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Kato S, Tamura K, Masuda Y, Konishi M, Yamanaka K, Oikawa T. A novel type IIb L-asparaginase from Latilactobacillus sakei LK-145: characterization and application. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:266. [PMID: 38761213 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-03979-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
We succeeded in homogeneously expressing and purifying L-asparaginase from Latilactobacillus sakei LK-145 (Ls-Asn1) and its mutated enzymes C196S, C264S, C290S, C196S/C264S, C196S/C290S, C264S/C290S, and C196S/C264S/C290S-Ls-Asn1. Enzymological studies using purified enzymes revealed that all cysteine residues of Ls-Asn1 were found to affect the catalytic activity of Ls-Asn1 to varying degrees. The mutation of Cys196 did not affect the specific activity, but the mutation of Cys264, even a single mutation, significantly decreased the specific activity. Furthermore, C264S/C290S- and C196S/C264S/C290S-Ls-Asn1 almost completely lost their activity, suggesting that C290 cooperates with C264 to influence the catalytic activity of Ls-Asn1. The detailed enzymatic properties of three single-mutated enzymes (C196S, C264S, and C290S-Ls-Asn1) were investigated for comparison with Ls-Asn1. We found that only C196S-Ls-Asn1 has almost the same enzymatic properties as that of Ls-Asn1 except for its increased stability for thermal, pH, and the metals NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, and FeCl2. We measured the growth inhibitory effect of Ls-Asn1 and C196S-Ls-Asn1 on Jurkat cells, a human T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell line, using L-asparaginase from Escherichia coli K-12 as a reference. Only C196S-Ls-Asn1 effectively and selectively inhibited the growth of Jurkat T-cell leukemia, which suggested that it exhibited antileukemic activity. Furthermore, based on alignment, phylogenetic tree analysis, and structural modeling, we also proposed that Ls-Asn1 is a so-called "Type IIb" novel type of asparaginase that is distinct from previously reported type I or type II asparaginases. Based on the above results, Ls-Asn1 is expected to be useful as a new leukemia therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Kato
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, 2393 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa, 761-0795, Japan
| | - Kazuya Tamura
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, 3-3-35 Yamate-cho, Suita, Osaka-fu, 564-8680, Japan
| | - Yuki Masuda
- Department of Microbiological Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-9-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Hyougo, 658-8558, Japan
| | - Morichika Konishi
- Department of Microbiological Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-9-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Hyougo, 658-8558, Japan
| | - Kazuya Yamanaka
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, 3-3-35 Yamate-cho, Suita, Osaka-fu, 564-8680, Japan
| | - Tadao Oikawa
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, 3-3-35 Yamate-cho, Suita, Osaka-fu, 564-8680, Japan.
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2
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Hosseini SB, Azizi M, Nojoumi SA, Valizadeh V. An up-to-date review of biomedical applications of serratiopeptidase and its biobetter derivatives as a multi-potential metalloprotease. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:180. [PMID: 38502196 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-03889-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Serratiopeptidase is a bacterial metalloprotease used in a variety of medical applications. The multidimensional properties of serratiopeptidase make it noticeable as a miraculous enzyme. Anti-coagulant, anti-inflammatory and anti-biofilm activity of serratiopeptidase making it useful in reducing pain and swelling associated with various conditions including arthritis, diabetes, cancer, swelling, pain and also thrombolytic disorders. It breaks down fibrin, thins the fluids formed during inflammation and due to its anti-biofilm activity, can be used in the combination of antibiotics to reduce development of antibiotic resistance. However, some drawbacks like sensitivity to environmental conditions and low penetration into cells due to its large size have limited its usage as a potent pharmaceutical agent. To overcome such limitations, improved versions of the enzyme were introduced using protein engineering in our previous studies. Novel functional serratiopeptidases with shorter length and higher stability have seemingly created a hope for using this enzyme as a more effective therapeutic enzyme. This review explains the structural properties and functional aspects of serratiopeptidase, its main characteristics and properties, pre-clinical and clinical applications of the enzyme, improved qualities of the modified forms, different formulations of the enzyme, and the potential future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Bahareh Hosseini
- New Technologies Research Group, Nanobiotechnology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Azizi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Ali Nojoumi
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahideh Valizadeh
- New Technologies Research Group, Nanobiotechnology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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3
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Tsegaye K, Tsehai BA, Getie B. Desirable L-asparaginases for treating cancer and current research trends. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1269282. [PMID: 38591038 PMCID: PMC11001194 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1269282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Amino acid depletion therapy is a promising approach for cancer treatment. It exploits the differences in the metabolic processes between healthy and cancerous cells. Certain microbial enzymes induce cancer cell apoptosis by removing essential amino acids. L-asparaginase is an enzyme approved by the FDA for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The enzymes currently employed in clinics come from two different sources: Escherichia coli and Erwinia chrysanthemi. Nevertheless, the search for improved enzymes and other sources continues because of several factors, including immunogenicity, in vivo instability, and protease degradation. Before determining whether L-asparaginase is clinically useful, research should consider the Michaelis constant, turnover number, and maximal velocity. The identification of L-asparaginase from microbial sources has been the subject of various studies. The primary goals of this review are to explore the most current approaches used in the search for therapeutically useful L-asparaginases and to establish whether these investigations identified the crucial characteristics of L-asparaginases before declaring their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kindu Tsegaye
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | | | - Birhan Getie
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Darnal S, Raj R, Chhimwal J, Thakur S, Padwad YS, Singh D. Apoptosis and cell cycle arrest of leukemic cells by a robust and stable L-asparaginase from Pseudomonas sp. PCH199. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 258:128739. [PMID: 38096943 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Biomolecules obtained from microorganisms living in extreme environments possess properties that have pharmacokinetic advantages. Enzyme assay revealed recombinant L-ASNase, an extremozyme from Pseudomonas sp. PCH199 is to be highly stable with 90 % activity (200 h) at 37 °C. The stability of the enzyme in human serum (50 % activity maintained in 63 h) reveals high therapeutic potential with less dosage. The enzyme exhibited cytotoxicity to K562 blood cancer cell lines with IC50 of 0.37 U/mL without affecting the IEC-6 normal epithelial cell line. Due to the depletion of L-asparagine, K562 cells experience nutritional stress that results in the abruption of metabolic processes and eventually leads to apoptosis. Comparative studies on MCF-7 cells also revealed the same fate. Due to nutritional stress induced by L-ASNase treatment, mitochondrial membrane potential was lost, and reactive oxygen species were increased to 48 % (K562) and 21 % (MCF-7) as indicated by flow cytometric analysis. DAPI staining with prominent nuclear morphological changes visualized under the fluorescent microscope confirmed apoptosis in both cancer cells. Treatment increases pro-apoptotic Bax protein, and eventually, the cell cycle is arrested at the G2/M phase in both cell lines. Therefore, the current study paves the way for PCH199 L-ASNase to be considered a potential chemotherapeutic agent for treating acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanyukta Darnal
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176 061, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India
| | - Ravi Raj
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176 061, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India
| | - Jyoti Chhimwal
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India; Dietetics & Nutrition Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176 061, India
| | - Shubham Thakur
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176 061, India
| | - Yogendra S Padwad
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India; Dietetics & Nutrition Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176 061, India.
| | - Dharam Singh
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176 061, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India.
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Patial V, Kumar S, Joshi R, Singh D. Biochemical characterization of glutaminase-free L-asparaginases from Himalayan Pseudomonas and Rahnella spp. for acrylamide mitigation. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 257:128576. [PMID: 38048933 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
L-asparaginase having low glutaminase activity is important in clinical and food applications. Herein, glutaminase-free L-asparaginase (type I) coding genes from Pseudomonas sp. PCH182 (Ps-ASNase I) and Rahnella sp. PCH162 (Rs-ASNase I) was amplified using gene-specific primers, cloned into a pET-47b(+) vector, and plasmids were transformed into Escherichia coli (E. coli). Further, affinity chromatography purified recombinant proteins to homogeneity with monomer sizes of ~37.0 kDa. Purified Ps-ASNase I and Rs-ASNase I were active at wide pHs and temperatures with optimum activity at 50 °C (492 ± 5 U/mg) and 37 °C (308 ± 4 U/mg), respectively. Kinetic constant Km and Vmax for L-asparagine (Asn) were 2.7 ± 0.06 mM and 526.31 ± 4.0 U/mg for Ps-ASNase I, and 4.43 ± 1.06 mM and 434.78 ± 4.0 U/mg for Rs-ASNase I. Circular dichroism study revealed 29.3 % and 24.12 % α-helix structures in Ps-ASNase I and Rs-ASNase I, respectively. Upon their evaluation to mitigate acrylamide formation, 43 % and 34 % acrylamide (AA) reduction were achieved after pre-treatment of raw potato slices, consistent with 65 % and 59 % Asn reduction for Ps-ASNase I and Rs-ASNase I, respectively. Current findings suggested the potential of less explored intracellular L-asparaginase in AA mitigation for food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijeta Patial
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176 061, Himachal Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India
| | - Subhash Kumar
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176 061, Himachal Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India
| | - Robin Joshi
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176 061, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Dharam Singh
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176 061, Himachal Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India.
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6
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Rouhani M, Valizadeh V, Bakhshandeh H, Hosseinzadeh SA, Molasalehi S, Atyabi SM, Norouzian D. Improved anti-biofilm activity and long-lasting effects of novel serratiopeptidase immobilized on cellulose nanofibers. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:6487-6496. [PMID: 37672071 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12734-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Today, enzymatic treatment is a progressive field in combating biofilm producing pathogens. In this regard, serratiopeptidase, a medicinally important metalloprotease, has been recently highlighted as an enzyme with proved anti-biofilm activity. In the present study, in order to increase the long-lasting effects of the enzyme, serratiopeptidase and the novel engineered forms with enhanced anti-biofilm activity were immobilized on the surface of cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) as a natural polymer with eminent properties. For this, recombinant serratiopeptidases including the native and previously designed enzymes were produced, purified and conjugated to the CNF by chemical and physical methods. Immobilization was confirmed using different scanning and microscopic methods. The enzyme activity was assessed using casein hydrolysis test. Enzyme release analysis was performed using dialysis tube method. Anti-biofilm activity of free and immobilized enzymes has been examined on Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. Finally, cytotoxicity of enzyme-conjugated CNFs was performed by MTT assay. The casein hydrolysis results confirmed fixation of all recombinant enzymes on CNFs by chemical method; however, inadequate fixation of these enzymes was found using cold atmospheric plasma (CAP). The AFM, FTIR, and SEM analysis confirmed appropriate conjugation of enzymes on the surface of CNFs. Immobilization of enzymes on CNFs improved the anti-biofilm activity of serratiopeptidase enzymes. Interestingly, the novel engineered serratiopeptidase (T344 [8-339ss]) exhibited the highest anti-biofilm activity in both conjugated and non-conjugated forms. In conclusion, incorporation of serratiopeptidases into CNFs improves their anti-biofilm activities without baring any cytotoxicity. KEY POINTS: • Enzymes were successfully immobilized on cellulose nanofibers using chemical method. • Immobilization of enzymes on CNFs improved their anti-biofilm activity. • T344 [8-339ss] exhibited the highest anti-biofilm activity in both conjugated and non-conjugated forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Rouhani
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Science, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Nano-Biotechnology Department, New Technologies Research Group, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahideh Valizadeh
- Nano-Biotechnology Department, New Technologies Research Group, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Haleh Bakhshandeh
- Nano-Biotechnology Department, New Technologies Research Group, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- QC Department, Osve Pharmaceutical Co., Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Ali Hosseinzadeh
- Nano-Biotechnology Department, New Technologies Research Group, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Molasalehi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Science, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Nano-Biotechnology Department, New Technologies Research Group, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Atyabi
- Nano-Biotechnology Department, New Technologies Research Group, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Dariush Norouzian
- Nano-Biotechnology Department, New Technologies Research Group, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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7
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Chen Q, Cui Y, Zhao J, Zeng W, Jin N, Yang L, Yuan J. Cellular Apoptosis Induced by Deoxynivalenol. Indian J Microbiol 2022; 62:61-69. [PMID: 35068605 PMCID: PMC8758862 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-021-00965-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is synthesized by Fusarium species that frequently infect crops during storage, and it's harm risk to human is reflected in the consumption of infected food crops or indirectly through foods of animal origin. In this study, Hela and Chang liver cells were used to research the cellular apoptosis induced by deoxynivalenol. Cells were treated by DON toxin with a series of concentration and incubated for different time. MTT, fluorescence microscope, flow cytometer and Western blot methods were used to analyze the effect of DON on the cell apoptosis in vitro and in vivo systematically. The results showed that DON was toxic to the cells tested. After being treated by DON, the morphology of Chang livers and Hela cells changed significantly. The DON promoted apoptosis in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The activity of Caspase 3 was significantly increased in DON-induced apoptosis. Moreover, endogenous Glutathione (GSH) level in these cell lines was gradually decreased. In the early apoptosis progress, oxidative stress was induced by DON. When DON reached 10 µg/mL, a markedly increased content of Malondialdehyde (MDA) was detected in both Hela and Chang liver cells. Furthermore, an in vivo test indicated that DON had toxicity to mice by causing weight loss and swollen spleen, and significantly increased expression of AST and ALT. In conclusion, the DON was toxic to mice and could induce the apoptosis of tested cells undergoing a Caspase-3 related pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing’ai Chen
- College of Tourism and Leisure Management, Fujian Business University, Fuzhou, 350012 Fujian China
| | - Ying Cui
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
| | - Jiaru Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
| | - Wanlin Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
| | - Ni Jin
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
| | - Lan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
| | - Jun Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
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8
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Pan H, Zhan J, Yang H, Wang C, Liu H, Zhou H, Zhou H, Lu X, Su X, Tian Y. Improving the Acid Resistance of Tannase TanBLp (AB379685) from Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC14917 T by Site-Specific Mutagenesis. Indian J Microbiol 2022; 62:96-102. [PMID: 35068609 PMCID: PMC8758840 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-021-00983-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tannin acyl hydrolase referred commonly as tannase catalyzes the hydrolysis of the galloyl ester bond of tannin to release gallic acid. The tannase TanBLp which cloned from Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC14917T has high activity in the pH range (7.0-9.0) at 40 °C, it would be detrimental to the utilization at acidic environment. The catalytic sites and stability of TanBLp were analyzed using bioinformatics and site-specific mutagenesis. The results reiterated that the amino acid residues Ala164, Lys343, Glu357, Asp421 and His451 had played an important role in maintaining the activity. The optimum pH of mutants V75A, G77A, N94A, A164S and F243A were shifted from 8.0 to 6.0, and mutant V75A has the highest pH stability and activity at acidic conditions than other mutants, which was more suitable for industrial application to manufacture gallic acid. This study was of great significance to promote the industrialization and efficient utilization of tannase TanBLp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Pan
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China ,Institute of Agricultural Product Quality Standard and Testing Research, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, China
| | - Jingjing Zhan
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Hui Yang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Chong Wang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Huhu Liu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Haiyan Zhou
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiangyang Lu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaojun Su
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Yun Tian
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
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Al Yousef SA. Fusarium sp. L-asparaginases: purification, characterization, and potential assessment as an antileukemic chemotherapeutic agent. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:11243-11254. [PMID: 34532809 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16175-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Asparaginases important role in the treatment of leukemia. It is part of chemotherapy in the treatment of leukemia in the last three decades. L-Asparaginase is isolated from Fusarium sp. isolated from soil and purified using ammonium sulfate precipitation and Sephadex G 100. Characterization of the crude enzyme revealed it is a metalloprotease inhibited by EDTA. Hg2+, Cd2+, and Pb2+ also inhibited the enzyme. Mg2+, Zn2+, and Ca2+ activated L-asparaginase. Furthermore, kinetic studies of purified enzyme were carried out. Vmax and Km were 0.031 M and 454 U/mL, respectively. The optimum temperature was 30 °C and the optimum pH was 7. Concerning substrate specificity, gelatin and casein in addition to L-asparagine were tested. The enzyme was found to be nonspecific that could hydrolyze all tested substrates at different rates. The maximum enzyme activity was recorded in the case of L-asparagine, followed by casein and gelatin, respectively. The molecular weight of L-asparaginase was 22.5 kDa. The antileukemic cytotoxicity assay of the enzyme against RAW2674 leukemic cell lines by MTT viability test was estimated. The enzyme exhibited antileukemic activity with IC50 of 50.1 UmL-1. The current work presents additional information regarding the purification and characterization of the enzyme produced by Fusarium sp. and its evaluation as a potential antileukemic chemotherapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulaiman A Al Yousef
- Clinical Laboratories Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Science, Hafr Al Batin University, Hafr Al Batin, 319 91, Saudi Arabia.
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10
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Giri P, Pagar AD, Patil MD, Yun H. Chemical modification of enzymes to improve biocatalytic performance. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 53:107868. [PMID: 34774927 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Improvement in intrinsic enzymatic features is in many instances a prerequisite for the scalable applicability of many industrially important biocatalysts. To this end, various strategies of chemical modification of enzymes are maturing and now considered as a distinct way to improve biocatalytic properties. Traditional chemical modification methods utilize reactivities of amine, carboxylic, thiol and other side chains originating from canonical amino acids. On the other hand, noncanonical amino acid- mediated 'click' (bioorthogoal) chemistry and dehydroalanine (Dha)-mediated modifications have emerged as an alternate and promising ways to modify enzymes for functional enhancement. This review discusses the applications of various chemical modification tools that have been directed towards the improvement of functional properties and/or stability of diverse array of biocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritam Giri
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Amol D Pagar
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Mahesh D Patil
- Department of Nanomaterials and Application Technology, Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), Sector-81, PO Manauli, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Hyungdon Yun
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Jia R, Wan X, Geng X, Xue D, Xie Z, Chen C. Microbial L-asparaginase for Application in Acrylamide Mitigation from Food: Current Research Status and Future Perspectives. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081659. [PMID: 34442737 PMCID: PMC8400838 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
L-asparaginase (E.C.3.5.1.1) hydrolyzes L-asparagine to L-aspartic acid and ammonia, which has been widely applied in the pharmaceutical and food industries. Microbes have advantages for L-asparaginase production, and there are several commercially available forms of L-asparaginase, all of which are derived from microbes. Generally, L-asparaginase has an optimum pH range of 5.0-9.0 and an optimum temperature of between 30 and 60 °C. However, the optimum temperature of L-asparaginase from hyperthermophilic archaea is considerable higher (between 85 and 100 °C). The native properties of the enzymes can be enhanced by using immobilization techniques. The stability and recyclability of immobilized enzymes makes them more suitable for food applications. This current work describes the classification, catalytic mechanism, production, purification, and immobilization of microbial L-asparaginase, focusing on its application as an effective reducer of acrylamide in fried potato products, bakery products, and coffee. This highlights the prospects of cost-effective L-asparaginase, thermostable L-asparaginase, and immobilized L-asparaginase as good candidates for food application in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiying Jia
- Institute of Nursing and Health, College of Nursing and Health, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (R.J.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiao Wan
- Institute of Nursing and Health, College of Nursing and Health, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (R.J.); (X.W.)
| | - Xu Geng
- School of Basic Medicine, Henan University, Jinming Avenue, Kaifeng 475004, China;
- Correspondence: (X.G.); (C.C.)
| | - Deming Xue
- School of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China;
| | - Zhenxing Xie
- School of Basic Medicine, Henan University, Jinming Avenue, Kaifeng 475004, China;
| | - Chaoran Chen
- Institute of Nursing and Health, College of Nursing and Health, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (R.J.); (X.W.)
- Correspondence: (X.G.); (C.C.)
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Bio-prospecting the future in perspective of amidohydrolase L-glutaminase from marine habitats. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:5325-5340. [PMID: 34236482 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11416-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In the current scenario, considerable attention is being given to the enzyme L-glutaminase (EC 3.5.1.2). It belongs to the amidohydrolase class adherent to the family of serine-reliant β-lactamases and the penicillin-binding proteins due to its higher affinity to polymerize and modify peptidoglycan synthesis. However, based on the catalytic proficiency, L-glutaminase is characterized as a proteolytic endopeptidase that cleaves peptide linkage and emancipates various byproducts, viz. ammonia along with glutamate. L-glutamine is considered the key amino acid reportedly involved in multiple metabolic pathways such as nitrogen metabolism. The present review is focused on the recent development and aspects concomitant to the biotechnological applicability of L-glutaminase predominantly from the marine habitat. Additionally, a majority of L-glutaminases finds application in cancer therapy as therapeutic agents, especially for acute lymphocytic leukaemia. The in vitro studies have been effective against various human cancer cell lines. L-glutaminase enhances the growth of probiotic bacteria. Apart from all these applications, it is suitably applicable in fermented foods as a flavour enhancer especially the umami flavour and content. Marine habitats have largely been exploited for their bio-catalytic potential but very scarcely for therapeutic enzymes. Some of the reports of such marine bacterial isolates from Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp. and Vibrio sp. are in the domain, but none highlights the therapeutic applications predominantly as anticancer and anti-proliferative agents. KEY POINTS: The exploration of marine habitats along the Gujarat coasts mainly for bacteria secreting L-glutaminase is scarcely reported, and even more scarce are the amidohydrolases from these marine niches as compared to their terrestrial counterparts. Microbial sourced amidohydrolase has wide bio-applicability that includes food, cosmetics and therapeutics especially as anticancer/anti-proliferative agent making it of immense biotechnological significance.
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Castro D, Marques ASC, Almeida MR, de Paiva GB, Bento HBS, Pedrolli DB, Freire MG, Tavares APM, Santos-Ebinuma VC. L-asparaginase production review: bioprocess design and biochemical characteristics. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:4515-4534. [PMID: 34059941 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11359-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In the past decades, the production of biopharmaceuticals has gained high interest due to its great sensitivity, specificity, and lower risk of negative effects to patients. Biopharmaceuticals are mostly therapeutic recombinant proteins produced through biotechnological processes. In this context, L-asparaginase (L-asparagine amidohydrolase, L-ASNase (E.C. 3.5.1.1)) is a therapeutic enzyme that has been abundantly studied by researchers due to its antineoplastic properties. As a biopharmaceutical, L-ASNase has been used in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML), and other lymphoid malignancies, in combination with other drugs. Besides its application as a biopharmaceutical, this enzyme is widely used in food processing industries as an acrylamide mitigation agent and as a biosensor for the detection of L-asparagine in physiological fluids at nano-levels. The great demand for L-ASNase is supplied by recombinant enzymes from Escherichia coli and Erwinia chrysanthemi. However, production processes are associated to low yields and proteins associated to immunogenicity problems, which leads to the search for a better enzyme source. Considering the L-ASNase pharmacological and food importance, this review provides an overview of the current biotechnological developments in L-ASNase production and biochemical characterization aiming to improve the knowledge about its production. KEY POINTS: • Microbial enzyme applications as biopharmaceutical and in food industry • Biosynthesis process: from the microorganism to bioreactor technology • Enzyme activity and kinetic properties: crucial for the final application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Castro
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Sofia C Marques
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Mafalda R Almeida
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Gabriela B de Paiva
- Department of Engineering Bioprocess and Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Heitor B S Bento
- Department of Engineering Bioprocess and Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Danielle B Pedrolli
- Department of Engineering Bioprocess and Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Mara G Freire
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana P M Tavares
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Valéria C Santos-Ebinuma
- Department of Engineering Bioprocess and Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil.
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Sarion C, Codină GG, Dabija A. Acrylamide in Bakery Products: A Review on Health Risks, Legal Regulations and Strategies to Reduce Its Formation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:4332. [PMID: 33921874 PMCID: PMC8073677 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18084332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Acrylamide is a contaminant as defined in Council Regulation (EEC) No 315/93 and as such, it is considered a chemical hazard in the food chain. The toxicity of acrylamide has been acknowledged since 2002, among its toxicological effects on humans being neurotoxicity, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, and reproductive toxicity. Acrylamide has been classified as carcinogenic in the 2A group, with human exposure leading to progressive degeneration of the peripheral and central nervous systems characterized by cognitive and motor abnormalities. Bakery products (bread, crispbread, cakes, batter, breakfast cereals, biscuits, pies, etc.) are some of the major sources of dietary acrylamide. The review focuses on the levels of acrylamide in foods products, in particular bakery ones, and the risk that resulting dietary intake of acrylamide has on human health. The evolving legislative situation regarding the acrylamide content from foodstuffs, especially bakery ones, in the European Union is discussed underlining different measures that food producers must take in order to comply with the current regulations regarding the acrylamide levels in their products. Different approaches to reduce the acrylamide level in bakery products such as the use of asparginase, calcium salts, antioxidants, acids and their salts, etc., are described in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Georgiana Gabriela Codină
- Faculty of Food Engineering, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania; (C.S.); (A.D.)
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15
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Barros T, Brumano L, Freitas M, Pessoa A, Parachin N, Magalhães PO. Development of Processes for Recombinant L-Asparaginase II Production by Escherichia coli Bl21 (De3): From Shaker to Bioreactors. Pharmaceutics 2020; 13:E14. [PMID: 33374100 PMCID: PMC7823503 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 1961, L-asparaginase has been used to treat patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia. It rapidly depletes the plasma asparagine and deprives the blood cells of this circulating amino acid, essential for the metabolic cycles of cells. In the search for viable alternatives to produce L-asparaginase, this work aimed to produce this enzyme from Escherichia coli in a shaker and in a 3 L bioreactor. Three culture media were tested: defined, semi-defined and complex medium. L-asparaginase activity was quantified using the β-hydroxamate aspartic acid method. The defined medium provided the highest L-asparaginase activity. In induction studies, two inducers, lactose and its analog IPTG, were compared. Lactose was chosen as an inducer for the experiments conducted in the bioreactor due to its natural source, lower cost and lower toxicity. Batch and fed-batch cultures were carried out to reach high cell density and then start the induction. Batch cultivation provided a final cell concentration of 11 g L-1 and fed-batch cultivation produced 69.90 g L-1 of cells, which produced a volumetric activity of 43,954.79 U L-1 after lactose induction. L-asparaginase was produced in a shaker and scaled up to a bioreactor, increasing 23-fold the cell concentration and thus, the enzyme productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís Barros
- Department of Pharmacy, Health Sciences School, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil; (T.B.); (M.F.)
| | - Larissa Brumano
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (L.B.); (A.P.J.)
| | - Marcela Freitas
- Department of Pharmacy, Health Sciences School, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil; (T.B.); (M.F.)
| | - Adalberto Pessoa
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (L.B.); (A.P.J.)
| | - Nádia Parachin
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil;
| | - Pérola O. Magalhães
- Department of Pharmacy, Health Sciences School, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil; (T.B.); (M.F.)
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Toxicity Analysis of Recombinant L-asparaginase I and II in Zebrafish. Indian J Microbiol 2020; 60:535-538. [PMID: 33088004 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-020-00890-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
L-asparaginases are extensively applied in the treatment of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL). The treatment regime of ALL consists of asparaginase from E. coli or Erwinia. The survival rate post-chemotherapy has increased to < 90% in recent years. Asparaginase therapy has also resulted in numerous toxicities to patients receiving therapy. This study demonstrates the reaction of normal cells of Danio rerio to asparaginase therapy. L-asparaginase I and II used in the present study are from two probiotic Lactobacillus species in comparison with a commercial L-asparaginase of E. coli origin. Zebrafish adults were injected with 2500 U/kg body weight of L-asparaginase treatments. The expression of SOD 2, CAT, GST, GTP BP3, FADS2 were analyzed with EF1α as house-keeping gene. The p value obtained proves that the data are significant. The histology of the L-asparaginase I treated fishes showed dilated sinusoids in the liver and pseudocyst in the pancreas. The L-asparaginase II and commercial asparaginase showed no pathology.
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Farahat MG, Amr D, Galal A. Molecular cloning, structural modeling and characterization of a novel glutaminase-free L-asparaginase from Cobetia amphilecti AMI6. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 143:685-695. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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