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Gholami MD, Falak R, Heidari S, Khoshmirsafa M, Kazemi MH, Zarnani AH, Safari E, Tajik N, Kardar GA. A Truncated Snail1 Transcription Factor Alters the Expression of Essential EMT Markers and Suppresses Tumor Cell Migration in a Human Lung Cancer Cell Line. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov 2020; 14:158-169. [PMID: 31131753 DOI: 10.2174/1574892814666190527111429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) is necessary for metastasis. Zinc- finger domain-containing transcription factors, especially Snail1, bind to E-box motifs and play a crucial role in the induction and regulation of EMT. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized if C-terminal region of Snail1 (CSnail1) may competitively bind to E-box and block cancer metastasis. METHODS The CSnail1 gene coding sequence was inserted into the pIRES2-EGFP vector. Following transfection of A549 cells with the designed construct, EMT was induced with TGF-β1 and the expression of essential EMT markers was evaluated by real-time PCR and immunoblotting. We also monitored cell migration. RESULTS CSnail1 inhibited TGF-β1-induced N-cadherin and vimentin mRNA expression and increased β-catenin expression in transfected TGF-β1-treated A549 cells. A similar finding was obtained in western blotting. CSnail1 also blocked the migration of transfected cells in the scratch test. CONCLUSION Transfection of A549 cells with CSnail1 alters the expression of essential EMT markers and consequently suppresses tumor cell migration. These findings confirm the capability of CSnail1 in EMT blocking and in parallel to current patents could be applied as a novel strategy in the prevention of metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Davoodzadeh Gholami
- Immunology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Falak
- Immunology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahel Heidari
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Khoshmirsafa
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad H Kazemi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Hematopoietic Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir-Hassan Zarnani
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Reproductive Immunology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elaheh Safari
- Immunology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nader Tajik
- Immunology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholam A Kardar
- Immunology Asthma & Allergy Research Institute, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Yang Z, Wang J, Zhang Z, Tang F. Epstein-Barr Virus-Encoded Products Promote Circulating Tumor Cell Generation: A Novel Mechanism of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Metastasis. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:11793-11804. [PMID: 32099385 PMCID: PMC6997419 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s235948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is a specific tumorigenic factor in the pathogenesis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Viral products encoded by EBV (LMP1, LMP2A, EBNA1, and miRNAs) have been shown to promote NPC metastasis. EBV-encoded oncoproteins and miRNAs have been shown to induce epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) indirectly by inducing EMT transcription factors (EMT-TFs). These EBV-encoded products also promote the expression of EMT-TFs through post-transcriptional regulation. EMT contributes to generation of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in epithelial cancers. CTCs exhibit stem cell characteristics, including increased invasiveness, enhanced cell intravasation, and improved cell survival in the peripheral system. EBV may contribute NPC metastasis through promoting generation of CTCs. Furthermore, CTC karyotypes are associated with NPC staging, therapeutic sensitivity, and resistance. We summarized studies showing that EBV-encoded virus-proteins and miRNAs promote generation of NPC CTCs, and highlighted the associated mechanism. This synthesis indicated that EBV mediates NPC metastasis through generation of CTCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongbei Yang
- Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai Hospital of Jinan University, Zhuhai, People's Republic of China.,Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenlin Zhang
- Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai Hospital of Jinan University, Zhuhai, People's Republic of China
| | - Faqing Tang
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
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3
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Li G, Wang X, Li C, Hu S, Niu Z, Sun Q, Sun M. Piwi-Interacting RNA1037 Enhances Chemoresistance and Motility in Human Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:10615-10627. [PMID: 31824169 PMCID: PMC6900317 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s233322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are thought to silence transposable genetic elements. However, the functional roles of piRNAs in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remain unelucidated. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the role of Piwi-interacting RNA 1037 (piR-1037) in chemoresistance to cisplatin (CDDP)-based chemotherapy and the oncogenic role of piR-1037 in OSCC cells. Methods RT-PCR was used to evaluate the levels of piR-1037 and X-linked Inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) mRNA in OSCC cell lines or tumor xenografts. Transfection of piR-1037 DNA antisense and piR-1037 RNA oligonucleotides was performed to suppress and overexpress piR-1037 in OSCC cells, respectively. A CCK8 assay was used to measure the viability or proliferation of OSCC cells. Apoptosis in OSCC cells and xenografts was determined using a TUNEL assay kit. The activity of caspase-3, caspase-8 and caspase-1 in OSCC cells was measured with colorimetric caspase assay kits. Western blot analysis was conducted to analyze XIAP expression in OSCC cells and xenograft samples. Immunoprecipitation (IP) and RNA pull-down assays were utilized to analyze the piR-1037 - XIAP interaction. Transwell assays were performed to evaluate migration and invasion of OSCC cells. Results CDDP treatment upregulated piR-1037 expression in OSCC cells and OSCC xenografts. Suppression of the CDDP-induced upregulation of piR-1037 expression enhanced the sensitivity of OSCC cells to CDDP. piR-1037 promoted protein expression and directly bound XIAP, a key apoptotic inhibitor that is implicated in chemoresistance. The relationship between piR-1037 and XIAP suggested that piR-1037 enhanced OSCC cell chemoresistance to CDDP at least partially through XIAP. Moreover, targeting the basal expression of piR-1037 inhibited cell motility by affecting epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). Conclusion piR-1037 enhances the chemoresistance and motility of OSCC cells. piR-1037 promotes chemoresistance by interacting with XIAP and regulates the motility of OSCC cells by driving EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Li
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunmei Li
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Hu
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhixing Niu
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Minglei Sun
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, People's Republic of China
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Duan F, Hao D, Xu W, Zhong X, Luo T. Correlations of Twist Expression with Pathological and Computed Tomography (CT) Characteristics and Prognosis of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:977-983. [PMID: 30714578 PMCID: PMC6371739 DOI: 10.12659/msm.912674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to assess the correlations of Twist expression with pathological and computed tomography (CT) characteristics and prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Material/Methods We enrolled 120 patients with lung cancer who underwent CT examination. The Twist protein expression level was detected in 120 cases of cancer tissues and a control group using immunohistochemical method. The survival curve was plotted using the Kaplan-Meier method and analyzed via log-rank test. Results The Twist expression was associated with tumor stage, differentiation degree, and presence or absence of lymph node metastasis, but had no correlations with sex, age, or histological type. Grade-3 bronchial involvement, pleural indentation, and hilar and mediastinal lymph node enlargement occurred more frequently in the high-expression Twist group compared with the low-expression Twist group. The overall survival rate of patients with Twist overexpression was significantly lower than that of patients with normal Twist expression. The mean survival time was 69.8 months in Twist protein expression-negative patients and 45.8 months in Twist protein expression-positive patients. Finally, the positive expression of Twist protein was significantly correlated with the long-term survival and prognosis of patients. Conclusions The Twist gene might be involved in the occurrence and development of NSCLC, which is correlated with patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Duan
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, Christmas island
| | - Dapeng Hao
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Wenjian Xu
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Xin Zhong
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Tao Luo
- Department of Radiology, Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, Dongying, Shandong, China (mainland)
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5
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Chen D, Zhu M, Su H, Chen J, Xu X, Cao C. LINC00961 restrains cancer progression via modulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition in renal cell carcinoma. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:7257-7265. [PMID: 30367453 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recently, long noncoding RNA have been identified as new gene regulators and prognostic biomarkers in various cancers, including renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The expression and biological roles of LINC00961 have been reported in many human cancers. However, up to date, no study of LINC00961 has been shown in RCC. Currently, we aimed to investigate the function of LINC00961 in RCC progression. Interestingly, we observed that LINC00961 could act as a novel biomarker in predicting the diagnosis of RCC. Then, we found that LINC00961 was greatly downregulated in RCC cell lines (Caki-1, Caki-2, 786-O, A498, and ACHN cells) compared with normal renal cell lines (HK-2 cells). Then, 786-O cells and ACHN cells were infected with LV-LINC00961. As displayed in our current study, LINC00961 overexpression could obviously suppress the proliferation and survival of RCC cells in vitro. In addition, RCC cell apoptosis was greatly induced and cell cycle progression was blocked in G1 phase by upregulation of LINC00961 in 786-O cells and ACHN cells. Subsequently, we found that LV-LINC00961 was able to restrain RCC cell migration and cell invasion capacity. Meanwhile, the messenger RNA and protein expression levels of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-associated markers Slug and N-cadherin in RCC cell lines were dramatically inhibited by overexpressing LINC00961. Finally, the in vivo experiment was carried out and we observed that LINC00961 could inhibit RCC development through modulating EMT process. Taken these together, it was indicated in our study that LINC00961 was involved in RCC progression through targeting EMT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongming Chen
- Department of Urology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huang Su
- Department of Urology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiexun Chen
- Department of Urology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xianlin Xu
- Department of Urology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Changchun Cao
- Department of Urology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Li M, Zhang X, Xu X, Wu J, Hu K, Guo X, Zhang P. Clinicopathological and prognostic significance of Twist overexpression in NSCLC. Oncotarget 2018; 9:14642-14651. [PMID: 29581870 PMCID: PMC5865696 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies were conducted to explore the prognostic significance of Twist in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), however, contradictory results in different studies were reported. To this end, we presented a systematic review aiming to summarize the prognostic significance of Twist in patients with NSCLC. 5 studies involving a total of 572 patients were identified. The result indicated that high Twist expression was significantly associated with a worse overall survival (OS) (hazard ratio (HR) = 2.19, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 1.64–2.94, p < 0.001; I2 = 0.0%, fixed effect), recurrence-free survival (RFS) (HR = 2.476, 95% CI = 1.728–3.547, p < 0.001; I2 = 0.0%, fixed effect) and lymph node or other metastasis (odds rate (OR) = 0.419, 95% CI = 0.259–0.679, P < 0.001, fixed effect). Subgroup analysis revealed that the expression of Twist in Chinese patients might be more closely associated with the prognosis of NSCLC than in American patients. Overall, these results indicated that Twist over-expression in patients with NSCLC might be related to poor prognosis and serves as an unfavorable predictor of poor clinicopathological prognosis factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqing Xu
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jiubin Wu
- Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of TCM, Tianjin, China
| | - Kaiwen Hu
- Department of Oncology, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuwei Guo
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peitong Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Liang Y, Li Y, Song X, Zhang N, Sang Y, Zhang H, Liu Y, Chen B, Zhao W, Wang L, Guo R, Yu Z, Yang Q. Long noncoding RNA LINP1 acts as an oncogene and promotes chemoresistance in breast cancer. Cancer Biol Ther 2018; 19:120-131. [PMID: 29293402 PMCID: PMC5790352 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2017.1394543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in a number of biological processes; however, further study is still warranted to comprehensively reveal their functions. In this study, we showed that the lncRNA in non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway 1 (LINP1) was related to breast cancer cell proliferation, metastasis and chemoresistance. Loss- and gain-of function studies were used to assess the role of LINP1 in promoting breast cancer progression. LINP1 knockdown mitigated breast cancer cell growth by inducing G1-phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. LINP1 also promoted breast cancer cell metastasis and influenced the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related markers. We identified p53 as a regulator of LINP1, and LINP1 overexpression could restore the metastatic effects of p53. Furthermore, LINP1 was upregulated in doxorubicin- and 5-fluorouracil-resistant cells and induced chemoresistance. We also observed that LINP1 enrichment played a critical functional role in chemoresistance by inhibiting chemotherapeutics-induced apoptosis. Moreover, LINP1 in tumors was associated with lower overall survival and disease-free survival. In conclusion, LINP1 may serve as a potential oncogene and chemoresistance-related regulator of breast cancer cells, suggesting that LINP1 might be a potent therapeutic target and might reduce chemoresistance in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Liang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Yaming Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojin Song
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Yuting Sang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Hanwen Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Bing Chen
- Pathology Tissue Bank, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Wenjing Zhao
- Pathology Tissue Bank, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- Pathology Tissue Bank, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Renbo Guo
- Department of Urology, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Zhigang Yu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Qifeng Yang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
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Ning L, Li Z, Wei D, Chen H, Yang C. LncRNA, NEAT1 is a prognosis biomarker and regulates cancer progression via epithelial-mesenchymal transition in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Biomark 2017; 19:75-83. [PMID: 28269753 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-160376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Ning
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiguo Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dianjun Wei
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Haiyan Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Gandalovičová A, Vomastek T, Rosel D, Brábek J. Cell polarity signaling in the plasticity of cancer cell invasiveness. Oncotarget 2016; 7:25022-49. [PMID: 26872368 PMCID: PMC5041887 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Apico-basal polarity is typical of cells present in differentiated epithelium while front-rear polarity develops in motile cells. In cancer development, the transition from epithelial to migratory polarity may be seen as the hallmark of cancer progression to an invasive and metastatic disease. Despite the morphological and functional dissimilarity, both epithelial and migratory polarity are controlled by a common set of polarity complexes Par, Scribble and Crumbs, phosphoinositides, and small Rho GTPases Rac, Rho and Cdc42. In epithelial tissues, their mutual interplay ensures apico-basal and planar cell polarity. Accordingly, altered functions of these polarity determinants lead to disrupted cell-cell adhesions, cytoskeleton rearrangements and overall loss of epithelial homeostasis. Polarity proteins are further engaged in diverse interactions that promote the establishment of front-rear polarity, and they help cancer cells to adopt different invasion modes. Invading cancer cells can employ either the collective, mesenchymal or amoeboid invasion modes or actively switch between them and gain intermediate phenotypes. Elucidation of the role of polarity proteins during these invasion modes and the associated transitions is a necessary step towards understanding the complex problem of metastasis. In this review we summarize the current knowledge of the role of cell polarity signaling in the plasticity of cancer cell invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Gandalovičová
- Department of Cell Biology, Charles University in Prague, Viničná, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Vomastek
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of The Czech Republic, Videňská, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Rosel
- Department of Cell Biology, Charles University in Prague, Viničná, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Brábek
- Department of Cell Biology, Charles University in Prague, Viničná, Prague, Czech Republic
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10
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Fifis T, Nguyen L, Malcontenti-Wilson C, Chan LS, Nunes Costa PL, Daruwalla J, Nikfarjam M, Muralidharan V, Waltham M, Thompson EW, Christophi C. Treatment with the vascular disruptive agent OXi4503 induces an immediate and widespread epithelial to mesenchymal transition in the surviving tumor. Cancer Med 2013; 2:595-610. [PMID: 24403226 PMCID: PMC3892792 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is considered an important mechanism in tumor resistance to drug treatments; however, in vivo observation of this process has been limited. In this study we demonstrated an immediate and widespread EMT involving all surviving tumor cells following treatment of a mouse model of colorectal liver metastases with the vascular disruptive agent OXi4503. EMT was characterized by significant downregulation of E-cadherin, relocation and nuclear accumulation of β-catenin as well as significant upregulation of ZEB1 and vimentin. Concomitantly, significant temporal upregulation in hypoxia and the pro-angiogenic growth factors hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha, hepatocyte growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor and transforming growth factor-beta were seen within the surviving tumor. The process of EMT was transient and by 5 days after treatment tumor cell reversion to epithelial morphology was evident. This reversal, termed mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET) is a process implicated in the development of new metastases but has not been observed in vivo histologically. Similar EMT changes were observed in response to other antitumor treatments including chemotherapy, thermal ablation, and antiangiogenic treatments in our mouse colorectal metastasis model and in a murine orthotopic breast cancer model after OXi4503 treatment. These results suggest that EMT may be an early mechanism adopted by tumors in response to injury and hypoxic stress, such that inhibition of EMT in combination with other therapies could play a significant role in future cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodora Fifis
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, 3084, Australia
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11
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Yang CC, Zhu LF, Xu XH, Ning TY, Ye JH, Liu LK. Membrane Type 1 Matrix Metalloproteinase induces an epithelial to mesenchymal transition and cancer stem cell-like properties in SCC9 cells. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:171. [PMID: 23548172 PMCID: PMC3637131 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tissue invasion and metastasis are acquired abilities of cancer and related to the death in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Emerging observations indicate that the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is associated with tumor progression and the generation of cells with cancer stem cells (CSCs) properties. Membrane Type 1 Matrix Metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) is a cell surface proteinase, which is involved in degrading extracellular matrix components that can promote tumor invasion and cell migration. METHODS In the current study, we utilized SCC9 cells stably transfected with an empty vector (SCC9-N) or a vector encoding human MT1-MMP (SCC9-M) to study the role of MT1-MMP in EMT development. RESULTS Upon up-regulation of MT1-MMP, SCC9-M cells underwent EMT, in which they presented a fibroblast-like phenotype and had a decreased expression of epithelial markers (E-cadherin, cytokeratin18 and β-catenin) and an increased expression of mesenchymal markers (vimentin and fibronectin). We further demonstrated that MT1-MMP-induced morphologic changes increased the level of Twist and ZEB, and were dependent on repressing the transcription of E-cadherin. These activities resulted in low adhesive, high invasive abilities of the SCC9-M cells. Furthermore, MT1-MMP-induced transformed cells exhibited cancer stem cell (CSC)-like characteristics, such as low proliferation, self-renewal ability, resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs and apoptosis, and expression of CSCs surface markers. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, our study indicates that overexpression of MT1-MMP induces EMT and results in the acquisition of CSC-like properties in SCC9 cells. Our growing understanding of the mechanism regulating EMT may provide new targets against invasion and metastasis in OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Chong Yang
- Department of Basic Science of Stomatology, Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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12
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Tang N, Xie Q, Wang X, Li X, Chen Y, Lin X, Lin J. Inhibition of invasion and metastasis of MHCC97H cells by expression of snake venom cystatin through reduction of proteinases activity and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Arch Pharm Res 2011; 34:781-9. [PMID: 21656364 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-011-0512-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Revised: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Snake venom cystatin (sv-cystatin) is a member of the cystatin family of cysteine protease inhibitors. To further evaluate the possibility of sv-cystatin in cancer therapy, this study examined the effects of sv-cystatin on the invasion and metastasis of liver cancer cells (MHCC97H) in vitro and in vivo as well as the underlying mechanism. sv-cystatin cDNA was transfected into MHCC97H cells and the anti-invasion and antimetastasis effects of sv-cystatin were determined using migration and matrigel invasion assays and a lung-metastasis mice model. The results suggest that sv-cyst clone (sv-cystatin expression in MHCC97H cells) delayed the invasion and metastasis in vitro and in vivo compared to the parental, mock and si-sv-cyst clone cells (inhibited sv-cystatin expression by siRNA). The decreased activities of cathepsin B, MMP-2 and MMP-9 and EMT change index including higher E-cadherin, lower N-cadherin and decreased Twist activity were observed in the sv-cyst clone, which contributes to the change in invasion and metastasis ability of MHCC97H cells. This study provides evidence that expression of the sv-cystatin gene in MHCC97H cells inhibits tumor cell invasion and metastasis through the reduction of the proteinases activity and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT), which might contribute to the anticancer research of the sv-cystatin protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanhong Tang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, China
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13
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Li LP, Lu CH, Chen ZP, Ge F, Wang T, Wang W, Xiao CL, Yin XF, Liu L, He JX, He QY. Subcellular proteomics revealed the epithelial-mesenchymal transition phenotype in lung cancer. Proteomics 2011; 11:429-39. [PMID: 21268272 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200900819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2009] [Revised: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Li
- Institute of Life and Health Engineering/National Engineering and Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
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14
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Baum B, Settleman J, Quinlan MP. Transitions between epithelial and mesenchymal states in development and disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2008; 19:294-308. [PMID: 18343170 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2008.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2008] [Accepted: 02/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The ancestors of modern Metazoa were constructed in large part by the foldings and distortions of two-dimensional sheets of epithelial cells. This changed approximately 600 million years ago with the evolution of mesenchymal cells. These cells arise as the result of epithelial cell delamination through a reprogramming process called an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) [Shook D, Keller R. Mechanisms, mechanics and function of epithelial-mesenchymal transitions in early development. Mech Dev 2003;120:1351-83; Thiery JP, Sleeman JP. Complex networks orchestrate epithelial-mesenchymal transitions. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2006;7:131-42]. Because mesenchymal cells are free to migrate through the body cavity, the evolution of the mesenchyme opened up new avenues for morphological plasticity, as cells evolved the ability to take up new positions within the embryo and to participate in novel cell-cell interactions; forming new types of internal tissues and organs such as muscle and bone [Thiery JP, Sleeman, JP. Complex networks orchestrate epithelial-mesenchymal transitions. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2006;7:131-42; Hay ED, Zuk A. Transformations between epithelium and mesenchyme: normal, pathological, and experimentally induced. Am J Kidney Dis 1995;26:678-90]. After migrating to a suitable site, mesenchymal cells coalesce and re-polarize to form secondary epithelia, in a so-called mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET). Such switches between mesenchymal and epithelial states are a frequent feature of Metazoan gastrulation [Hay ED, Zuk A. Transformations between epithelium and mesenchyme: normal, pathological, and experimentally induced. Am J Kidney Dis 1995;26:678-90] and the neural crest lineage [Duband JL, Monier F, Delannet M, Newgreen D. Epitheliu-mmesenchyme transition during neural crest development. Acta Anat 1995;154:63-78]. Significantly, however, when hijacked during the development of cancer, the ability of cells to undergo EMT, to leave the primary tumor and to undergo MET at secondary sites can have devastating consequences on the organism, allowing tumor cells derived from epithelia to invade surrounding tissues and spread through the host [Thiery JP, Sleeman JP. Complex networks orchestrate epithelial-mesenchymal transitions. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2006;7:131-42; Hay ED, Zuk A. Transformations between epithelium and mesenchyme: normal, pathological, and experimentally induced. Am J Kidney Dis 1995;26:678-90]. Thus, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underpinning EMT are both an essential feature of Metazoan development and an important area of biomedical research. In this review, we discuss the common molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in EMT in both cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buzz Baum
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, UCL, London, UK
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15
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Kato S, Espinoza N, Lange S, Villalón M, Cuello M, Owen GI. Characterization and phenotypic variation with passage number of cultured human endometrial adenocarcinoma cells. Tissue Cell 2007; 40:95-102. [PMID: 18031781 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2007.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2006] [Revised: 09/25/2007] [Accepted: 09/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite numerous endometrial cancer cell lines, little is know about the progression and transition of primary cultured endometrial tumours. Herein, a stage I grade III endometrial adenocarcinoma was maintained in primary culture and the phenotypic and protein expression changes were observed in relation to passage number. At early passage numbers, cultured human endometrial cancer (CHEC) cells displayed classic epithelial cell morphology, growing in groups in a glandular structure and staining positive for cytokeratin. However, with increasing passage number, CHEC cells changed in morphology to display a stromal phenotype which was accompanied by a significant reduction in cytokeratin and increases in alpha-actin and vimentin expression. Simultaneous culture of stromal cells isolated from the original tumour failed to show the same morphological characteristics or protein expression patterns. We further characterised CHEC cells through a screening of cancer related proteins, among others, caveolin-1 and Tissue factor in comparison with established cancer cell lines and corresponding non-cancerous cells. This report demonstrates that endometrial adenocarcinoma cells in culture can undergo phenotypic and protein expression changes reminiscent of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. This work suggests that primary tumours and cell lines displaying stromal morphologies may have undergone epithelial-mesenchymal transition from an adenocarcinoma origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumie Kato
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Casilla 114D, Santiago, Chile
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16
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Peinado H, Olmeda D, Cano A. Snail, Zeb and bHLH factors in tumour progression: an alliance against the epithelial phenotype? Nat Rev Cancer 2007; 7:415-28. [PMID: 17508028 DOI: 10.1038/nrc2131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2432] [Impact Index Per Article: 143.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms that underlie tumour progression are still poorly understood, but recently our knowledge of particular aspects of some of these processes has increased. Specifically, the identification of Snail, ZEB and some basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) factors as inducers of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and potent repressors of E-cadherin expression has opened new avenues of research with potential clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Peinado
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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