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Song J, Fu Q, Liu G, Zhang C, Wang Y, Tao S, Liu R, Li Z. TULP3 silencing suppresses cell proliferation, migration and invasion in gastric cancer via the PTEN/Akt/Snail pathway. Cancer Treat Res Commun 2022; 31:100551. [PMID: 35344762 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctarc.2022.100551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tubby-like protein 3 (TULP3) is a member of the tubby family, has been related to the development of nervous system by gene knockout researches. Nevertheless, the role of TULP3 in the gastric cancer is not clear. METHODS Western blotting and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were employed for the quantitative detection of TULP3 expression in the gastric cancer and consecutive non-cancerous tissues, and gastric cancer cells. The roles of TULP3 in invasion, migration as well as proliferation of the gastric cancer cell in vivo and in vitro through utilizing colony formation, MTT, wound-healing, transwell and mouse xenograft model. Western blotting assay was implemented in order to clarify the potential molecular mechanisms. Furthermore, electron microscopy and western blot were evaluated TULP3 expression in gastric cancer patient extracted serum exosomes. RESULTS TULP3 expression levels were remarkably upregulated in the gastric cancer tissues and cells. Subsequent functional assays demonstrated that TULP3 downregulation suppressed invasion, migration as well as the proliferation of the gastric cancer cell. Mechanism assays depicted that the PTEN/Akt/Snail signaling pathway can inhibit invasion, migration as well as the proliferation of the gastric cancer cell via TULP3 silencing. Finally, we found that the expression of TULP3 could be determined in the extracted serum exosomes. The expression of TULP3 in gastric cancer group was higher in comparison with normal group. CONCLUSIONS Our results reveal that TULP3 might serve as a potential prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for the treatment of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Song
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, Anhui Province 241001, China
| | - Qingsheng Fu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, Anhui Province 241001, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, Anhui Province 241001, China
| | - Chengxiong Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, Anhui Province 241001, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Department of Nuclear medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, Anhui Province 241001, China
| | - Shaoneng Tao
- Department of Nuclear medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, Anhui Province 241001, China.
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, Anhui Province 241001, China.
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, Anhui Province 241001, China.
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2
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Lee YR, Pandolfi PP. PTEN Mouse Models of Cancer Initiation and Progression. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2020; 10:cshperspect.a037283. [PMID: 31570383 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a037283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) is one of the most frequently mutated, deleted, and functionally inactivated tumor suppressor genes in human cancer. PTEN is found mutated both somatically and in the germline of patients with PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome (PHTS). PTEN encodes a dual lipid and protein phosphatase that dephosphorylates the lipid phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3), in turn negatively regulating the oncogenic PI3K-AKT pathway, a key proto-oncogenic player in cancer development and progression. Because of importance of PTEN in tumorigenesis, a large number of sophisticated genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) has been designed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms by which the "PTEN pathway" promotes tumorigenesis, while simultaneously providing a well-tailored system for the identification of novel therapies and offering platforms for new drug discoveries. This review summarizes the major cancer mouse models through which the PTEN pathway has been genetically deconstructed, and outlines the rapid development of GEMMs toward more detailed functional and tissue-specific analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ru Lee
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Pier Paolo Pandolfi
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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3
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Zhang X, Li X, Tan F, Yu N, Pei H. STAT1 Inhibits MiR-181a Expression to Suppress Colorectal Cancer Cell Proliferation Through PTEN/Akt. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:3435-3443. [PMID: 28322462 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Signal transducers and activators of transcription 1 (STAT1) exhibits tumor-suppressor properties by inhibiting oncogenic pathways and promoting tumor immunosurveillance. MicroRNAs, a group of non-coding endogenous ones, may regulate gene expression and plays specific roles in tumorigenesis. Recently, miR-181a has been reported to be associated with poor prognosis of colorectal cancer (CRC). Using human colorectal cancer cell lines, we demonstrated that STAT1 suppresses both LoVo and SW480 cell growth by down-regulating miR-181a. STAT1 regulates the expression of miR-181a through binding to the elements in the miR-181a's promoter region. Further, we revealed that miR-181a accelerates CRC cell proliferation through phosphatase and tensin homolog on chromosome ten (PTEN). In addition, PTEN protein was upregulated in response to STAT1 overexpression or miR-181a inhibition, downregulated in response to STAT1 knockdown or miR-181a overexpression. Without changes on the AKT protein level, p-AKT was downregulated by STAT1 overexpression or miR-181a inhibition while upregulated by STAT1 knockdown or miR-181a overexpression, indicating PTEN/Akt pathway activated in STAT1/miR-181a regulation of CRC cell proliferation. Taken together, our findings shed new light on the STAT1/miR-181a/PTEN pathway in colorectal cancer and add new insight regarding the carcinogenesis of colorectal cancer. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 3435-3443, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingwen Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, P.R. China.,Department of Emergency, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Emergency, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, P.R. China
| | - Fengbo Tan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, P.R. China
| | - Nanhui Yu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, P.R. China
| | - Haiping Pei
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, P.R. China
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4
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Yu G, Fang W, Xia T, Chen Y, Gao Y, Jiao X, Huang S, Wang J, Li Z, Xie K. Metformin potentiates rapamycin and cisplatin in gastric cancer in mice. Oncotarget 2016; 6:12748-62. [PMID: 25909163 PMCID: PMC4494971 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we showed that pAMPKα and PTEN were down-regulated and p-mTOR, p-S6, p-4EBP1, MMP7, and DCN1 were up-regulated in human gastric cancer tissue samples as compared to that in the noncancerous tissues. Metformin inhibited tumor growth in mice. Also it enhanced cisplatin- or rapamycin-induced reduction of tumor growth as compared with treatment of either drug alone. In addition to activation of AMPK and suppression of the mTOR pathway, a series of increased and decreased genes expression were induced by metformin, including PTEN, MMP7, and FN1. We suggest that metformin could potentially be used for the treatment of gastric cancer especially in combination with cisplatin or rapamycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanzhen Yu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai 200070, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Wenzheng Fang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai 200070, China.,Department of Oncology, Fuzhou General Hospital, Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350025, China
| | - Tian Xia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai 200433, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Pathology, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yunshu Gao
- Department of Oncology, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, China
| | - Xiaodong Jiao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai 200070, China
| | - Suyun Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Jiejun Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai 200070, China
| | - Zhaosheng Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Keping Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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5
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Cell death in development: Signaling pathways and core mechanisms. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 39:12-9. [PMID: 25668151 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death eliminates unneeded and dangerous cells in a timely and effective manner during development. In this review, we examine the role cell death plays during development in worms, flies and mammals. We discuss signaling pathways that regulate developmental cell death, and describe how they communicate with the core cell death pathways. In most organisms, the majority of developmental cell death is seen in the nervous system. Therefore we focus on what is known about the regulation of developmental cell death in this tissue. Understanding how the cell death is regulated during development may provide insight into how this process can be manipulated in the treatment of disease.
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Carnero A, Paramio JM. The PTEN/PI3K/AKT Pathway in vivo, Cancer Mouse Models. Front Oncol 2014; 4:252. [PMID: 25295225 PMCID: PMC4172058 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
When PI3K (phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase) is activated by receptor tyrosine kinases, it phosphorylates PIP2 to generate PIP3 and activates the signaling pathway. Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 dephosphorylates PIP3 to PIP2, and thus, negatively regulates the pathway. AKT (v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog; protein kinase B) is activated downstream of PIP3 and mediates physiological processes. Furthermore, substantial crosstalk exists with other signaling networks at all levels of the PI3K pathway. Because of its diverse array, gene mutations, and amplifications and also as a consequence of its central role in several signal transduction pathways, the PI3K-dependent axis is frequently activated in many tumors and is an attractive therapeutic target. The preclinical testing and analysis of these novel therapies requires appropriate and well-tailored systems. Mouse models in which this pathway has been genetically modified have been essential in understanding the role that this pathway plays in the tumorigenesis process. Here, we review cancer mouse models in which the PI3K/AKT pathway has been genetically modified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amancio Carnero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla , Seville , Spain
| | - Jesus M Paramio
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Division of Biomedicine, CIEMAT , Madrid , Spain ; Oncogenomics Unit, Biomedical Research Institute, "12 de Octubre" University Hospital , Madrid , Spain
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Pan S, Hu J, Zheng T, Liu X, Ju Y, Xu C. Oleanolic acid derivatives induce apoptosis in human leukemia K562 cell involved in inhibition of both Akt1 translocation and pAkt1 expression. Cytotechnology 2014; 67:821-9. [PMID: 24728886 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-014-9722-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oleanolic acid (OA) derivatives exhibit numerous pleiotropic effects in many cancers. The present study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms of 5'-amino-oleana-2,12-dieno[3,2-d]pyrimidin-28-oic acid (compound 4) and oleana-2,12-dieno[2,3-d]isoxazol-28-oic acid (compound 5) inducing apoptosis in human leukemia K562 cell. We investigated the effects of the compounds on K562 cell growth, apoptosis and cell cycle. The compounds showed strong inhibitory effects on K562 cell viability in a dose-dependent manner determined by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazoyl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and significantly increased chromatin condensation and apoptotic bodies in K562 cells. Flow cytometry assay suggested that the compounds induced inhibition of K562 cell proliferation associated with G1 phase arrest. In addition, the compounds inhibited Akt1 recruiting to membrane in CHO cells which express Akt1-EGFP constitutively and down-regulated the expression of pAkt1 in K562 cell. These results suggested that the compounds can efficiently inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis perhaps involved in inactivation of Akt1. The OA derivatives may be potential chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhua Pan
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Xiasha Higher Education Zone, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang Province, China
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Ye H, Liu X, Lv M, Wu Y, Kuang S, Gong J, Yuan P, Zhong Z, Li Q, Jia H, Sun J, Chen Z, Guo AY. MicroRNA and transcription factor co-regulatory network analysis reveals miR-19 inhibits CYLD in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 40:5201-14. [PMID: 22362744 PMCID: PMC3384304 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive hematological malignancy. The understanding of its gene expression regulation and molecular mechanisms still remains elusive. Started from experimentally verified T-ALL-related miRNAs and genes, we obtained 120 feed-forward loops (FFLs) among T-ALL-related genes, miRNAs and TFs through combining target prediction. Afterwards, a T-ALL miRNA and TF co-regulatory network was constructed, and its significance was tested by statistical methods. Four miRNAs in the miR-17–92 cluster and four important genes (CYLD, HOXA9, BCL2L11 and RUNX1) were found as hubs in the network. Particularly, we found that miR-19 was highly expressed in T-ALL patients and cell lines. Ectopic expression of miR-19 represses CYLD expression, while miR-19 inhibitor treatment induces CYLD protein expression and decreases NF-κB expression in the downstream signaling pathway. Thus, miR-19, CYLD and NF-κB form a regulatory FFL, which provides new clues for sustained activation of NF-κB in T-ALL. Taken together, we provided the first miRNA-TF co-regulatory network in T-ALL and proposed a model to demonstrate the roles of miR-19 and CYLD in the T-cell leukemogenesis. This study may provide potential therapeutic targets for T-ALL and shed light on combining bioinformatics with experiments in the research of complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huashan Ye
- Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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9
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Mascolo M, Siano M, Ilardi G, Russo D, Merolla F, De Rosa G, Staibano S. Epigenetic disregulation in oral cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:2331-2353. [PMID: 22408457 PMCID: PMC3292026 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13022331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral region (OSCC) is one of the most common and highly aggressive malignancies worldwide, despite the fact that significant results have been achieved during the last decades in its detection, prevention and treatment. Although many efforts have been made to define the molecular signatures that identify the clinical outcome of oral cancers, OSCC still lacks reliable prognostic molecular markers. Scientific evidence indicates that transition from normal epithelium to pre-malignancy, and finally to oral carcinoma, depends on the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations in a multistep process. Unlike genetic alterations, epigenetic changes are heritable and potentially reversible. The most common examples of such changes are DNA methylation, histone modification, and small non-coding RNAs. Although several epigenetic changes have been currently linked to OSCC initiation and progression, they have been only partially characterized. Over the last decade, it has been demonstrated that especially aberrant DNA methylation plays a critical role in oral cancer. The major goal of the present paper is to review the recent literature about the epigenetic modifications contribution in early and later phases of OSCC malignant transformation; in particular we point out the current evidence of epigenetic marks as novel markers for early diagnosis and prognosis as well as potential therapeutic targets in oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Mascolo
- Department of Biomorphological and Functional Sciences, Pathology Section, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples 80131, Italy; E-Mails: (M.M.); (M.S.); (G.I.); (D.R.); (F.M.); (G.D.R.)
| | - Maria Siano
- Department of Biomorphological and Functional Sciences, Pathology Section, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples 80131, Italy; E-Mails: (M.M.); (M.S.); (G.I.); (D.R.); (F.M.); (G.D.R.)
| | - Gennaro Ilardi
- Department of Biomorphological and Functional Sciences, Pathology Section, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples 80131, Italy; E-Mails: (M.M.); (M.S.); (G.I.); (D.R.); (F.M.); (G.D.R.)
| | - Daniela Russo
- Department of Biomorphological and Functional Sciences, Pathology Section, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples 80131, Italy; E-Mails: (M.M.); (M.S.); (G.I.); (D.R.); (F.M.); (G.D.R.)
| | - Francesco Merolla
- Department of Biomorphological and Functional Sciences, Pathology Section, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples 80131, Italy; E-Mails: (M.M.); (M.S.); (G.I.); (D.R.); (F.M.); (G.D.R.)
| | - Gaetano De Rosa
- Department of Biomorphological and Functional Sciences, Pathology Section, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples 80131, Italy; E-Mails: (M.M.); (M.S.); (G.I.); (D.R.); (F.M.); (G.D.R.)
- Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Basilicata (C.R.O.B.) Oncology Research Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, Potenza 85028, Italy
| | - Stefania Staibano
- Department of Biomorphological and Functional Sciences, Pathology Section, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples 80131, Italy; E-Mails: (M.M.); (M.S.); (G.I.); (D.R.); (F.M.); (G.D.R.)
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Molecular mechanisms of bladder outlet obstruction in transgenic male mice overexpressing aromatase (Cyp19a1). THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 178:1233-44. [PMID: 21356374 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2010.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Revised: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the etiology and molecular mechanisms of bladder outlet obstruction (BOO). Transgenic (Tg) male mice overexpressing aromatase (Cyp19a1) under the ubiquitin C promoter in the estrogen-susceptible C57Bl/6J genetic background (AROM+/6J) developed inguinal hernia by 2 months and severe BOO by 9 to 10 months, with 100% penetrance. These mice gradually developed uremia, renal failure, renal retention, and finally died. The BOO bladders were threefold larger than in age-matched wild-type (WT) males and were filled with urine on necropsy. Hypotrophic smooth muscle cells formed the thin detrusor urinae muscle, and collagen III accumulation contributed to the reduced compliance of the bladder. p-AKT and ERα expression were up-regulated and Pten expression was down-regulated in the BOO bladder urothelium. Expression of only ERα in the intradetrusor fibroblasts suggests a specific role of this estrogen receptor form in urothelial proliferation. Inactivation of Pten, which in turn activated the p-AKT pathway, was strictly related to the activation of the ERα pathway in the BOO bladders. Human relevance for these findings was provided by increased expression of p-AKT, PCNA, and ERα and decreased expression of PTEN in severe human BOO samples, compared with subnormal to mild samples. These findings clarify the involvement of estrogen excess and/or imbalance of the androgen/estrogen ratio in the molecular pathogenetic mechanisms of BOO and provide a novel lead into potential treatment strategies for BOO.
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12
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Blanco-Aparicio C, Cañamero M, Cecilia Y, Pequeño B, Renner O, Ferrer I, Carnero A. Exploring the gain of function contribution of AKT to mammary tumorigenesis in mouse models. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9305. [PMID: 20174572 PMCID: PMC2824815 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated expression of AKT has been noted in a significant percentage of primary human breast cancers, mainly as a consequence of the PTEN/PI3K pathway deregulation. To investigate the mechanistic basis of the AKT gain of function-dependent mechanisms of breast tumorigenesis, we explored the phenotype induced by activated AKT transgenes in a quantitative manner. We generated several transgenic mice lines expressing different levels of constitutively active AKT in the mammary gland. We thoroughly analyzed the preneoplastic and neoplastic mammary lesions of these mice and correlated the process of tumorigenesis to AKT levels. Finally, we analyzed the impact that a possible senescent checkpoint might have in the tumor promotion inhibition observed, crossing these lines to mammary specific p53(R172H) mutant expression, and to p27 knock-out mice. We analyzed the benign, premalignant and malignant lesions extensively by pathology and at molecular level analysing the expression of proteins involved in the PI3K/AKT pathway and in cellular senescence. Our findings revealed an increased preneoplastic phenotype depending upon AKT signaling which was not altered by p27 or p53 loss. However, p53 inactivation by R172H point mutation combined with myrAKT transgenic expression significantly increased the percentage and size of mammary carcinoma observed, but was not sufficient to promote full penetrance of the tumorigenic phenotype. Molecular analysis suggest that tumors from double myrAKT;p53(R172H) mice result from acceleration of initiated p53(R172H) tumors and not from bypass of AKT-induced oncogenic senescence. Our work suggests that tumors are not the consequence of the bypass of senescence in MIN. We also show that AKT-induced oncogenic senescence is dependent of pRb but not of p53. Finally, our work also suggests that the cooperation observed between mutant p53 and activated AKT is due to AKT-induced acceleration of mutant p53-induced tumors. Finally, our work shows that levels of activated AKT are not essential in the induction of benign or premalignant tumors, or in the cooperation of AKT with other tumorigenic signal such as mutant p53, once AKT pathway is activated, the relative level of activity seems not to determine the phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Blanco-Aparicio
- Experimental Therapeutics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Cañamero
- Biotechnology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yolanda Cecilia
- Biotechnology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén Pequeño
- Experimental Therapeutics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Oliver Renner
- Experimental Therapeutics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Ferrer
- Experimental Therapeutics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amancio Carnero
- Experimental Therapeutics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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13
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Narasimhan SD, Mukhopadhyay A, Tissenbaum HA. InAKTivation of insulin/IGF-1 signaling by dephosphorylation. Cell Cycle 2010; 8:3878-84. [PMID: 19901535 DOI: 10.4161/cc.8.23.10072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transduction pathways are tightly regulated by phosphorylation-dephosphorylation cycles and yet the mammalian genome contains far more genes that encode for protein kinases than protein phosphatases. Therefore, to target specific substrates, many phosphatases associate with distinct regulatory subunits and thereby modulate multiple cellular processes. One such example is the C. elegans PP2A regulatory subunit PPTR-1 that negatively regulates the insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling pathway to modulate longevity, dauer diapause, fat metabolism and stress resistance. PPTR-1, as well as its mammalian homolog B56beta, specifically target the PP2A enzyme to AKT and mediate the dephosphorylation of this important kinase at a conserved threonine residue. In C. elegans, the major consequence of this modulation is activation of the FOXO transcription factor homolog DAF-16, which in turn regulates transcription of its many target genes involved in longevity and stress resistance. Understanding the function of B56 subunits may have important consequences in diseases such as Type 2 diabetes and cancer where the balance of Akt phosphorylation is deregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sri Devi Narasimhan
- Program in Gene Function and Expression, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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14
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Paz-Ares L, Blanco-Aparicio C, García-Carbonero R, Carnero A. Inhibiting PI3K as a therapeutic strategy against cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 2009; 11:572-9. [PMID: 19775996 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-009-0407-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Class I PI3K is composed of heterodimeric lipid kinases regulating essential cellular functions including proliferation, apoptosis and metabolism. Class I PI3K isoforms are commonly amplified in different cancer types and the PI3Kalpha catalytic subunit, PIK3CA, has been found mutated in a variable proportion of tumours of different origin. Furthermore, PI3K has been shown to mediate oncogenic signalling induced by several oncogenes such as HER2 or Ras. These facts suggest that PI3K might be a good target for anticancer drug discovery. Today, the rise of PI3K inhibitors and their first in vivo results have cleared much of the path for the development of PI3K inhibitors for anticancer therapy. Here we will review the PI3K pathway and the pharmacological results of PI3K inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Paz-Ares
- Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
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15
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Adding more content to screening: reactivation of FOXO as a therapeutic strategy. Clin Transl Oncol 2009; 11:651-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12094-009-0420-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Firestone GL, Sundar SN. Minireview: modulation of hormone receptor signaling by dietary anticancer indoles. Mol Endocrinol 2009; 23:1940-7. [PMID: 19837944 DOI: 10.1210/me.2009-0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Indole-3-carbinol and its diindole condensation product 3-3'-diindolylmethane are dietary phytochemicals that have striking anticarcinogenic properties in human cancer cells. Molecular, cellular, physiological, and clinical studies have documented that both indole-3-carbinol and 3-3'-diindolylmethane have potent endocrine modulating activities through a myriad of mechanisms. The focus of this review is to discuss the evidence that directly links the anticancer actions of these two indole compounds to the control of steroid receptor and growth factor receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary L Firestone
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, The University of California at Berkeley, 94720-3200, USA.
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