles may need to be revisited in the context of health and nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Olga Leuner
- Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ingrid Melnikovova
- Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eloy Fernandez-Cusimamani
- Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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Proximate composition, functional and antimicrobial properties of wild harvest Terminalia carpentariae fruit. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-021-01182-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Cheesman MJ, Alcorn S, Verma V, Cock IE. An assessment of the growth inhibition profiles of Hamamelis virginiana L. extracts against Streptococcus and Staphylococcus spp. J Tradit Complement Med 2021; 11:457-465. [PMID: 34522640 PMCID: PMC8427463 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal and streptococcal species trigger a wide variety of infections involving epithelial tissues. Virginian witch hazel (WH; Hamamelis virginiana L.; family: Hamamelidaceae) is a plant that has been used traditionally by Native Americans to treat a variety of skin conditions. Extracts from the leaves were examined for their inhibitory effects on these bacterial species. Solvents of different polarity (water, methanol, ethyl acetate, hexane and chloroform) were used to prepare extracts from WH leaves, and the aqueous resuspensions were screened for antibacterial activities using disc diffusion and liquid dilution assays. Extract phytochemical profiles and toxicities were also examined, and combinations of extracts with conventional antibiotics were tested against each bacterial strain. The methanolic and aqueous extracts inhibited the growth of S. oralis, S. pyogenes, S. epidermidis and S. aureus, but not S. mutans. The extracts were especially active against staphylococcal species, with MIC values between 200 and 500 μg/ml. Combinations of active extracts with conventional antibiotics failed to yield beneficial interactions, except for two cases where additive interactions were observed (aqueous WH extract combined with chloramphenicol against S. oralis, and methanolic WH extract combined with ciprofloxacin against S. aureus). Phytochemical assays indicated an abundance of tannins, triterpenoids and phenolics in the water and methanol extracts, with trace amounts of these components in the ethyl acetate extract. Phytochemicals were not detected in hexane and chloroform extracts. Thus, phytochemical abundance in extracts was concordant with antibacterial activities. All extracts were found to be non-toxic in Artemia nauplii assays. These findings indicate the potential for WH leaf extracts for clinical use in treating staphylococcal and streptococcal infections, while substantiating their traditional Native American uses. H. virginiana extracts inhibited the growth of common bacterial skin pathogens. MIC values were determined and indicated strong inhibitory activity. The aqueous extract potentiated the antibacterial activity of chloramphenicol. The methanolic extracts potentiated activity of ciprofloxacin. All extracts were determined to be non-toxic by Artemia nauplii assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Cheesman
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Quality Use of Medicines Network, Australia
| | - Sean Alcorn
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Quality Use of Medicines Network, Australia
| | - Vishal Verma
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Quality Use of Medicines Network, Australia
| | - Ian E. Cock
- School of Environment and Science, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Australia
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Australia
- Corresponding author. School of Natural Sciences, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia.
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Chemical Composition, Antibacterial Activity, and Antibiotic Potentiation of Boswellia sacra Flueck. Oleoresin Extracts from the Dhofar Region of Oman. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:9918935. [PMID: 34122610 PMCID: PMC8169251 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9918935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of MDR bacterial pathogens has directed antibiotic discovery research towards alternative therapies and traditional medicines. Boswellia sacra oleoresin (frankincense) was used to treat bacterial infections in traditional Arabian and Asian healing systems for at least 1000 years. Despite this, B. sacra extracts have not been rigorously tested for inhibitory activity against gastrointestinal pathogens or bacterial triggers of autoimmune diseases. Solvent extracts were prepared from Boswellia sacra oleoresins obtained from three regions near Salalah, Oman. MIC values were quantified against gastrointestinal pathogens and bacterial triggers of selected autoimmune diseases by disc diffusion and broth dilution methods. The antibacterial activity was also evaluated in combination with conventional antibiotics, and the class of interaction was determined by ΣFIC analysis. Isobolograms were used to determine the optimal ratios for synergistic combinations. Toxicity was evaluated by ALA and HDF cell viability bioassays. The phytochemical composition of the volatile components of all extracts was identified by nontargeted GC-MS headspace analysis. All methanolic extracts inhibited the growth of all of the bacteria tested, although the extracts prepared using Najdi oleoresin were generally more potent than the Sahli and Houjari extracts. Combinations of the methanolic B. sacra extracts and conventional antibiotics were significantly more effective in inhibiting the growth of several bacterial pathogens. In total, there were 38 synergistic and 166 additive combinations. Approximately half of the synergistic combinations contained tetracycline. All B. sacra extracts were nontoxic in the ALA and HDF cell viability assays. Nonbiased GC-MS headspace analysis of the methanolic extracts putatively identified a high diversity of monoterpenoids, with particularly high abundances of α-pinene. The antibacterial activity and lack of toxicity of the B. sacra extracts indicate their potential in the treatment and prevention of gastrointestinal and autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, the extracts potentiated the activity of several conventional antibiotics, indicating that they may contain resistance-modifying compounds.
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Tiwana G, Cock IE, White A, Cheesman MJ. Use of specific combinations of the triphala plant component extracts to potentiate the inhibition of gastrointestinal bacterial growth. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 260:112937. [PMID: 32464314 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Triphala is used in Ayurveda to treat a wide variety of diseases, including numerous bacterial infections. Interestingly, the plant components of triphala (Terminalia bellirica, Terminalia chebula and Emblica officinalis) are also good inhibitors of bacterial growth when used individually, yet plant preparations are generally used in combination in traditional medicine. Surprisingly, no previous studies have addressed the reason why the combination is preferred over the individual components to treat bacterial infections. AIM OF THE STUDY To test and compare the antibacterial efficacy of triphala and its component parts to quantify their relative efficacies. The individual plant components will also be tested as combinations, thereby determining whether combining the individual components potentiates the antibacterial activity of the components used alone. MATERIALS AND METHODS Triphala and the three individual plant components were extracted using solvents of varying polarity (methanol, water, ethyl acetate) and the antibacterial activity of the aqueous resuspensions was quantified by disc diffusion and broth microdilution MIC assays. Combinations of extracts produced from the individual components were also tested against each bacterial species and the ΣFICs was calculated to determine the class of interaction. Where synergy was detected, isobologram analysis was used to determine the optimal component ratios. The Artemia nauplii bioassay was used to test for toxicity and GC-MS headspace profiling analysis was used to highlight terpenoid components that may contribute to the antibacterial activity of triphala. RESULTS The aqueous and methanolic triphala, T. bellirica, T. chebula and E. officinalis extracts displayed good inhibitory activity against all bacterial strains, with MICs often in the 250-750 μg/mL range. The methanolic extracts were generally more potent than the aqueous extracts and T. chebula was the most potent of the individual plant components. Combining the extracts of the different plant species resulted in potentiation of the growth inhibitory activity of most combinations compared to that of the individual components. Indeed, with the exception of S. flexneri, all bacterial species were potentiated by at least one combination of methanolic plant extracts, with a substantial proportion of these displaying synergistic interactions. All extracts were found to be either non-toxic, or of low to moderate toxicity in Artemia nauplii assays. CONCLUSION Whilst the individual plant components of triphala all inhibit the growth of multiple pathogenic bacteria, the activity is potentiated for multiple combinations. Therefore, the traditional usage of the combination of the three plant materials in triphala not only extends the activity profile of the mixture over that of the individual components, but it also substantially potentiates the inhibitory activity towards multiple bacteria, partially explaining the preference of triphala compared to the individual components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagan Tiwana
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, Queensland, 4222, Australia; Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Quality Use of Medicines Network, Queensland, 4222, Australia
| | - Ian E Cock
- School of Environment and Science, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia; Environmental Futures Research Institute, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia.
| | - Alan White
- School of Environment and Science, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - Matthew J Cheesman
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, Queensland, 4222, Australia; Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Quality Use of Medicines Network, Queensland, 4222, Australia.
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15
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Siddiqui AJ, Danciu C, Ashraf SA, Moin A, Singh R, Alreshidi M, Patel M, Jahan S, Kumar S, Alkhinjar MIM, Badraoui R, Snoussi M, Adnan M. Plants-Derived Biomolecules as Potent Antiviral Phytomedicines: New Insights on Ethnobotanical Evidences against Coronaviruses. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9091244. [PMID: 32967179 PMCID: PMC7570315 DOI: 10.3390/plants9091244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19) is in focus over all known human diseases, because it is destroying the world economy and social life, with increased mortality rate each day. To date, there is no specific medicine or vaccine available against this pandemic disease. However, the presence of medicinal plants and their bioactive molecules with antiviral properties might also be a successful strategy in order to develop therapeutic agents against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Thus, this review will summarize the available literature and other information/data sources related to antiviral medicinal plants, with possible ethnobotanical evidence in correlation with coronaviruses. The identification of novel antiviral compounds is of critical significance, and medicinal plant based natural compounds are a good source for such discoveries. In depth search and analysis revealed several medicinal plants with excellent efficacy against SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV, which are well-known to act on ACE-2 receptor, 3CLpro and other viral protein targets. In this review, we have consolidated the data of several medicinal plants and their natural bioactive metabolites, which have promising antiviral activities against coronaviruses with detailed modes of action/mechanism. It is concluded that this review will be useful for researchers worldwide and highly recommended for the development of naturally safe and effective therapeutic drugs/agents against SARS-CoV-2 infection, which might be used in therapeutic protocols alone or in combination with chemically synthetized drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Jamal Siddiqui
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail PO Box 2440, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (R.B.); (M.S.); (M.A.)
- Correspondence: (A.J.S.); (C.D.); Tel.: +40-744-648-855 (C.D.)
| | - Corina Danciu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Correspondence: (A.J.S.); (C.D.); Tel.: +40-744-648-855 (C.D.)
| | - Syed Amir Ashraf
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hail, Hail PO Box 2440, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Afrasim Moin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail PO Box 2440, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ritu Singh
- Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan 305817, India;
| | - Mousa Alreshidi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail PO Box 2440, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (R.B.); (M.S.); (M.A.)
| | - Mitesh Patel
- Bapalal Vaidya Botanical Research Centre, Department of Biosciences, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat, Gujarat 395007, India;
| | - Sadaf Jahan
- Department of Medical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majma’ah 15341, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi 835205, India;
| | - Mulfi I. M. Alkhinjar
- Saudi Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Al Aarid, King Abdulaziz Rd, Riyadh 13354, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Riadh Badraoui
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail PO Box 2440, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (R.B.); (M.S.); (M.A.)
- Section of Histology-Cytology, Medicine College of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, La Rabta-Tunis 1007, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Histo-Embryology and Cytogenetic, Medicine College of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3029, Tunisia
| | - Mejdi Snoussi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail PO Box 2440, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (R.B.); (M.S.); (M.A.)
- Laboratory of Genetics, Biodiversity and Valorization of Bio-Resources, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia
| | - Mohd Adnan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail PO Box 2440, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (R.B.); (M.S.); (M.A.)
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16
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Singh S, Singh TG, Mahajan K, Dhiman S. Medicinal plants used against various inflammatory biomarkers for the management of rheumatoid arthritis. J Pharm Pharmacol 2020; 72:1306-1327. [PMID: 32812250 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disease manifested clinically by polyarthralgia associated with joint dysfunction triggering the antibodies targeting against the self-neoepitopes determined by autoimmune responses associated with chronic arthritic attacks. The activation of macrophages and other defence cells in response to self-epitopes as biomarkers in RA provides a better understanding of pathogenesis of disease and has led to the development of novel therapeutic approaches acting as potent inhibitors of these cells. KEY FINDINGS The current review retrieved the various medicinal plants possessing an active phytoconstituents with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which tends to be effective alternative approach over the synthetic drugs concerned with high toxic effects. The current available literature provided an evident data concluding that the active constituents like fatty acids, flavonoids, terpenes and sesquiterpene lactones attenuate the RA symptoms by targeting the inflammatory biomarkers involved in the pathogenesis of RA. SUMMARY Despite the various synthetic treatment approaches targeting immune cells, cytokines improved the quality of life but still the drug management is challenging due to toxic and chronic teratogenic effects with anti-arthritic drugs. The current review has elaborated the selected traditionally used herbal medicinal plants with phytoconstituents possessing anti-inflammatory activity by suppressing the inflammatory biomarkers with lesser side effects and providing the future exploration of natural drug therapy for rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shareen Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | | | - Kriti Mahajan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Sonia Dhiman
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
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17
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Cock IE, Wright MH, Matthews B, White A. Bioactive compounds sourced from Terminalia spp. in bacterial malodour prevention: an effective alternative to chemical additives. Int J Cosmet Sci 2019; 41:496-508. [PMID: 31381160 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recently, our group reported that extracts prepared from the Australian native plant Terminalia ferdinandiana Exell. are potent inhibitors of the growth malodorous bacteria with similar efficacy to triclosan and through these results, we highlighted a potential biological alternative to the current chemical additives. Other members of the genus Terminalia are also well documented for their antibacterial potential and tannin contents and thus were investigated as potential deodorant additives. METHODS Solvent extractions prepared from of selected Indian, Australian and South African Terminalia spp. were screened by disc diffusion and liquid dilution assays against C. jeikeium, S. epidermidis, P. acnes and B. linens. The antibacterial activity was quantified by liquid dilution MIC assays. The extracts were screened for toxicity using Atremia franciscana nauplii and HDF cell viability bioassays. High-resolution time-of-flight (TOF) LC-MS and GC-MS headspace fingerprint analysis was used to detect tannin, flavonoid and terpenoid components in the extracts. RESULTS Bacterial growth inhibition was observed in all Terminalia extracts with the methanolic T. chebula, T. carpenteriae and T. sericea extracts the most promising bacterial growth inhibitors, yielding MIC values as low as 200 µg mL-1 . Toxicity analyses of the extracts were favourable, and we determined that the methanolic T. chebula, T. carpenteriae and T. sericea extracts were all non-toxic. Using previously detected T. ferdinandiana antimicrobials as benchmarks, LC-MS and GC-MS fingerprint analyses revealed similar compounds in the methanolic T. chebula, T. carpenteriae and T. sericea extracts. CONCLUSION Through these results, we propose that Terminalia spp. extracts may be useful deodorant additives to inhibit the growth of axillary and plantar malodorous bacteria, offering a biological alternative to their chemically synthesized counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- I E Cock
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,School of Environment and Science, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - M H Wright
- Department of Research and Development, First Choice College, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.,Division of Education Quality, iLearn eCollege, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - B Matthews
- NSW Health Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Endocrinology, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - A White
- School of Environment and Science, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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18
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Inhibition of the growth of human dermatophytic pathogens by selected australian and asian plants traditionally used to treat fungal infections. J Mycol Med 2019; 29:331-344. [PMID: 31248775 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Syzygium australe (H.L. Wnddl. ex. Link) B. Hyland, Syzygium luehmannii (F. Muell.) L.A.S. Johnson, Syzygium jambos L. (Alston), Terminalia ferdinandiana Exell. and Tasmannia lanceolata (Poir.) A.C.Sm. are used in traditional Australian Aboriginal and Asian healing systems to treat a variety of pathogenic diseases including fungal skin infections, yet they are yet to be examined for the ability to inhibit the growth of human dermatophytes. MATERIALS AND METHODS The fungal growth inhibitory activity of extracts produced from selected Australian and Asian plants was assessed against a panel of human dermatophytes by standard disc diffusion and liquid dilution MIC methods. The toxicity of the extracts was evaluated by Artemia lethality and MTS HDF cell viability assays. The phytochemistry of the most promising extracts were examined by GC-MS headspace analysis and some interesting compounds were highlighted. RESULTS The aqueous and methanolic extracts of all plant species were good antifungal agents, inhibiting the growth of all of the dematophytes tested. The methanolic S. australe (SA) and S. luehmannii (SL) extracts were particularly potent fungal growth inhibitors. MIC values of 39 and 53μg/mL were recorded for the methanolic SL fruit extract against T. mentagrophytes and T. rubrum respectively. Similar MICs were also noted for the methanolic SL leaf extract (88 and 106μg/mL respectively). The methanolic SL leaf extract was a particularly good fungal growth inhibitor, with MIC values≤100μg/mL against the reference C. albicans strain (96μg/mL), E. floccosum (53μg/mL), and T. mentagrophytes (88μg/mL). This extract also produced MICs≤200μg/mL against all other fungal species/strains tested. Similarly good activity was seen for the methanolic S. australe leaf and fruit extracts, as well as the S. lehmannii fruit and S. jambos leaf extracts, with MIC values 100-500μg/mL. Interestingly, these extracts had low toxicity and high therapeutic indices, indicating their suitability for clinical use. GC-MS headspace analysis highlighted several monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids in the methanolic SA and SL extracts. T. ferdinandiana and T. lanceolata extracts also had promising antifungal activity, albeit with substantially higher MICs. CONCLUSION Whilst multiple extracts inhibited fungal growth, the methanolic S. australe and S. luehmannii leaf extracts and the S. luehmannii fruit extracts showed particularly potent activity against each of these dermatophytes, indicating that they are promising leads for the development of anti-dermatophytic therapeutics.
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19
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Newbould BB, Pearson CM, Whitehouse MW. Passive transfer of allergic encephalomyelitis in rats: a tool for drug mechanism studies and detecting late-acting immunosuppressants. Inflammopharmacology 2019; 29:367-376. [PMID: 30778876 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-019-00565-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
1. A strategy is described for evaluating drugs against different phases in the development of an auto allergic disease, experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. It is based on a cell transfer technique whereby the disease is passively transferred with lymphoid cells from actively immunized donor rats to normal syngeneic rats = passive recipients. Drugs may be applied in vivo to either the cell donors or the cell recipients or to cells in vitro whilst in transit; their efficiency being determined by the severity of the passive disease (weight loss, paralysis) in the recipients. 2. Examples are given illustrating the application of these techniques to: (a) evaluating the lymphocyte-deactivating activity of various nitrogen mustards in vitro; (b) recognizing drugs, e.g. gold derivatives, clofazimine, etc. that are not conventional immunosuppressant (or cytostatic) agents which, when given to the recipient animals, may prevent the expression of the adopted disease; (c) comparing some known immunosuppressants for potency, duration of action, etc.; (d) demonstrating the versatility of cycloleucine, ICI-47,776, etc. 3. Some merits of the strategy are discussed vis a vis using the local graft-versus-host reaction in rats to search for new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- B B Newbould
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
| | - C M Pearson
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
| | - M W Whitehouse
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA. .,School of Medicine and School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, PO Box 68, Stones Corner, QLD, 4120, Australia.
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20
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Omer E, Elshamy AI, Nassar M, Shalom J, White A, Cock IE. Plantago squarrosa Murray extracts inhibit the growth of some bacterial triggers of autoimmune diseases: GC-MS analysis of an inhibitory extract. Inflammopharmacology 2018; 27:373-385. [PMID: 30446926 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-018-0547-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ankylosing spondylitis, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and rheumatic fever are autoimmune inflammatory diseases that may be triggered in genetically susceptible individuals by specific bacterial pathogens. Inhibiting the growth of these bacteria with high antioxidant plant extracts may inhibit the aetiology of these diseases, as well as inhibiting the later phase symptoms. P. squarrosa extracts were analysed for antioxidant activity using a DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Bacterial growth inhibitory activity was evaluated using disc diffusion assays and the activity was quantified by MIC determination. The extracts were screened for toxicity by A. franciscana nauplii assays. The most potent antibacterial extract (ethyl acetate) was analysed by GC-MS headspace profile analysis and compounds were identified with reference to a phytochemical database. All extracts displayed strong DPPH radical scavenging activity. The ethyl acetate extract was particularly potent (IC50 1.4 µg/mL), whilst the other extracts also had significant radical scavenging activity (IC50 values between 11 and 22 µg/mL). Notably, the bacterial growth inhibitory activity of the extracts correlated with their DPPH radical scavenging activity. The ethyl acetate extract, which had the greatest DPPH scavenging activity, generally displayed the most potent bacterial growth inhibitory activity. This extract was particularly potent against P. mirabilis, P. vulgaris and A. baylyi (MIC values of 484, 575 and 880 µg/mL, respectively). It also inhibited P. aeruginosa and S. pyogenes growth, albeit with higher MICs (1600-3700 µg/mL). All other extract-bacteria combinations were either inactive or resulted in mid-low potency inhibition. All extracts were non-toxic in the A. franciscana bioassay (LC50 substantially > 1000 µg/mL). In total, 89 unique mass signals were identified in the P. squarrosa ethyl acetate extract by non-biased GC-MS headspace analysis. A number of compounds which may contribute to the antibacterial activity of this extract have been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsayed Omer
- Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Abdelsamed I Elshamy
- Chemistry of Natural Compounds Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Nassar
- Chemistry of Natural Compounds Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Joseph Shalom
- School of Natural Sciences, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia.,Environmental Futures Research Institute, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Alan White
- School of Natural Sciences, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Ian E Cock
- School of Natural Sciences, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia. .,Environmental Futures Research Institute, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia.
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