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Maryam S, Krukiewicz K, Haq IU, Khan AA, Yahya G, Cavalu S. Interleukins (Cytokines) as Biomarkers in Colorectal Cancer: Progression, Detection, and Monitoring. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12093127. [PMID: 37176567 PMCID: PMC10179696 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12093127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the primary cause of death in economically developed countries and the second leading cause in developing countries. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Risk factors for CRC include obesity, a diet low in fruits and vegetables, physical inactivity, and smoking. CRC has a poor prognosis, and there is a critical need for new diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers to reduce related deaths. Recently, studies have focused more on molecular testing to guide targeted treatments for CRC patients. The most crucial feature of activated immune cells is the production and release of growth factors and cytokines that modulate the inflammatory conditions in tumor tissues. The cytokine network is valuable for the prognosis and pathogenesis of colorectal cancer as they can aid in the cost-effective and non-invasive detection of cancer. A large number of interleukins (IL) released by the immune system at various stages of CRC can act as "biomarkers". They play diverse functions in colorectal cancer, and include IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-11, IL-17A, IL-22, IL-23, IL-33, TNF, TGF-β, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which are pro-tumorigenic genes. However, there are an inadequate number of studies in this area considering its correlation with cytokine profiles that are clinically useful in diagnosing cancer. A better understanding of cytokine levels to establish diagnostic pathways entails an understanding of cytokine interactions and the regulation of their various biochemical signaling pathways in healthy individuals. This review provides a comprehensive summary of some interleukins as immunological biomarkers of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajida Maryam
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Katarzyna Krukiewicz
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, M. Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Centre for Organic and Nanohybrid Electronics, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 22B, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Ihtisham Ul Haq
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, M. Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Joint Doctoral School, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Awal Ayaz Khan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Galal Yahya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Al Sharqia, Egypt
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Paul-Ehrlich Str. 24, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Simona Cavalu
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, P-ta 1 Decembrie 10, 410087 Oradea, Romania
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Prognosis value of IL-6, IL-8, and IL-1β in serum of patients with lung cancer: A fresh look at interleukins as a biomarker. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09953. [PMID: 35928100 PMCID: PMC9343932 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukins are assumed to be closely related to the occurrence and development of human malignant tumors, while a few of them were commonly used as diagnostic markers in clinical cancer, including lung cancer. This study aimed to explore the value of serum interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-8 (IL-8) combined with carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) as biomarker panel for the diagnosis and metastasis prediction of lung cancer. IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and CEA in serum were determined using electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) and flow cytometry, and the diagnostic value of each marker was analyzed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and logistic fitting regression. We found that the levels of serum IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 showed no significant difference among squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and small cell carcinoma, while they were significantly higher in the lung cancer group or benign group than those in the healthy group. The levels of IL-8 and CEA were positively correlated with clinical stages respectively. Importantly, the panel of CEA + IL-6 + IL-8 has the highest efficacy for the diagnosis of lung cancer (AUC = 0.883) among all the detected panels, while the panel of IL-8 + CEA showed the most promising predictive value for the lymph node metastasis (AUC = 0.686) and distant metastasis of lung cancer (AUC = 0.793). In conclusion, IL-6 and IL-8 could be used as promising molecular biomarkers to diagnose and predict the metastasis of lung cancer independent of pathological types, improving the specificity and sensitivity of diagnosis for lung cancer when they were combined with CEA.
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Yaghoubi N, Avval FZ, Khazaei M, Sahebkar A, Aghaee-Bakhtiari SH. High Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of miRNAs Compared with the Carcinoembryonic Antigen as a Traditional Tumor Marker. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 22:206-214. [PMID: 34102990 DOI: 10.2174/1871520621666210608094908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A significant challenge in cancer detection and treatment is early diagnosis and accurate prognosis of the disease that enables effective therapies and interventions to improve the patient's condition. Up to now, many parts of research have tended to focus on the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) to detect cancers and estimate the survival rates of patients with multiple cancer types, including colorectal, breast, non-small cell lung, and pancreas cancer. Limited sensitivity and specificity of this traditional tumor marker make it an inappropriate biomarker to diagnose cancer, especially in the early stages, while several lines of research have introduced miRNAs as reliable indicators of tumor initiation, development, and therapy response. Indeed, miRNAs have unique properties that provide considerable benefits, such as discriminating benign diseases from malignancies, prediction of cancer possibility and progress, checking sensitivity to treatment, and initial detection of tumors. This review summarizes the relationships between miRNAs and CEA, the diagnostic significance of CEA in combination with miRNAs, and the distinct advantages of miRNAs over CEA as tumor biomarkers. Advancement in our current understanding of miRNAs is essential to discover new and effective biomarkers for diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic goals of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Yaghoubi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farnaz Zahedi Avval
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Khazaei
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Li Y, Li M, Zhang Y, Zhou J, Jiang L, Yang C, Li G, Qu W, Li X, Chen Y, Chen Q, Wang W, Wang S, Liang Xing J, Huang H. Age-stratified and gender-specific reference intervals of six tumor markers panel of lung cancer: A geographic-based multicenter study in China. J Clin Lab Anal 2021; 35:e23816. [PMID: 33982344 PMCID: PMC8183943 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Serum biomarkers have been widely adopted in clinical practice for assisting lung cancer diagnoses, therapeutic monitoring, and prognostication. The function of a well‐performing tumor biomarker depends on a reliable reference interval (RI) with consideration of the study subjects’ age, gender, and geographical location. This study aimed to establish a RI for each of 6 lung cancer biomarkers for use in the whole country of China on Mindray platform. Methods The levels of serum 6 lung cancer biomarkers—namely progastrin‐releasing peptide (ProGRP), neuron‐specific enolase (NSE), squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), cytokeratin‐19 fragment (CYFRA21‐1), and human epididymis protein 4 (HE4)—were measured utilizing the chemiluminescence immunoassay on the Mindray CL‐6000i platform following the laboratory standard operating procedures in apparently healthy Chinese individuals on large cohort, multicenter, and geographical consideration bases. The CLSI EP28‐A3C guideline was followed for the enrollment of study subjects. Results The age‐stratified, gender‐specific RIs for ProGRP, NSE, SCC, CEA, CYFRA21‐1, and HE4 lung cancer biomarkers in the Chinese population have been established as described in the results and discussion in this work. In addition, various levels of the six lung cancer biomarkers among nine geographical locations in China have been observed. Conclusions The sample volume of study cohort, age, and geographical location should be considered upon establishing a reliable biomarker RI. A RI for each of six lung cancer biomarkers has been established. The results from this study would be helpful for clinical laboratories in interpreting the analytical results and for clinicians in patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jianping Zhou
- Department of Radio Immunoassay Center, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdou, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wei Qu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinhui Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Division of in vitro Diagnostics, Shenzhen Mindray Bio-Medical Electronics Corporation, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qing Chen
- Division of in vitro Diagnostics, Shenzhen Mindray Bio-Medical Electronics Corporation, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Division of in vitro Diagnostics, Shenzhen Mindray Bio-Medical Electronics Corporation, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shukui Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin Liang Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Huayi Huang
- Division of in vitro Diagnostics, Shenzhen Mindray Bio-Medical Electronics Corporation, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Maldonado F, Gonzalez-Ling A, Oñate-Ocaña LF, Cabrera-Miranda LA, Zatarain-Barrón ZL, Turcott JG, Flores-Estrada D, Lozano-Ruiz F, Cacho-Díaz B, Arrieta O. Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation in Patients With High-Risk Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Quality of Life and Neurocognitive Analysis of a Randomized Phase II Study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2021; 111:81-92. [PMID: 33915217 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2021.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To this date, studies regarding the use of prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) versus standard of care (SoC) for patients with non-small cell lung cancer have shown limited benefit in survival outcomes, in addition to the potential effects on quality of life (QoL) and neurocognitive function (NCF). This randomized, phase II study evaluated the role of PCI in QoL and NCF, in a population comprised of subjects at a high risk for development of brain metastases (BM). METHODS AND MATERIALS Eligible patients had histologically confirmed non-small cell lung cancer without baseline BM, harboring epidermal growth factor receptor mutations, anaplastic lymphoma kinase rearrangements, or elevated carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) at diagnosis. Participants were assigned to receive SoC or SoC plus PCI (25 Gy in 10 fractions). Primary endpoint was BM at 24 months (BM-24), for which the study was powered. Secondary endpoints included QoL assessed using the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Quality of Life Questionnaire (QLQ-C30) and the Lung Cancer module (LC13) and NCF assessed using the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE). Patients were followed every 3 months for a year for QoL and NCF. RESULTS From May 2012 to December 2017, 84 patients were enrolled in the study, 41 were allocated to PCI while 43 received SoC. Efficacy outcomes are discussed in a separate article. The global health-QoL scores were similar at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after randomization between both study arms, with no significant differences when comparing by groups. At 1-year postrandomization, median global health QoL scores were 83 (p25-p75: 75-83) and 83 (p25-p75: 75-83) in the control and experimental arms, respectively. There were no significant changes in terms of the mean differences between subjects in either study arm when analyzing the change between baseline and 12-month scores (16.4 ± 19.9 vs 12.9 ± 14.7; P = .385). Seventeen patients were alive at database lockdown in February 2020, without significant differences in median MMSE (30 [p25-75: 29-30] vs 30 [p25-75: 28-30]) or QLQ-C30 scores (75.0 [p25-75: 50-87.2] vs 67.0 [p25-75: 50.0-100.0]). CONCLUSIONS Among a selected high-risk population for developing BM, PCI did not significantly decrease QoL or neurocognitive function as assessed using the MMSE. Future studies are warranted to assess this observation, using more varied and sensitive tools available to date.
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Arrieta O, Salas AA, Cardona AF, Díaz-García D, Lara-Mejía L, Escamilla I, García AP, Pérez EC, Raez LE, Rolfo C, Rosell R. Risk of development of brain metastases according to the IASLC/ATS/ERS lung adenocarcinoma classification in locally advanced and metastatic disease. Lung Cancer 2021; 155:183-190. [PMID: 33558063 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2021.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Brain metastases (BM) are frequent among lung cancer patients, affecting prognosis and quality of life. The International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC), American Thoracic Society (ATS) and European Respiratory Society (ERS) lung adenocarcinoma (LADC) classification (IASLC/ATS/ERS) has prognostic impact in early-stage disease; however, its role in the advanced setting is not precise. This study aims to determine the correlation between the predominant histological subtype and the risk of developing brain metastases (BM) in locally advanced and metastatic (stages IIIB-IV) LADC. METHODS A total of 710 patients with LADC were treated at our institution from January 2010 to December 2017. After excluding patients with brain metastases at diagnoses (n = 151), they were categorized according to the IASLC/ATS/ERS LADC classification to estimate the risk of developing brain metastases. A competing risk analysis was employed, considering death a competing risk event. RESULTS From 559 patients, the mean age was 59 ± 13.2 years, women (52.4 %), and clinical-stage IV (79.2 %). LADC subtypes distribution was lepidic (11.6 %), acinar (37.9 %), papillary (10.2 %), micropapillary (6.8 %), and solid (33.5 %). A total of 27.0 % of patients developed BM, 32.9 % died without brain affection, and 40.0 % did not progress. The predominantly solid subtype showed the greatest probability of all subtypes for developing BM [HR 4.0; 95 % CI (1.80-8.91), p = 0.0006], followed by micropapillary [HR1.11; 95 % CI (0.36-3.39), p = 0.85). The solid subtype, moderately differentiated tumors, age, and ECOG PS (>2) were associated with increased hazards in the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION According to the IASLC/ATS/ERS classification, the predominantly solid pattern was significantly associated with an increased risk of developing BM in patients with locally advanced and metastatic LADC. Its prognostic value might help explore novel clinical approaches, modify monitoring for earlier detection, prevent complications, and reduce morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Arrieta
- Unidad Funcional de Oncología Torácica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, 14080, Mexico.
| | - Alejandro Avilés Salas
- Unidad Funcional de Oncología Torácica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, 14080, Mexico
| | - Andrés F Cardona
- Clinical and Translational Oncology Group, Clinica del Country, Bogotá, Colombia; Foundation for Clinical and Applied Cancer Research-FICMAC, Bogotá, Colombia; Molecular Oncology and Biology Systems Group (G-FOX), Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Diego Díaz-García
- Unidad Funcional de Oncología Torácica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, 14080, Mexico
| | - Luis Lara-Mejía
- Unidad Funcional de Oncología Torácica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, 14080, Mexico
| | - Ixel Escamilla
- Unidad Funcional de Oncología Torácica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, 14080, Mexico
| | - Ariana Pereira García
- Unidad Funcional de Oncología Torácica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, 14080, Mexico
| | - Enrique Caballé Pérez
- Unidad Funcional de Oncología Torácica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, 14080, Mexico
| | - Luis E Raez
- Thoracic Oncology Program Memorial Cancer Institute, Memorial Healthcare System/Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Christian Rolfo
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Rafael Rosell
- Catalan Institute of Oncology, Germans Trials i Pujol Research Institute and Hospital Campus Can Ruti, Barcelona, Spain
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Gu W, Hu M, Wang W, Shi C, Mei J. Development and Validation of a Novel Nomogram for Predicting Tumor-Distant-Metastasis in Patients with Early T1-2 Stage Lung Adenocarcinoma. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2020; 16:1213-1225. [PMID: 33328735 PMCID: PMC7735943 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s272748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Distant metastasis in early T1-2 (diameter≤5 cm) stage lung adenocarcinoma (ET-LUAD) patients largely affect treatment strategies in clinical practice. However, the associated mechanism remains unclear and related studies is less. This study aimed to establish and validate a novel nomogram to predict the risk of distant metastasis in ET-LUAD. Methods A total of 258 patients diagnosed with ET-LUAD and not receiving any treatment were recruited into this study. The patients were randomly divided into a training cohort and validation cohort in a ratio of 1:2. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to select the most significant predictive risk factors associated with distant metastasis in the training cohort. The established nomogram was validated by the consistency index (C-index), calibration curve, and decision curve analysis (DCA). Results There were 124 patients with confirmed distant metastasis and 134 patients with non-distant metastases ET-LUAD were enrolled in the study. Multivariate logistic hazards regression analysis identified independent risk factors associated with distant metastasis to include platelet-to-lymphocyte ratios (PLR), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), neural-specific enolase (NSE), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and cytokeratin 19 fragments (Cyfra211), which were included in the establishment of the nomogram. The nomogram achieved a high consistency (C-index=0.792), good calibration, and high clinical application value in the validation cohort. Conclusion The established nomogram can be used to predict distant metastasis in high-risk ET-LUAD nonmetastasis patients and can also be used by doctors to guide preventive and individualized treatment for ET-LUAD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- WeiGuo Gu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China.,First Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - MingBin Hu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China.,First Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - WeiJia Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Shi
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - JinHong Mei
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
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