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Zhang C, Zhang C, Wang K, Wang H. Orchestrating smart therapeutics to achieve optimal treatment in small cell lung cancer: recent progress and future directions. J Transl Med 2023; 21:468. [PMID: 37452395 PMCID: PMC10349514 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04338-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a recalcitrant malignancy with elusive mechanism of pathogenesis and dismal prognosis. Over the past decades, platinum-based chemotherapy has been the backbone treatment for SCLC. However, subsequent chemoresistance after initial effectiveness urges researchers to explore novel therapeutic targets of SCLC. Recent years have witnessed significant improvements in targeted therapy in SCLC. New molecular candidates such as Ataxia telangiectasia and RAD3-related protein (ATR), WEE1, checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) and poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) have shown promising therapeutic utility in SCLC. While immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) has emerged as an indispensable treatment modality for SCLC, approaches to boost efficacy and reduce toxicity as well as selection of reliable biomarkers for ICI in SCLC have remained elusive and warrants our further investigation. Given the increasing importance of precision medicine in SCLC, optimal subtyping of SCLC using multi-omics have gradually applied into clinical practice, which may identify more drug targets and better tailor treatment strategies to each individual patient. The present review summarizes recent progress and future directions in SCLC. In addition to the emerging new therapeutics, we also focus on the establishment of predictive model for early detection of SCLC. More importantly, we also propose a multi-dimensional model in the prognosis of SCLC to ultimately attain the goal of accurate treatment of SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyue Zhang
- Department of Integrated Therapy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenxing Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Haiyong Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine-Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Number 440, Ji Yan Road, Jinan, China.
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2
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Wang H, Wu S, Li Z, Zhang C, Shang X, Zhao C, Li Z, Lin J, Guo J, Wang Z. Molecular subtyping of small-cell lung cancer based on mutational signatures with different genomic features and therapeutic strategies. Cancer Sci 2022; 114:665-679. [PMID: 36178064 PMCID: PMC9899606 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an exceptionally lethal malignancy characterized by extremely high alteration rates and tumor heterogeneity, which limits therapeutic options. In contrast to non-small-cell lung cancer that develops rapidly with precision oncology, SCLC still remains outside the realm of precision medicine. No recurrent and actionable mutations have been detected. Additionally, a paucity of substantive tumor specimens has made it even more difficult to classify SCLC subtypes based on genetic background. We therefore carried out whole-exome sequencing (WES) on the largest available Chinese SCLC cohort. For the first time, we partitioned SCLC patients into three clusters with different genomic alteration profiles and clinical features based on their mutational signatures. We showed that these clusters presented differences in intratumor heterogeneity and genome instability. Moreover, a wide existence of mutually exclusive gene alterations, typically within similar biological functions, was detected and suggested a high SCLC intertumoral heterogeneity. Particularly, Cluster 1 presented the greatest potential to benefit from immunotherapy, and Cluster 3 constituted recalcitrant SCLC, warranting biomarker-directed drug development and targeted therapies in clinical trials. Our study would provide an in-depth insight into the genome characteristics of the Chinese SCLC cohort, defining distinct molecular subtypes as well as subtype-specific therapies and biomarkers. We propose tailoring differentiated therapies for distinct molecular subgroups, centering on a personalized precision chemotherapy strategy combined with immunization or targeted therapy for patients with SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyong Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine‐Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and InstituteShandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinanChina
| | - Shuangxiu Wu
- Division of Clinical ResearchBerry Oncology CorporationBeijingChina
| | - Zhenzhen Li
- Division of BioinformationBerry Oncology CorporationBeijingChina
| | - Chenyue Zhang
- Department of Integrated TherapyFudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical CollegeShanghaiChina
| | - Xiaoling Shang
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryShandong UniversityJinanChina
| | - Chenglong Zhao
- Department of PathologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan HospitalJinanChina
| | - Zhenxiang Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and InstituteShandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinanChina
| | - Jiamao Lin
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong Cancer Hospital and InstituteShandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinanChina
| | - Jun Guo
- Department of Internal Medicine‐Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and InstituteShandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinanChina
| | - Zhehai Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine‐Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and InstituteShandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinanChina
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3
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Szeitz B, Megyesfalvi Z, Woldmar N, Valkó Z, Schwendenwein A, Bárány N, Paku S, László V, Kiss H, Bugyik E, Lang C, Szász AM, Pizzatti L, Bogos K, Hoda MA, Hoetzenecker K, Marko-Varga G, Horvatovich P, Döme B, Schelch K, Rezeli M. In-depth proteomic analysis reveals unique subtype-specific signatures in human small-cell lung cancer. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e1060. [PMID: 36149789 PMCID: PMC9506422 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Small‐cell lung cancer (SCLC) molecular subtypes have been primarily characterized based on the expression pattern of the following key transcription regulators: ASCL1 (SCLC‐A), NEUROD1 (SCLC‐N), POU2F3 (SCLC‐P) and YAP1 (SCLC‐Y). Here, we investigated the proteomic landscape of these molecular subsets with the aim to identify novel subtype‐specific proteins of diagnostic and therapeutic relevance. Methods Pellets and cell media of 26 human SCLC cell lines were subjected to label‐free shotgun proteomics for large‐scale protein identification and quantitation, followed by in‐depth bioinformatic analyses. Proteomic data were correlated with the cell lines’ phenotypic characteristics and with public transcriptomic data of SCLC cell lines and tissues. Results Our quantitative proteomic data highlighted that four molecular subtypes are clearly distinguishable at the protein level. The cell lines exhibited diverse neuroendocrine and epithelial–mesenchymal characteristics that varied by subtype. A total of 367 proteins were identified in the cell pellet and 34 in the culture media that showed significant up‐ or downregulation in one subtype, including known druggable proteins and potential blood‐based markers. Pathway enrichment analysis and parallel investigation of transcriptomics from SCLC cell lines outlined unique signatures for each subtype, such as upregulated oxidative phosphorylation in SCLC‐A, DNA replication in SCLC‐N, neurotrophin signalling in SCLC‐P and epithelial–mesenchymal transition in SCLC‐Y. Importantly, we identified the YAP1‐driven subtype as the most distinct SCLC subgroup. Using sparse partial least squares discriminant analysis, we identified proteins that clearly distinguish four SCLC subtypes based on their expression pattern, including potential diagnostic markers for SCLC‐Y (e.g. GPX8, PKD2 and UFO). Conclusions We report for the first time, the protein expression differences among SCLC subtypes. By shedding light on potential subtype‐specific therapeutic vulnerabilities and diagnostic biomarkers, our results may contribute to a better understanding of SCLC biology and the development of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beáta Szeitz
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Megyesfalvi
- National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Institute of Oncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nicole Woldmar
- Division of Clinical Protein Science, & Imaging, Department of Clinical Sciences (Lund) and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Proteomics of Blood/LADETEC, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Zsuzsanna Valkó
- National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Schwendenwein
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nándor Bárány
- National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,First Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sándor Paku
- First Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Viktória László
- National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helga Kiss
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Institute of Oncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Edina Bugyik
- National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary.,First Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Christian Lang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Attila Marcell Szász
- National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Bioinformatics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Luciana Pizzatti
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Proteomics of Blood/LADETEC, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Krisztina Bogos
- National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mir Alireza Hoda
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Konrad Hoetzenecker
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - György Marko-Varga
- Division of Clinical Protein Science, & Imaging, Department of Clinical Sciences (Lund) and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Peter Horvatovich
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Balázs Döme
- National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Institute of Oncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karin Schelch
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Melinda Rezeli
- Division of Clinical Protein Science, & Imaging, Department of Clinical Sciences (Lund) and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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4
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Valadares BN, Stephano MA. Small cell lung cancer: an overview of the targets. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902022e19114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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5
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Skurikhin E, Pershina O, Zhukova M, Widera D, Ermakova N, Pan E, Pakhomova A, Morozov S, Kubatiev A, Dygai A. Potential of Stem Cells and CART as a Potential Polytherapy for Small Cell Lung Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:778020. [PMID: 34926461 PMCID: PMC8678572 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.778020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the increasing urgency of the problem of treating small cell lung cancer (SCLC), information on the causes of its development is fragmentary. There is no complete understanding of the features of antitumor immunity and the role of the microenvironment in the development of SCLC resistance. This impedes the development of new methods for the diagnosis and treatment of SCLC. Lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have common pathogenetic factors. COPD is a risk factor for lung cancer including SCLC. Therefore, the search for effective approaches to prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of SCLC in patients with COPD is an urgent task. This review provides information on the etiology and pathogenesis of SCLC, analyses the effectiveness of current treatment options, and critically evaluates the potential of chimeric antigen receptor T cells therapy (CART therapy) in SCLC. Moreover, we discuss potential links between lung cancer and COPD and the role of endothelium in the development of COPD. Finally, we propose a new approach for increasing the efficacy of CART therapy in SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenii Skurikhin
- Laboratory of Regenerative Pharmacology, Goldberg ED Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk National Research Medical Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
- *Correspondence: Evgenii Skurikhin,
| | - Olga Pershina
- Laboratory of Regenerative Pharmacology, Goldberg ED Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk National Research Medical Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Mariia Zhukova
- Laboratory of Regenerative Pharmacology, Goldberg ED Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk National Research Medical Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Darius Widera
- Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia Ermakova
- Laboratory of Regenerative Pharmacology, Goldberg ED Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk National Research Medical Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Edgar Pan
- Laboratory of Regenerative Pharmacology, Goldberg ED Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk National Research Medical Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Angelina Pakhomova
- Laboratory of Regenerative Pharmacology, Goldberg ED Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk National Research Medical Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Sergey Morozov
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aslan Kubatiev
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Dygai
- Laboratory of Regenerative Pharmacology, Goldberg ED Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk National Research Medical Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
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Detection of Genetic Mutations by Next-Generation Sequencing for Predicting Prognosis of Extensive-Stage Small-Cell Lung Cancer. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2021; 2020:8811487. [PMID: 33643409 PMCID: PMC7901041 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8811487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Some studies have revealed that specific genetic mutations could be associated with chemotherapy response or even survival in small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). Our retrospective study aimed to identify the correlation between genetic mutations and progression-free survival (PFS) in extensive-stage SCLC after first-line chemotherapy. A total of 75 patients with extensive-stage SCLC confirmed by histopathology from February 2018 to February 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. The biopsy specimens of all patients were analyzed by Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS). All patients received first-line chemotherapy and follow-up at Shanghai Chest Hospital. Eleven genes were mutated in, at least, 10% of the 75 patients, including TP53 (96%), RB1 (77%), SMAD4 (32%), NOTCH1 (21%), PTEN (16%), FGFR1 (16%), KDR (15%), PIK3CA (15%), ROS1 (15%), BRCA2 (13%), and ERBB4 (10%). The median number of mutated genes among all patients was 5. Patients with more than 5 mutated genes (PFS = 6.7 months, P=0.004), mutant TP53 (PFS = 5.0 months, P=0.011), and mutant BRCA2 (PFS = 6.7 months, P=0.046) had better PFS after first-line chemotherapy than other patients. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that patients who achieved a PR (HR 3.729, 95% CI 2.038–6.822), had more than 5 mutated genes (HR 1.929, 95% CI 1.096–3.396), had BRCA2 mutations (HR 4.581, 95% CI 1.721–12.195), and had no liver metastasis (HR 0.415, 95% CI 0.181–0.951) showed improvements in PFS after first-line chemotherapy. In conclusion, the number of mutated genes and BRCA2 mutation status in extensive-stage SCLC were significantly related to PFS after first-line chemotherapy.
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7
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Acheampong E, Abed A, Morici M, Bowyer S, Amanuel B, Lin W, Millward M, S. Gray E. Tumour PD-L1 Expression in Small-Cell Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112393. [PMID: 33142852 PMCID: PMC7693331 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies against programmed death-1 (PD-1), and its ligand, (PD-L1) have been approved recently for the treatment of small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). Although there are previous reports that addressed PD-L1 detection on tumour cells in SCLC, there is no comprehensive meta-analysis on the prevalence of PD-L1 expression in SCLC. We performed a systematic search of the PubMed, Cochrane Library and EMBASE databases to assess reports on the prevalence of PD-L1 expression and the association between PD-L1 expression and overall survival (OS). This meta-analysis included 27 studies enrolling a total of 2792 patients. The pooled estimate of PD-L1 expression was 26.0% (95% CI 17.0–37.0), (22.0% after removing outlying studies). The effect size was significantly heterogeneous (I2 = 97.4, 95% CI: 95.5–98.5, p < 0.0001).Positive PD-L1 expression was a favourable prognostic factor for SCLC but not statistically significant (HR = 0.86 (95% CI (0.49–1.50), p = 0.5880; I2 = 88.7%, p < 0.0001). Begg’s funnel plots and Egger’s tests indicated no publication bias across included studies (p > 0.05). Overall, there is heterogeneity in the prevalence of PD-L1 expression in SCLC tumour cells across studies. This is significantly moderated by factors such as immunohistochemistry (IHC) evaluation cut-off values, and assessment of PD-L1 staining patterns as membranous and/or cytoplasmic. There is the need for large size, prospective and multicentre studies with well-defined protocols and endpoints to advance the clinical value of PD-L1 expression in SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Acheampong
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia; (E.A.); (A.A.); (M.M.); (B.A.); (W.L.)
| | - Afaf Abed
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia; (E.A.); (A.A.); (M.M.); (B.A.); (W.L.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Hospital Avenue, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; (S.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Michael Morici
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia; (E.A.); (A.A.); (M.M.); (B.A.); (W.L.)
| | - Samantha Bowyer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Hospital Avenue, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; (S.B.); (M.M.)
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Benhur Amanuel
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia; (E.A.); (A.A.); (M.M.); (B.A.); (W.L.)
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, PathWest, Hospital Avenue, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Weitao Lin
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia; (E.A.); (A.A.); (M.M.); (B.A.); (W.L.)
| | - Michael Millward
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Hospital Avenue, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; (S.B.); (M.M.)
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Elin S. Gray
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia; (E.A.); (A.A.); (M.M.); (B.A.); (W.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-(0)8-6304-2756
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8
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Wu Y, Liu Y, Sun C, Wang H, Zhao S, Li W, Chen B, Wang L, Ye L, He Y, Zhou C. Immunotherapy as a treatment for small cell lung cancer: a case report and brief review. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2020; 9:393-400. [PMID: 32420081 PMCID: PMC7225158 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr.2020.03.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC), an aggressive disease characterized by rapid progression, early relapse and widespread metastasis, accounts for about 13–15% of lung cancer cases. Despite its initial sensitivity to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, SCLC commonly develops resistance to these treatments and, as such, has high recurrence rates. In recent years, immunotherapy has shown promising antitumor activity and the approach to tumor treatment has been changed, in particular, by programmed death receptor-1/ligand 1 (PD-1/L1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) checkpoint inhibitors. SCLC has high immunogenicity, a high mutation burden, and other favorable immune factors, meaning immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) could become a breakthrough in the treatment of SCLC. In our case report, we found that ICIs resulted in partial response (PR), and in our review, we focused on clinical trials of immunotherapy, especially in relation to ICIs in SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China.,Department of Medical School, Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chenglong Sun
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology Department, Anhui No. 2 Provincial People's Hospital, Hefei 230041, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China.,Department of Medical School, Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Sha Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lingyun Ye
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China.,Department of Medical School, Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yayi He
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Caicun Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
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9
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Wen P, Chidanguro T, Shi Z, Gu H, Wang N, Wang T, Li Y, Gao J. Identification of candidate biomarkers and pathways associated with SCLC by bioinformatics analysis. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:1538-1550. [PMID: 29845250 PMCID: PMC6072191 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is one of the highly malignant tumors and a serious threat to human health. The aim of the present study was to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms of SCLC. mRNA microarray datasets GSE6044 and GSE11969 were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus database, and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between normal lung and SCLC samples were screened using GEO2R tool. Functional and pathway enrichment analyses were performed for common DEGs using the DAVID database, and the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of common DEGs was constructed by the STRING database and visualized with Cytoscape software. In addition, the hub genes in the network and module analysis of the PPI network were performed using CentiScaPe and plugin Molecular Complex Detection. Finally, the mRNA expression levels of hub genes were validated in the Oncomine database. A total of 150 common DEGs with absolute fold-change >0.5, including 66 significantly downregulated DEGs and 84 upregulated DEGs were obtained. The Gene Ontology term enrichment analysis suggested that common upregulated DEGs were primarily enriched in biological processes (BPs), including ‘cell cycle’, ‘cell cycle phase’, ‘M phase’, ‘cell cycle process’ and ‘DNA metabolic process’. The common downregulated genes were significantly enriched in BPs, including ‘response to wounding’, ‘positive regulation of immune system process’, ‘immune response’, ‘acute inflammatory response’ and ‘inflammatory response’. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis identified that the common downregulated DEGs were primarily enriched in the ‘complement and coagulation cascades’ signaling pathway; the common upregulated DEGs were mainly enriched in ‘cell cycle’, ‘DNA replication’, ‘oocyte meiosis’ and the ‘mismatch repair’ signaling pathways. From the PPI network, the top 10 hub genes in SCLC were selected, including topoisomerase IIα, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, replication factor C subunit 4, checkpoint kinase 1, thymidylate synthase, minichromosome maintenance protein (MCM) 2, cell division cycle (CDC) 20, cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 3, MCM3 and CDC6, the mRNA levels of which are upregulated in Oncomine SCLC datasets with the exception of MCM2. Furthermore, the genes in the significant module were enriched in ‘cell cycle’, ‘DNA replication’ and ‘oocyte meiosis’ signaling pathways. Therefore, the present study can shed new light on the understanding of molecular mechanisms of SCLC and may provide molecular targets and diagnostic biomarkers for the treatment and early diagnosis of SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushuai Wen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, P.R. China
| | - Tungamirai Chidanguro
- Department of Pathophysiology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, P.R. China
| | - Zhuo Shi
- Department of Anatomy, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, P.R. China
| | - Huanyu Gu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, P.R. China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, P.R. China
| | - Tongmei Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, P.R. China
| | - Yuhong Li
- Department of Ultrasonography, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, P.R. China
| | - Jing Gao
- Department of Ultrasonography, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, P.R. China
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Du M, Thompson J, Fisher H, Zhang P, Huang CC, Wang L. Genomic alterations of plasma cell-free DNAs in small cell lung cancer and their clinical relevance. Lung Cancer 2018; 120:113-121. [PMID: 29748005 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify genomic variations in cell-free DNA (cfDNA) and evaluate their clinical utility in small cell lung cancer (SCLC). MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed whole genome sequencing using plasma cfDNAs derived from 24 SCLC patients for copy number variation (CNV) analysis, and targeted sequencing using 17 pairs of plasma cfDNA and their matched gDNA for mutation analysis. We defined somatic mutations by comparing cfDNA to its matched gDNA with 5% variant alleles as the cutoff for mutation calls. We applied Kaplan-Meier to correlate the genomic alterations with overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). RESULTS We observed widespread somatic copy-number alterations and mutations, including amplification of MYC at 8q24, FGF10 at 5p13, SOX2 at 3q26 and FGFR1 at 8p12, as well as deletion of TP53 at 17p13, RASSF1 at 3p21.3, RB1 at 13q14.2, FHIT at 3p14, and PTEN at 10q23. The most frequent mutations were genes involved in chromatin regulation (KMT2D, ARID1A, SETBP1 and PBRM1), PI3K/MTOR pathway(MTOR,PIK13G), Notch1 signalling pathway (NOTCH1), and DNA repair related gene ATRX. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed poor OS and PFS in patients with somatic mutations in gene SETBP1 (P = 0.0061/0.0264, HR = 4.785/3.841, 95% CI = 2.014-28.25/1.286-16.58) and PBRM1 (P = 0.0276/0.0286, HR = 3.532/3.506, 95% CI = 1.275 to 25.34/1.26-24.87). Poor OS was also associated with somatic mutations in ATRX (P = 0.0099, HR = 4.024, 95% CI = 1.926-42.95), EP300 (P = 0.025/0.0622, HR = 3.382/2.891, 95% CI = 1.448-27.76/1.013-17.29), while poor PFS was associated with ATM mutation (P = 0.0038, HR = 4.604, 95% CI = 2.211-40.93). The mutation index produced by summing up the number of mutations in the five genes was significantly associated with the poor OS/PFS (P = 0.0185/0.0294) after adjusting the effect of the stage. CONCLUSIONS Our result supports blood plasma as a promising sample source for the genomic analysis in SCLC patients whose tumor tissues are scarcely available and demonstrates potential clinical utilities of cfDNA-based liquid biopsy for clinical management of this deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijun Du
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Jonathan Thompson
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Hannah Fisher
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Chiang-Ching Huang
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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11
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Yu H, Batenchuk C, Badzio A, Boyle TA, Czapiewski P, Chan DC, Lu X, Gao D, Ellison K, Kowalewski AA, Rivard CJ, Dziadziuszko R, Zhou C, Hussein M, Richards D, Wilks S, Monte M, Edenfield W, Goldschmidt J, Page R, Ulrich B, Waterhouse D, Close S, Jassem J, Kulig K, Hirsch FR. PD-L1 Expression by Two Complementary Diagnostic Assays and mRNA In Situ Hybridization in Small Cell Lung Cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2016; 12:110-120. [PMID: 27639678 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Therapeutic antibodies to immune checkpoints show promising results. Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), an immune checkpoint ligand, blocks the cancer immunity cycle by binding the PD-L1 receptor (programmed death 1). We investigated PD-L1 protein expression and messenger RNA (mRNA) levels in SCLC. METHODS PD-L1 protein expression and mRNA levels were determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) with SP142 and Dako 28-8 PD-L1 antibodies and in situ hybridization in primary tumor tissue microarrays in both tumor cells and tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIICs) obtained from a limited-disease SCLC cohort of 98 patients. An additional cohort of 96 tumor specimens from patients with extensive-disease SCLC was assessed for PD-L1 protein expression in tumor cells with Dako 28-8 antibody only. RESULTS The overall prevalence of PD-L1 protein expression in tumor cells was 16.5%. In the limited-disease cohort, the prevalences of PD-L1 protein expression in tumor cells with SP142 and Dako 28-8 were 14.7% and 19.4% (tumor proportion score cutoff ≥1%) and PD-L1 mRNA ISH expression was positive in 15.5% of tumor samples. Increased PD-L1 protein/mRNA expression was associated with the presence of more TIICs (p < 0.05). The extensive-disease cohort demonstrated a 14.9% positivity of PD-L1 protein expression in tumor cells with Dako 28-8 antibody. CONCLUSIONS A subset of SCLCs is characterized by positive PD-L1 and/or mRNA expression in tumor cells. Higher PD-L1 and mRNA expression correlate with more infiltration of TIICs. The prevalence of PD-L1 in SCLC is lower than that published for NSCLC. The predictive role of PD-L1 expression in SCLC treatment remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yu
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | | | - Theresa A Boyle
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Pathology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Piotr Czapiewski
- Department of Pathomorphology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Daniel C Chan
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Xian Lu
- Department of Biostatisitics and Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Dexiang Gao
- Department of Biostatisitics and Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Kim Ellison
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Ashley A Kowalewski
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Christopher J Rivard
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Rafal Dziadziuszko
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Caicun Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University Institute, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Maen Hussein
- Florida Cancer Specialists and Research Institute, Ocala, Florida
| | | | - Sharon Wilks
- Cancer Care Centers of South Texas, San Antonio, Texas
| | | | - William Edenfield
- Institute for Translational Oncology Research of Greenville Health System, Greenville, South Carolina
| | | | - Ray Page
- The Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Brian Ulrich
- Texas Oncology-Wichita Falls, Texoma Cancer Center, Wichita Falls, Texas
| | | | | | - Jacek Jassem
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Fred R Hirsch
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.
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12
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Potter DS, Galvin M, Brown S, Lallo A, Hodgkinson CL, Blackhall F, Morrow CJ, Dive C. Inhibition of PI3K/BMX Cell Survival Pathway Sensitizes to BH3 Mimetics in SCLC. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:1248-60. [PMID: 27197306 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Most small cell lung cancer (SCLC) patients are initially responsive to cytotoxic chemotherapy, but almost all undergo fatal relapse with progressive disease, highlighting an urgent need for improved therapies and better patient outcomes in this disease. The proapoptotic BH3 mimetic ABT-737 that targets BCL-2 family proteins demonstrated good single-agent efficacy in preclinical SCLC models. However, so far clinical trials of the BH3 mimetic Navitoclax have been disappointing. We previously demonstrated that inhibition of a PI3K/BMX cell survival signaling pathway sensitized colorectal cancer cells to ABT-737. Here, we show that SCLC cell lines, which express high levels of BMX, become sensitized to ABT-737 upon inhibition of PI3K in vitro, and this is dependent on inhibition of the PI3K-BMX-AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Consistent with these cell line data, when combined with Navitoclax, PI3K inhibition suppressed tumor growth in both an established SCLC xenograft model and in a newly established circulating tumor cell-derived explant (CDX) model generated from a blood sample obtained at presentation from a chemorefractory SCLC patient. These data show for the first time that a PI3K/BMX signaling pathway plays a role in SCLC cell survival and that a BH3 mimetic plus PI3K inhibition causes prolonged tumor regression in a chemorefractory SCLC patient-derived model in vivo These data add to a body of evidence that this combination should move toward the clinic. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(6); 1248-60. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle S Potter
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Melanie Galvin
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Stewart Brown
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Alice Lallo
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Cassandra L Hodgkinson
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Blackhall
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom. Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J Morrow
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Dive
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom. CRUK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, Manchester, United Kingdom.
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13
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Jiang L, Huang J, Higgs BW, Hu Z, Xiao Z, Yao X, Conley S, Zhong H, Liu Z, Brohawn P, Shen D, Wu S, Ge X, Jiang Y, Zhao Y, Lou Y, Morehouse C, Zhu W, Sebastian Y, Czapiga M, Oganesyan V, Fu H, Niu Y, Zhang W, Streicher K, Tice D, Zhao H, Zhu M, Xu L, Herbst R, Su X, Gu Y, Li S, Huang L, Gu J, Han B, Jallal B, Shen H, Yao Y. Genomic Landscape Survey Identifies SRSF1 as a Key Oncodriver in Small Cell Lung Cancer. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1005895. [PMID: 27093186 PMCID: PMC4836692 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive disease with poor survival. A few sequencing studies performed on limited number of samples have revealed potential disease-driving genes in SCLC, however, much still remains unknown, particularly in the Asian patient population. Here we conducted whole exome sequencing (WES) and transcriptomic sequencing of primary tumors from 99 Chinese SCLC patients. Dysregulation of tumor suppressor genes TP53 and RB1 was observed in 82% and 62% of SCLC patients, respectively, and more than half of the SCLC patients (62%) harbored TP53 and RB1 mutation and/or copy number loss. Additionally, Serine/Arginine Splicing Factor 1 (SRSF1) DNA copy number gain and mRNA over-expression was strongly associated with poor survival using both discovery and validation patient cohorts. Functional studies in vitro and in vivo demonstrate that SRSF1 is important for tumorigenicity of SCLC and may play a key role in DNA repair and chemo-sensitivity. These results strongly support SRSF1 as a prognostic biomarker in SCLC and provide a rationale for personalized therapy in SCLC. SCLC patients are initially highly chemo-sensitive with response rates of greater than 80% in both limited and extensive diseases, but suffer uniform disease recurrence or progression in a very short period of time. In the absence of well-defined genomic biomarkers and insights into the resistance mechanism, many targeted treatments have yielded negative results in the last decade Using integrated next generation sequencing (NGS) technology in combination with a high quality surgical sample set with comprehensive clinical annotation, our study not only identified novel recurrent genetic alterations in genes such as CDH10 and DNA repair pathways which may influence outcomes in SCLC patients, but also discovered the expression of SRSF1, an RNA-splicing factor which can both regulate key oncogenic and survival pathways such as BCL2, and play a critical role in patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Jiang
- Department of Pulmonary, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaqi Huang
- Medimmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Zhibin Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhan Xiao
- Medimmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Xin Yao
- Medimmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sarah Conley
- Medimmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Haihong Zhong
- Medimmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Zheng Liu
- Medimmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Philip Brohawn
- Medimmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Dong Shen
- Medimmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Song Wu
- Medimmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Xiaoxiao Ge
- Department of Pulmonary, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yizhuo Zhao
- Department of Pulmonary, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuqing Lou
- Department of Pulmonary, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Wei Zhu
- Medimmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Meggan Czapiga
- Medimmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Haihua Fu
- Asia & Emerging Markets iMed, AstraZeneca R&D, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanjie Niu
- Department of Pulmonary, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - David Tice
- Medimmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Heng Zhao
- Department of Pulmonary, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ronald Herbst
- Medimmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Xinying Su
- Asia & Emerging Markets iMed, AstraZeneca R&D, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Gu
- Asia & Emerging Markets iMed, AstraZeneca R&D, Shanghai, China
| | - Shyoung Li
- Beijing Genomics Institute, Shenzhen GuangDong, China
| | - Lihua Huang
- Beijing Genomics Institute, Shenzhen GuangDong, China
| | - Jianren Gu
- Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Baohui Han
- Department of Pulmonary, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bahija Jallal
- Medimmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hongbing Shen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (HS); (YY)
| | - Yihong Yao
- Medimmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HS); (YY)
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14
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Pietanza MC, Byers LA, Minna JD, Rudin CM. Small cell lung cancer: will recent progress lead to improved outcomes? Clin Cancer Res 2016; 21:2244-55. [PMID: 25979931 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-2958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive neuroendocrine malignancy with a unique natural history characterized by a short doubling time, high growth fraction, and early development of widespread metastases. Although a chemotherapy- and radiation-sensitive disease, SCLC typically recurs rapidly after primary treatment, with only 6% of patients surviving 5 years from diagnosis. This disease has been notable for the absence of major improvements in its treatment: Nearly four decades after the introduction of a platinum-etoposide doublet, therapeutic options have remained virtually unchanged, with correspondingly little improvement in survival rates. Here, we summarize specific barriers and challenges inherent to SCLC research and care that have limited progress in novel therapeutic development to date. We discuss recent progress in basic and translational research, especially in the development of mouse models, which will provide insights into the patterns of metastasis and resistance in SCLC. Opportunities in clinical research aimed at exploiting SCLC biology are reviewed, with an emphasis on ongoing trials. SCLC has been described as a recalcitrant cancer, for which there is an urgent need for accelerated progress. The NCI convened a panel of laboratory and clinical investigators interested in SCLC with a goal of defining consensus recommendations to accelerate progress in the treatment of SCLC, which we summarize here.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Catherine Pietanza
- Thoracic Oncology Service, Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York.
| | - Lauren Averett Byers
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - John D Minna
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Charles M Rudin
- Thoracic Oncology Service, Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
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15
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Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive neuroendocrine tumor of the lung with a tendency to metastasize widely early in the course of the disease. The VA staging system classifies the disease into limited stage (LS) which is confined to one hemithorax and can be included into one radiation field or extensive stage (ES) which extends beyond one hemithorax. Current standard of care is concurrent chemoradiation for LS disease and chemotherapy alone for ES disease. Only a quarter of patients with LS disease will be cured with current standard treatments and majority of the patients ultimately succumb to their disease. A very complex genetic landscape of SCLC accounts for its resistance to conventional therapy and a high recurrence rate, however, at the same time this complexity can form the basis for effective targeted therapy for the disease. In recent years, several different therapeutic strategies and targeted agents have been under investigation for their potential role in SCLC. Several of them including EGFR TKIs, BCR-ABL TKIs, mTOR inhibitors, and VEGF inhibitors have been unsuccessful in showing a survival advantage in this disease. Several others including DNA repair inhibitors, cellular developmental pathway inhibitors, antibody drug conjugates (ADCs), as well as immune therapy with vaccines, immunomodulators, and immune checkpoint inhibitors are being tested. So far, none of these agents are approved for use in SCLC and the majority are in phase I/II clinical trials, with immune checkpoint inhibitors being the most promising therapeutic strategy. In this article, we will discuss these novel therapeutic agents and currently available data in SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirva Mamdani
- 1 Division of Hematology/Oncology, Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA ; 2 Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas HealthCare Systems, Albemarle, NC, USA
| | - Raghava Induru
- 1 Division of Hematology/Oncology, Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA ; 2 Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas HealthCare Systems, Albemarle, NC, USA
| | - Shadia I Jalal
- 1 Division of Hematology/Oncology, Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA ; 2 Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas HealthCare Systems, Albemarle, NC, USA
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16
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Cañadas I, Taus Á, Villanueva X, Arpí O, Pijuan L, Rodríguez Y, Menéndez S, Mojal S, Rojo F, Albanell J, Rovira A, Arriola E. Angiopoietin-2 is a negative prognostic marker in small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2015; 90:302-6. [PMID: 26428740 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2015.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a highly lethal disease due to its chemorefractory nature after initial treatment. Angiogenesis plays an important role in tumor growth, metastasis and chemoresistance. We hypothesized that angiogenesis could predict chemoresistance in SCLC patients and be potentially a therapeutic target in this disease. METHODS Serum samples from forty-three SCLC patients were prospectively obtained at diagnosis, response evaluation and progression. Angiogenesis-related cytokines (Angiopoietin-2, VEGF-A, C and D) were simultaneously quantified by Luminex Technology. Clinical data were prospectively recorder. RESULTS Significantly higher concentration of angiogenesis-related cytokines were found in SCLC patients at diagnosis compared to healthy volunteers. High baseline serum concentration of Angiopoietin-2 (sAngiopoietin-2) were associated with a worse overall survival (p=0.006) and remained independently associated with survival in the multivariate analysis (p=0.008). In addition, sAngiopoietin-2 significantly increased at progression when compared to baseline. CONCLUSION These data provide novel evidence on a role of sAngiopoietin-2 in the adverse clinical behavior of SCLC and could be a potential therapeutic target in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Cañadas
- Cancer Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Álvaro Taus
- Oncology Department, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Oriol Arpí
- Cancer Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lara Pijuan
- Pathology Department, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yara Rodríguez
- Cancer Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Menéndez
- Cancer Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Mojal
- Consulting Service on Methodology for Biomedical Research, IMIM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Federico Rojo
- Pathology Department, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joan Albanell
- Cancer Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain; Oncology Department, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Rovira
- Cancer Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain; Oncology Department, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Edurne Arriola
- Cancer Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain; Oncology Department, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
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17
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Matsumura Y, Umemura S, Ishii G, Tsuta K, Matsumoto S, Aokage K, Hishida T, Yoshida J, Ohe Y, Suzuki H, Ochiai A, Goto K, Nagai K, Tsuchihara K. Expression profiling of receptor tyrosine kinases in high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung: a comparative analysis with adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2015; 141:2159-70. [PMID: 25989941 PMCID: PMC4630254 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-015-1989-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background
As the comprehensive genomic analysis of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) progresses, novel treatments for this disease need to be explored. With attention to the direct connection between the receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) of tumor cells and the pharmacological effects of specific inhibitors, we systematically assessed the RTK expressions of high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas of the lung [HGNECs, including SCLC and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC)]. Patients and methods Fifty-one LCNEC and 61 SCLC patients who underwent surgical resection were enrolled in this research. As a control group, 202 patients with adenocarcinomas (ADCs) and 122 patients with squamous cell carcinomas (SQCCs) were also analyzed. All the tumors were stained with antibodies for 10 RTKs: c-Kit, EGFR, IGF1R, KDR, ERBB2, FGFR1, c-Met, ALK, RET, and ROS1. Results The LCNEC and SCLC patients exhibited similar clinicopathological characteristics. The IHC scores for each RTK were almost equivalent between the LCNEC and SCLC groups, but they were significantly different from those of the ADC or SQCC groups. In particular, c-Kit was the only RTK that was remarkably expressed in both LCNECs and SCLCs. On the other hand, about 20 % of the HGNEC tumors exhibited strongly positive RTK expression, and this rate was similar to those for the ADC and SQCC tumors. Intriguingly, strongly positive RTKs were almost mutually exclusive in individual tumors. Conclusions Compared with ADC or SQCC, LCNEC and SCLC had similar expression profiles for the major RTKs. The exclusive c-Kit positivity observed among HGNECs suggests that c-Kit might be a distinctive RTK in HGNEC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00432-015-1989-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Matsumura
- Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan.,Division of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan.,Department of Chest Surgery, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Shigeki Umemura
- Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan. .,Division of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Genichiro Ishii
- Pathology Division, Research Center for Innovative Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Koji Tsuta
- Pathology Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shingo Matsumoto
- Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan.,Division of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Keiju Aokage
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Hishida
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Junji Yoshida
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Ohe
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan.,Division of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Suzuki
- Department of Chest Surgery, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ochiai
- Pathology Division, Research Center for Innovative Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Koichi Goto
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kanji Nagai
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Katsuya Tsuchihara
- Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan
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Therapeutic priority of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in small cell lung cancers as revealed by a comprehensive genomic analysis. J Thorac Oncol 2015; 9:1324-31. [PMID: 25122428 PMCID: PMC4154841 DOI: 10.1097/jto.0000000000000250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The information regarding therapeutically relevant genomic alterations in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is not well developed. We analyzed the SCLC genome using an integrative approach to stratify the targetable alterations. Methods: We performed whole exon sequencing (n = 51) and copy number analysis (n =47) on surgically resected tumors and matched normal tissue samples from treatment-naive Japanese SCLC patients. Results: The demographics of the 51 patients included in this study were as follows: median age, 67 years (range, 42–86 years); female, 9 (18%); history of smoking, 50 (98%); and pathological stage I/II/III/IV, 28/13/9/1, respectively. The average number of nonsynonymous mutations was 209 (range, 41–639; standard deviation, 130). We repeatedly confirmed the high prevalence of inactivating mutations in TP53 and RB1, and the amplification of MYC family members. In addition, genetic alterations in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway were detected in 36% of the tumors: PIK3CA, 6%; PTEN, 4%; AKT2, 9%; AKT3, 4%; RICTOR, 9%; and mTOR, 4%. Furthermore, the individual changes in this pathway were mutually exclusive. Importantly, the SCLC cells harboring active PIK3CA mutations were potentially targetable with currently available PI3K inhibitors. Conclusions: The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is distinguishable in SCLC genomic alterations. Therefore, a sequencing-based comprehensive analysis could stratify SCLC patients by potential therapeutic targets.
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Umemura S, Tsuchihara K, Goto K. Genomic profiling of small-cell lung cancer: the era of targeted therapies. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2015; 45:513-9. [PMID: 25670763 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyv017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular profiling of small-cell lung cancer is challenging because of the difficulty in obtaining suitable tumor samples for integrative genomic analysis. While an urgent need exists for well-defined and effective therapeutic targets in small-cell lung cancer, no significant improvement has been made in treating this disease over the past 30 years. Recently, three reports describing comprehensive genomic analyses of small-cell lung cancer have been published. These reports have provided a framework of biologically relevant genes in small-cell lung cancer and have demonstrated that the genomic landscape of small-cell lung cancer was almost equivalent between Asian and Caucasian populations. Of note, these three comprehensive genomic analyses and other molecular analyses of small-cell lung cancer have contributed to the identification of patient populations that may benefit from promising targeted agents, such as those affecting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, FGFR1, RET or AURORA kinase inhibitors. Targeting small-cell lung cancer cells with tumor suppressor gene alteration based on synthetic lethality is also promising. The present review provides an overview of the biologically relevant genetic alterations and targeted therapies of small-cell lung cancer focusing on recent discoveries that could impact the management of small-cell lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Umemura
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa
| | - Katsuya Tsuchihara
- Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Koichi Goto
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa
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20
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Gelsomino F, Rossi G, Tiseo M. MET and Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2014; 6:2100-15. [PMID: 25314153 PMCID: PMC4276958 DOI: 10.3390/cancers6042100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is one of the most aggressive lung tumors. The majority of patients with SCLC are diagnosed at an advanced stage. This tumor type is highly sensitive to chemo-radiation treatment, with very high response rates, but invariably relapses. At this time, treatment options are still limited and the prognosis of these patients is poor. A better knowledge of the molecular biology of SCLC allowed us to identify potential druggable targets. Among these, the MET/HGF axis seems to be one of the most aberrant signaling pathways involved in SCLC invasiveness and progression. In this review, we describe briefly all recent literature on the different molecular profiling in SCLC; in particular, we discuss the specific alterations involving c-MET gene and their implications as a potential target in SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Gelsomino
- Medical Oncology Unit 1, Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Via G. Venezian 1, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Giulio Rossi
- Operative Unit of Pathology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124 Modena, Italy.
| | - Marcello Tiseo
- Medical Oncology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Viale A. Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy.
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21
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Hodgkinson CL, Morrow CJ, Li Y, Metcalf RL, Rothwell DG, Trapani F, Polanski R, Burt DJ, Simpson KL, Morris K, Pepper SD, Nonaka D, Greystoke A, Kelly P, Bola B, Krebs MG, Antonello J, Ayub M, Faulkner S, Priest L, Carter L, Tate C, Miller CJ, Blackhall F, Brady G, Dive C. Tumorigenicity and genetic profiling of circulating tumor cells in small-cell lung cancer. Nat Med 2014; 20:897-903. [PMID: 24880617 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 518] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC), an aggressive neuroendocrine tumor with early dissemination and dismal prognosis, accounts for 15-20% of lung cancer cases and ∼200,000 deaths each year. Most cases are inoperable, and biopsies to investigate SCLC biology are rarely obtainable. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs), which are prevalent in SCLC, present a readily accessible 'liquid biopsy'. Here we show that CTCs from patients with either chemosensitive or chemorefractory SCLC are tumorigenic in immune-compromised mice, and the resultant CTC-derived explants (CDXs) mirror the donor patient's response to platinum and etoposide chemotherapy. Genomic analysis of isolated CTCs revealed considerable similarity to the corresponding CDX. Most marked differences were observed between CDXs from patients with different clinical outcomes. These data demonstrate that CTC molecular analysis via serial blood sampling could facilitate delivery of personalized medicine for SCLC. CDXs are readily passaged, and these unique mouse models provide tractable systems for therapy testing and understanding drug resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra L Hodgkinson
- 1] Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK. [2]
| | - Christopher J Morrow
- 1] Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK. [2]
| | - Yaoyong Li
- Computational Biology Support Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Robert L Metcalf
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Dominic G Rothwell
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Francesca Trapani
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Radoslaw Polanski
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Deborah J Burt
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Kathryn L Simpson
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Karen Morris
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Stuart D Pepper
- Molecular Biology Core Facility, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Alastair Greystoke
- 1] Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK. [2] The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK. [3] Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Paul Kelly
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Becky Bola
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Matthew G Krebs
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jenny Antonello
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Mahmood Ayub
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Suzanne Faulkner
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Lynsey Priest
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Louise Carter
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Catriona Tate
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Crispin J Miller
- 1] Computational Biology Support Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK. [2] RNA Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Fiona Blackhall
- 1] The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK. [2] Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK. [3]
| | - Ged Brady
- 1] Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK. [2]
| | - Caroline Dive
- 1] Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK. [2]
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22
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Murmann T, Carrillo-García C, Veit N, Courts C, Glassmann A, Janzen V, Madea B, Reinartz M, Harzen A, Nowak M, Perner S, Winter J, Probstmeier R. Staurosporine and extracellular matrix proteins mediate the conversion of small cell lung carcinoma cells into a neuron-like phenotype. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86910. [PMID: 24586258 PMCID: PMC3938400 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Small cell lung carcinomas (SCLCs) represent highly aggressive tumors with an overall five-year survival rate in the range of 5 to 10%. Here, we show that four out of five SCLC cell lines reversibly develop a neuron-like phenotype on extracellular matrix constituents such as fibronectin, laminin or thrombospondin upon staurosporine treatment in an RGD/integrin-mediated manner. Neurite-like processes extend rapidly with an average speed of 10 µm per hour. Depending on the cell line, staurosporine treatment affects either cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase or induction of polyploidy. Neuron-like conversion, although not accompanied by alterations in the expression pattern of a panel of neuroendocrine genes, leads to changes in protein expression as determined by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. It is likely that SCLC cells already harbour the complete molecular repertoire to convert into a neuron-like phenotype. More extensive studies are needed to evaluate whether the conversion potential of SCLC cells is suitable for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Murmann
- Neuro- and Tumor Cell Biology Group, Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Nadine Veit
- Neuro- and Tumor Cell Biology Group, Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | - Viktor Janzen
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Burkhard Madea
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Markus Reinartz
- Oral Cell Biology Group, Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive Dentistry, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anne Harzen
- Proteomics Group, Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Nowak
- Department of Prostate Cancer Research, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sven Perner
- Department of Prostate Cancer Research, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jochen Winter
- Oral Cell Biology Group, Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive Dentistry, Bonn, Germany
| | - Rainer Probstmeier
- Neuro- and Tumor Cell Biology Group, Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- * E-mail:
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23
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Udyavar AR, Hoeksema MD, Clark JE, Zou Y, Tang Z, Li Z, Li M, Chen H, Statnikov A, Shyr Y, Liebler DC, Field J, Eisenberg R, Estrada L, Massion PP, Quaranta V. Co-expression network analysis identifies Spleen Tyrosine Kinase (SYK) as a candidate oncogenic driver in a subset of small-cell lung cancer. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2013; 7 Suppl 5:S1. [PMID: 24564859 PMCID: PMC4029366 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-7-s5-s1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Oncogenic mechanisms in small-cell lung cancer remain poorly understood leaving this tumor with the worst prognosis among all lung cancers. Unlike other cancer types, sequencing genomic approaches have been of limited success in small-cell lung cancer, i.e., no mutated oncogenes with potential driver characteristics have emerged, as it is the case for activating mutations of epidermal growth factor receptor in non-small-cell lung cancer. Differential gene expression analysis has also produced SCLC signatures with limited application, since they are generally not robust across datasets. Nonetheless, additional genomic approaches are warranted, due to the increasing availability of suitable small-cell lung cancer datasets. Gene co-expression network approaches are a recent and promising avenue, since they have been successful in identifying gene modules that drive phenotypic traits in several biological systems, including other cancer types. Results We derived an SCLC-specific classifier from weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) of a lung cancer dataset. The classifier, termed SCLC-specific hub network (SSHN), robustly separates SCLC from other lung cancer types across multiple datasets and multiple platforms, including RNA-seq and shotgun proteomics. The classifier was also conserved in SCLC cell lines. SSHN is enriched for co-expressed signaling network hubs strongly associated with the SCLC phenotype. Twenty of these hubs are actionable kinases with oncogenic potential, among which spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) exhibits one of the highest overall statistical associations to SCLC. In patient tissue microarrays and cell lines, SCLC can be separated into SYK-positive and -negative. SYK siRNA decreases proliferation rate and increases cell death of SYK-positive SCLC cell lines, suggesting a role for SYK as an oncogenic driver in a subset of SCLC. Conclusions SCLC treatment has thus far been limited to chemotherapy and radiation. Our WGCNA analysis identifies SYK both as a candidate biomarker to stratify SCLC patients and as a potential therapeutic target. In summary, WGCNA represents an alternative strategy to large scale sequencing for the identification of potential oncogenic drivers, based on a systems view of signaling networks. This strategy is especially useful in cancer types where no actionable mutations have emerged.
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24
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Cañadas I, Rojo F, Taus Á, Arpí O, Arumí-Uría M, Pijuan L, Menéndez S, Zazo S, Dómine M, Salido M, Mojal S, García de Herreros A, Rovira A, Albanell J, Arriola E. Targeting Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition with Met Inhibitors Reverts Chemoresistance in Small Cell Lung Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 20:938-50. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-1330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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25
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Coe BP, Thu KL, Aviel-Ronen S, Vucic EA, Gazdar AF, Lam S, Tsao MS, Lam WL. Genomic deregulation of the E2F/Rb pathway leads to activation of the oncogene EZH2 in small cell lung cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71670. [PMID: 23967231 PMCID: PMC3744458 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a highly aggressive lung neoplasm with extremely poor clinical outcomes and no approved targeted treatments. To elucidate the mechanisms responsible for driving the SCLC phenotype in hopes of revealing novel therapeutic targets, we studied copy number and methylation profiles of SCLC. We found disruption of the E2F/Rb pathway was a prominent feature deregulated in 96% of the SCLC samples investigated and was strongly associated with increased expression of EZH2, an oncogene and core member of the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2). Through its catalytic role in the PRC2 complex, EZH2 normally functions to epigenetically silence genes during development, however, it aberrantly silences genes in human cancers. We provide evidence to support that EZH2 is functionally active in SCLC tumours, exerts pro-tumourigenic functions in vitro, and is associated with aberrant methylation profiles of PRC2 target genes indicative of a “stem-cell like” hypermethylator profile in SCLC tumours. Furthermore, lentiviral-mediated knockdown of EZH2 demonstrated a significant reduction in the growth of SCLC cell lines, suggesting EZH2 has a key role in driving SCLC biology. In conclusion, our data confirm the role of EZH2 as a critical oncogene in SCLC, and lend support to the prioritization of EZH2 as a potential therapeutic target in clinical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley P. Coe
- Integrative Oncology Department, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Kelsie L. Thu
- Integrative Oncology Department, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Emily A. Vucic
- Integrative Oncology Department, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Adi F. Gazdar
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Stephen Lam
- Integrative Oncology Department, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ming-Sound Tsao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Princess Margaret Hospital University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Wan L. Lam
- Integrative Oncology Department, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, Canada
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26
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Comprehensive genomic analysis identifies SOX2 as a frequently amplified gene in small-cell lung cancer. Nat Genet 2012; 44:1111-6. [PMID: 22941189 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 779] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an exceptionally aggressive disease with poor prognosis. Here, we obtained exome, transcriptome and copy-number alteration data from approximately 53 samples consisting of 36 primary human SCLC and normal tissue pairs and 17 matched SCLC and lymphoblastoid cell lines. We also obtained data for 4 primary tumors and 23 SCLC cell lines. We identified 22 significantly mutated genes in SCLC, including genes encoding kinases, G protein-coupled receptors and chromatin-modifying proteins. We found that several members of the SOX family of genes were mutated in SCLC. We also found SOX2 amplification in ∼27% of the samples. Suppression of SOX2 using shRNAs blocked proliferation of SOX2-amplified SCLC lines. RNA sequencing identified multiple fusion transcripts and a recurrent RLF-MYCL1 fusion. Silencing of MYCL1 in SCLC cell lines that had the RLF-MYCL1 fusion decreased cell proliferation. These data provide an in-depth view of the spectrum of genomic alterations in SCLC and identify several potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
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27
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Stovold R, Blackhall F, Meredith S, Hou J, Dive C, White A. Biomarkers for small cell lung cancer: neuroendocrine, epithelial and circulating tumour cells. Lung Cancer 2011; 76:263-8. [PMID: 22177533 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2011.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is characterised by an aggressive clinical course with invariable resistance to chemotherapy despite initially high response rates. There has been little improvement in outcome over the past few decades, with no breakthrough yet in targeted therapies. Recent preclinical data and studies of circulating tumour cells (CTCs) highlight distinct cellular heterogeneity within SCLC. Better understanding of how these phenotypes contribute to metastasis and tumour progression might pave the way for development of more successful targeted therapies. Here we review these studies, their implications for future research and for the incorporation of biomarkers reflecting neuroendocrine, epithelial and mesenchymal phenotypes in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Stovold
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, AV Hill Building, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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28
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MET phosphorylation predicts poor outcome in small cell lung carcinoma and its inhibition blocks HGF-induced effects in MET mutant cell lines. Br J Cancer 2011; 105:814-23. [PMID: 21847116 PMCID: PMC3171012 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2011.298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) has poor prognosis and remains orphan from targeted therapy. MET is activated in several tumour types and may be a promising therapeutic target. Methods: To evaluate the role of MET in SCLC, MET gene status and protein expression were evaluated in a panel of SCLC cell lines. The MET inhibitor PHA-665752 was used to study effects of pathway inhibition in basal and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-stimulated conditions. Immunohistochemistry for MET and p-MET was performed in human SCLC samples and association with outcome was assessed. Results: In MET mutant SCLC cells, HGF induced MET phosphorylation, increased proliferation, invasiveness and clonogenic growth. PHA-665752 blocked MET phosphorylation and counteracted HGF-induced effects. In clinical samples, total MET and p-MET overexpression were detected in 54% and 43% SCLC tumours (n=77), respectively. MET phosphorylation was associated with poor median overall survival (132 days) vs p-MET negative cases (287 days)(P<0.001). Phospho-MET retained its prognostic value in a multivariate analysis. Conclusions: MET activation resulted in a more aggressive phenotype in MET mutant SCLC cells and its inhibition by PHA-665752 reversed this phenotype. In patients with SCLC, MET activation was associated with worse prognosis, suggesting a role in the adverse clinical behaviour in this disease.
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Axelrod RS. Introduction: women and lung cancer. Semin Oncol 2009; 36:504-5. [PMID: 19995641 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2009.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rita S Axelrod
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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