1
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Mayo KH. Heterologous Interactions with Galectins and Chemokines and Their Functional Consequences. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14083. [PMID: 37762385 PMCID: PMC10531749 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Extra- and intra-cellular activity occurs under the direction of numerous inter-molecular interactions, and in any tissue or cell, molecules are densely packed, thus promoting those molecular interactions. Galectins and chemokines, the focus of this review, are small, protein effector molecules that mediate various cellular functions-in particular, cell adhesion and migration-as well as cell signaling/activation. In the past, researchers have reported that combinations of these (and other) effector molecules act separately, yet sometimes in concert, but nevertheless physically apart and via their individual cell receptors. This view that each effector molecule functions independently of the other limits our thinking about functional versatility and cooperation, and, in turn, ignores the prospect of physiologically important inter-molecular interactions, especially when both molecules are present or co-expressed in the same cellular environment. This review is focused on such protein-protein interactions with chemokines and galectins, the homo- and hetero-oligomeric structures that they can form, and the functional consequences of those paired interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin H Mayo
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, University of Minnesota Health Sciences Center, 6-155 Jackson Hall, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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2
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Exploring the In situ pairing of human galectins toward synthetic O-mannosylated core M1 glycopeptides of α-dystroglycan. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17800. [PMID: 36274065 PMCID: PMC9588787 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22758-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Dystroglycan (DG), which constitutes a part of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex, connects the extracellular matrix to the cytoskeleton. The matriglycans presented by the extracellular α-DG serve as a contact point with extracellular matrix proteins (ECM) containing laminin G-like domains, providing cellular stability. However, it remains unknown whether core M1 (GlcNAcβ1-2Man) structures can serve as ligands among the various O-Mannosylated glycans. Therefore, based on the presence of N-acetylLactosamine (LacNAc) in this glycan following the core extension, the binding interactions with adhesion/growth-regulatory galectins were explored. To elucidate this process, the interaction between galectin (Gal)-1, -3, -4 and -9 with α-DG fragment 372TRGAIIQTPTLGPIQPTRV390 core M1-based glycopeptide library were profiled, using glycan microarray and nuclear magnetic resonance studies. The binding of galectins was revealed irrespective of its modular architecture, adding galectins to the list of possible binding partners of α-DG core M1 glycoconjugates by cis-binding (via peptide- and carbohydrate-protein interactions), which can be abrogated by α2,3-sialylation of the LacNAc units. The LacNAc-terminated α-DG glycopeptide interact simultaneously with both the S- and F-faces of Gal-1, thereby inducing oligomerization. Furthermore, Gal-1 can trans-bridge α-DG core M1 structures and laminins, which proposed a possible mechanism by which Gal-1 ameliorates muscular dystrophies; however, this proposal warrants further investigation.
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3
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The marriage of chemokines and galectins as functional heterodimers. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:8073-8095. [PMID: 34767039 PMCID: PMC8629806 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04010-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Trafficking of leukocytes and their local activity profile are of pivotal importance for many (patho)physiological processes. Fittingly, microenvironments are complex by nature, with multiple mediators originating from diverse cell types and playing roles in an intimately regulated manner. To dissect aspects of this complexity, effectors are initially identified and structurally characterized, thus prompting familial classification and establishing foci of research activity. In this regard, chemokines present themselves as role models to illustrate the diversification and fine-tuning of inflammatory processes. This in turn discloses the interplay among chemokines, their cell receptors and cognate glycosaminoglycans, as well as their capacity to engage in new molecular interactions that form hetero-oligomers between themselves and other classes of effector molecules. The growing realization of versatility of adhesion/growth-regulatory galectins that bind to glycans and proteins and their presence at sites of inflammation led to testing the hypothesis that chemokines and galectins can interact with each other by protein-protein interactions. In this review, we present some background on chemokines and galectins, as well as experimental validation of this chemokine-galectin heterodimer concept exemplified with CXCL12 and galectin-3 as proof-of-principle, as well as sketch out some emerging perspectives in this arena.
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4
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Characterizing ligand-induced conformational changes in clinically relevant galectin-1 by H N/H 2O (D 2O) exchange. Biochimie 2021; 187:48-56. [PMID: 34022292 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2021.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Glycans of cellular glycoconjugates serve as biochemical signals for a multitude of (patho)physiological processes via binding to their receptors (e.g. lectins). In the case of human adhesion/growth-regulatory galectin-1 (Gal-1), small angle neutron scattering and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy have revealed a significant decrease of its gyration radius and increase of its diffusion coefficient upon binding lactose, posing the pertinent question on the nature and region(s) involved in the underlying structural alterations. Requiring neither a neutron source nor labeling, diffusion measurements by 1H NMR spectroscopy are shown here to be sufficiently sensitive to detect this ligand-induced change. In order to figure out which region(s) of Gal-1 is (are) affected at the level of peptides, we first explored the use of H/D exchange mass spectrometry (HDX MS). Hereby, we found a reduction in proton exchange kinetics beyond the lactose-binding site. The measurement of fast HN/H2O exchange by phase-modulated NMR clean chemical exchange (CLEANEX) NMR on 15N-labeled Gal-1 then increased the spatial resolution to the level of individual amino acids. The mapped regions with increased protection from HN/H2O (D2O) exchange that include the reduction of solvent exposure around the interface can underlie the protein's compaction. These structural changes have potential to modulate this galectin's role in lattice formation on the cell surface and its interaction(s) with protein(s) at the F-face.
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Miller MC, Zheng Y, Suylen D, Ippel H, Cañada FJ, Berbís MA, Jiménez-Barbero J, Tai G, Gabius HJ, Mayo KH. Targeting the CRD F-face of Human Galectin-3 and Allosterically Modulating Glycan Binding by Angiostatic PTX008 and a Structurally Optimized Derivative. ChemMedChem 2020; 16:713-723. [PMID: 33156953 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Calix[4]arene PTX008 is an angiostatic agent that inhibits tumor growth in mice by binding to galectin-1, a β-galactoside-binding lectin. To assess the affinity profile of PTX008 for galectins, we used 15 N,1 H HSQC NMR spectroscopy to show that PTX008 also binds to galectin-3 (Gal-3), albeit more weakly. We identified the contact site for PTX008 on the F-face of the Gal-3 carbohydrate recognition domain. STD NMR revealed that the hydrophobic phenyl ring crown of the calixarene is the binding epitope. With this information, we performed molecular modeling of the complex to assist in improving the rather low affinity of PTX008 for Gal-3. By removing the N-dimethyl alkyl chain amide groups, we produced PTX013 whose reduced alkyl chain length and polar character led to an approximately eightfold stronger binding than PTX008. PTX013 also binds Gal-1 more strongly than PTX008, whereas neither interacts strongly, if at all, with Gal-7. In addition, PTX013, like PTX008, is an allosteric inhibitor of galectin binding to the canonical ligand lactose. This study broadens the scope for galectin targeting by calixarene-based compounds and opens the perspective for selective galectin blocking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C Miller
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Yi Zheng
- School of Life Science, Northeast Normal University, 130024, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Dennis Suylen
- Department of Biochemistry and CARIM, Maastricht University, 6229HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Ippel
- Department of Biochemistry and CARIM, Maastricht University, 6229HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - F Javier Cañada
- NMR and Molecular Recognition Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CSIC), C/Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Alvaro Berbís
- NMR and Molecular Recognition Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CSIC), C/Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Jiménez-Barbero
- NMR and Molecular Recognition Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CSIC), C/Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technological Park, Building 801 A, 48160, Derio, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 28009, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Guihua Tai
- School of Life Science, Northeast Normal University, 130024, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximillians-University, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Kevin H Mayo
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
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Miller MC, Nesmelova IV, Daragan VA, Ippel H, Michalak M, Dregni A, Kaltner H, Kopitz J, Gabius HJ, Mayo KH. Pro4 prolyl peptide bond isomerization in human galectin-7 modulates the monomer-dimer equilibrum to affect function. Biochem J 2020; 477:3147-3165. [PMID: 32766716 PMCID: PMC7473712 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human galectin-7 (Gal-7; also termed p53-induced gene 1 product) is a multifunctional effector by productive pairing with distinct glycoconjugates and protein counter-receptors in the cytoplasm and nucleus, as well as on the cell surface. Its structural analysis by NMR spectroscopy detected doubling of a set of particular resonances, an indicator of Gal-7 existing in two conformational states in slow exchange on the chemical shift time scale. Structural positioning of this set of amino acids around the P4 residue and loss of this phenomenon in the bioactive P4L mutant indicated cis-trans isomerization at this site. Respective resonance assignments confirmed our proposal of two Gal-7 conformers. Mapping hydrogen bonds and considering van der Waals interactions in molecular dynamics simulations revealed a structural difference for the N-terminal peptide, with the trans-state being more exposed to solvent and more mobile than the cis-state. Affinity for lactose or glycan-inhibitable neuroblastoma cell surface contact formation was not affected, because both conformers associated with an overall increase in order parameters (S2). At low µM concentrations, homodimer dissociation is more favored for the cis-state of the protein than its trans-state. These findings give direction to mapping binding sites for protein counter-receptors of Gal-7, such as Bcl-2, JNK1, p53 or Smad3, and to run functional assays at low concentration to test the hypothesis that this isomerization process provides a (patho)physiologically important molecular switch for Gal-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C. Miller
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 U.S.A
| | - Irina V. Nesmelova
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 U.S.A
| | - Vladimir A. Daragan
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 U.S.A
| | - Hans Ippel
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 U.S.A
- Department of Biochemistry, CARIM, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Malwina Michalak
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, Medical School of the Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Aurelio Dregni
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 U.S.A
| | - Herbert Kaltner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximillians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kopitz
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, Medical School of the Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximillians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kevin H. Mayo
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 U.S.A
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Zheng Y, Su J, Miller MC, Geng J, Xu X, Zhang T, Mayzel M, Zhou Y, Mayo KH, Tai G. Topsy-turvy binding of negatively charged homogalacturonan oligosaccharides to galectin-3. Glycobiology 2020; 31:341-350. [PMID: 32909036 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwaa080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 is crucial to many physiological and pathological processes. The generally accepted dogma is that galectins function extracellularly by binding specifically to β(1→4)-galactoside epitopes on cell surface glycoconjugates. Here, we used crystallography and NMR spectroscopy to demonstrate that negatively charged homogalacturonans (HG, linear polysaccharides of α(1→4)-linked-D-galacturonate (GalA)) bind to the galectin-3 carbohydrate recognition domain. The HG carboxylates at the C6 positions in GalA rings mandate that this saccharide bind galectin-3 in an unconventional, "topsy-turvy" orientation that is flipped by about 180o relative to that of the canonical β-galactoside lactose. In this binding mode, the reducing end GalA β-anomer of HGs takes the position of the nonreducing end galactose residue in lactose. This novel orientation maintains interactions with the conserved tryptophan and seven of the most crucial lactose-binding residues, albeit with different H-bonding interactions. Nevertheless, the HG molecular orientation and new interactions have essentially the same thermodynamic binding parameters as lactose. Overall, our study provides structural details for a new type of galectin-sugar interaction that broadens glycospace for ligand binding to Gal-3 and suggests how the lectin may recognize other negatively charged polysaccharides like glycoaminoglycans (e.g. heparan sulfate) on the cell surface. This discovery impacts on our understanding of galectin-mediated biological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zheng
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Province Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Jiyong Su
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Province Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Michelle C Miller
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, University of Minnesota, 6-155 Jackson Hall, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jie Geng
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Province Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xuejiao Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Province Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Province Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Maksim Mayzel
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Applications Department, Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Yifa Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Province Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Kevin H Mayo
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, University of Minnesota, 6-155 Jackson Hall, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Guihua Tai
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Province Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
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Zhang H, Ippel H, Miller MC, Wong TJ, Griffioen AW, Mayo KH, Pieters RJ. Hybrid ligands with calixarene and thiodigalactoside groups: galectin binding and cytotoxicity. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY FRONTIERS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2019; 6:2981-2990. [PMID: 34912566 PMCID: PMC8612729 DOI: 10.1039/c9qo00810a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Galectins have diverse functions and are involved in many biological processes because of their complex intra- and extracellular activities. Selective and potent inhibitors for galectins will be valuable tools to investigate the biological functions of these proteins. Therefore, we describe here the synthesis of galectin inhibitors with a potential "chelate effect". These compounds are designed to bind to two different binding sites on galectins simultaneously. In this paper a series of asymmetric "hybrid" compounds are prepared, which combine two galectin ligands (1) a substituted thiodigalactoside derivative and (2) an antagonist calixarene-based therapeutic agent. NMR spectroscopy was used to evaluate the interactions of these compounds with Galectin-1 and -3. In addition, cellular experiments were conducted to compare the cytotoxic effects of the hybrids with those of a calixarene derivative. While only the thiodigalactoside part of the hybrids showed strong binding, the calixarene part was responsible for observed cytoxoxicity effects, suggesting that the calixarene moiety may also be addressing a non-galectin target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University P.O. Box 80082 NL-3508 TB Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Hans Ippel
- Department of Biochemistry and the Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Michelle C Miller
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN 55455 USA
| | - Tse J Wong
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUMC, Cancer Center Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Arjan W Griffioen
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUMC, Cancer Center Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Kevin H Mayo
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN 55455 USA
| | - Roland J Pieters
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University P.O. Box 80082 NL-3508 TB Utrecht The Netherlands
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Adhesion/growth-regulatory galectins tested in combination: evidence for formation of hybrids as heterodimers. Biochem J 2018; 475:1003-1018. [PMID: 29321242 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The delineation of the physiological significance of protein (lectin)-glycan recognition and the structural analysis of individual lectins have directed our attention to studying them in combination. In this report, we tested the hypothesis of hybrid formation by using binary mixtures of homodimeric galectin-1 and -7 as well as a proteolytically truncated version of chimera-type galectin-3. Initial supportive evidence is provided by affinity chromatography using resin-presented galectin-7. Intriguingly, the extent of cell binding by cross-linking of surface counter-receptor increased significantly for monomeric galectin-3 form by the presence of galectin-1 or -7. Pulsed-field gradient NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) diffusion measurements on these galectin mixtures indicated formation of heterodimers as opposed to larger oligomers. 15N-1H heteronuclear single quantum coherence NMR spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations allowed us to delineate how different galectins interact in the heterodimer. The possibility of domain exchange between galectins introduces a new concept for understanding the spectrum of their functionality, particularly when these effector molecules are spatially and temporally co-expressed as found in vivo.
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Macromolecular assemblies of complex polysaccharides with galectin-3 and their synergistic effects on function. Biochem J 2017; 474:3849-3868. [PMID: 28986508 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although pectin-derived polysaccharides can antagonize galectin function in various pathological disorders, the nature of their binding interactions needs to be better defined for developing them as drugs. Moreover, given their relatively large size and complexity, pectin-derived polysaccharides are also useful as model systems to assess inter-polysaccharide and protein-polysaccharide interactions. Here, we investigated interactions between galectin-3 (Gal-3) and pectin-derived polysaccharides: a rhamnogalacturonan (RG) and two homogalacturonans (HGs). BioLayer Interferometry and fluorescence-linked immunosorbent assays indicate that these polysaccharides bind Gal-3 with macroscopic or apparent KD values of 49 nM, 46 µM, and 138 µM, respectively. 15N-1H heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) NMR studies reveal that these polysaccharides interact primarily with the F-face of the Gal-3 carbohydrate recognition domain. Even though their binding to Gal-3 does not inhibit Gal-3-mediated T-cell apoptosis and only weakly attenuates hemagglutination, their combination in specific proportions increases activity synergistically along with avidity for Gal-3. This suggests that RG and HG polysaccharides act in concert, a proposal supported by polysaccharide particle size measurements and 13C-1H HSQC data. Our model has HG interacting with RG to promote increased avidity of RG for Gal-3, likely by exposing additional lectin-binding sites on the RG. Overall, the present study contributes to our understanding of how complex HG and RG polysaccharides interact with Gal-3.
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11
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Lactose Binding Induces Opposing Dynamics Changes in Human Galectins Revealed by NMR-Based Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22081357. [PMID: 28813004 PMCID: PMC6152064 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22081357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectins are β-galactoside-binding proteins implicated in a myriad of biological functions. Despite their highly conserved carbohydrate binding motifs with essentially identical structures, their affinities for lactose, a common galectin inhibitor, vary significantly. Here, we aimed to examine the molecular basis of differential lactose affinities amongst galectins using solution-based techniques. Consistent dissociation constants of lactose binding were derived from nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence, isothermal titration calorimetry and bio-layer interferometry for human galectin-1 (hGal1), galectin-7 (hGal7), and the N-terminal and C-terminal domains of galectin-8 (hGal8NTD and hGal8CTD, respectively). Furthermore, the dissociation rates of lactose binding were extracted from NMR lineshape analyses. Structural mapping of chemical shift perturbations revealed long-range perturbations upon lactose binding for hGal1 and hGal8NTD. We further demonstrated using the NMR-based hydrogen–deuterium exchange (HDX) that lactose binding increases the exchange rates of residues located on the opposite side of the ligand-binding pocket for hGal1 and hGal8NTD, indicative of allostery. Additionally, lactose binding induces significant stabilisation of hGal8CTD across the entire domain. Our results suggested that lactose binding reduced the internal dynamics of hGal8CTD on a very slow timescale (minutes and slower) at the expense of reduced binding affinity due to the unfavourable loss of conformational entropy.
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Hsieh TJ, Lin HY, Tu Z, Lin TC, Wu SC, Tseng YY, Liu FT, Hsu STD, Lin CH. Dual thio-digalactoside-binding modes of human galectins as the structural basis for the design of potent and selective inhibitors. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29457. [PMID: 27416897 PMCID: PMC4945863 DOI: 10.1038/srep29457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human galectins are promising targets for cancer immunotherapeutic and fibrotic disease-related drugs. We report herein the binding interactions of three thio-digalactosides (TDGs) including TDG itself, TD139 (3,3'-deoxy-3,3'-bis-(4-[m-fluorophenyl]-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)-thio-digalactoside, recently approved for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis), and TAZTDG (3-deoxy-3-(4-[m-fluorophenyl]-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)-thio-digalactoside) with human galectins-1, -3 and -7 as assessed by X-ray crystallography, isothermal titration calorimetry and NMR spectroscopy. Five binding subsites (A-E) make up the carbohydrate-recognition domains of these galectins. We identified novel interactions between an arginine within subsite E of the galectins and an arene group in the ligands. In addition to the interactions contributed by the galactosyl sugar residues bound at subsites C and D, the fluorophenyl group of TAZTDG preferentially bound to subsite B in galectin-3, whereas the same group favored binding at subsite E in galectins-1 and -7. The characterised dual binding modes demonstrate how binding potency, reported as decreased Kd values of the TDG inhibitors from μM to nM, is improved and also offer insights to development of selective inhibitors for individual galectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung-Ju Hsieh
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Ya Lin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.,Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Zhijay Tu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Chien Lin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.,Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Chuen Wu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.,Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Yao Tseng
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Tong Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Te Danny Hsu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.,Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hung Lin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.,Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.,Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.,The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
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Miller MC, Ippel H, Suylen D, Klyosov AA, Traber PG, Hackeng T, Mayo KH. Binding of polysaccharides to human galectin-3 at a noncanonical site in its carbohydrate recognition domain. Glycobiology 2016; 26:88-99. [PMID: 26646771 PMCID: PMC4851716 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwv073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a multifunctional lectin, unique to galectins by the presence of a long N-terminal tail (NT) off of its carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD). Many previous studies have investigated binding of small carbohydrates to its CRD. Here, we used nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((15)N-(1)H heteronuclear single quantum coherence data) to assess binding of (15)N-Gal-3 (and truncated (15)N-Gal-3 CRD) to several, relatively large polysaccharides, including eight varieties of galactomannans (GMs), as well as a β(1 → 4)-polymannan and an α-branched mannan. Overall, we found that these polysaccharides with a larger carbohydrate footprint interact primarily with a noncanonical carbohydrate-binding site on the F-face of the Gal-3 CRD β-sandwich, and to a less extent, if at all, with the canonical carbohydrate-binding site on the S-face. While there is no evidence for interaction with the NT itself, it does appear that the NT somehow mediates stronger interactions between the Gal-3 CRD and the GMs. Significant Gal-3 resonance broadening observed during polysaccharide titrations indicates that interactions occur in the intermediate exchange regime, and analysis of these data allows estimation of affinities and stoichiometries that range from 4 × 10(4) to 12 × 10(4) M(-1) per site and multiple sites per polysaccharide, respectively. We also found that lactose can still bind to the CRD S-face of GM-bound Gal-3, with the binding of one ligand attenuating affinity of the other. These data are compared with previous results on Gal-1, revealing differences and similarities. They also provide research direction to the development of these polysaccharides as galectin-targeting therapeutics in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C Miller
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Health Sciences Center, 6-155 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Hans Ippel
- Department of Biochemistry and CARIM, University of Maastricht, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis Suylen
- Department of Biochemistry and CARIM, University of Maastricht, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Anatole A Klyosov
- Galectin Therapeutics, 4960 Peachtree Industrial Blvd., Suite 240, Norcross, GA 30071, USA
| | - Peter G Traber
- Galectin Therapeutics, 4960 Peachtree Industrial Blvd., Suite 240, Norcross, GA 30071, USA
| | - Tilman Hackeng
- Department of Biochemistry and CARIM, University of Maastricht, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kevin H Mayo
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Health Sciences Center, 6-155 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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14
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Ippel H, Miller MC, Berbís MA, Suylen D, André S, Hackeng TM, Cañada FJ, Weber C, Gabius HJ, Jiménez-Barbero J, Mayo KH. (1)H, (13)C, and (15)N backbone and side-chain chemical shift assignments for the 36 proline-containing, full length 29 kDa human chimera-type galectin-3. BIOMOLECULAR NMR ASSIGNMENTS 2015; 9:59-63. [PMID: 24504927 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-014-9545-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Galectin-3, an adhesion/growth regulatory lectin, has a unique trimodular design consisting of the canonical carbohydrate recognition domain, a collagen-like tandem-repeat section, and an N-terminal peptide with two sites for Ser phosphorylation. Structural characterization of the full length protein with its non-lectin part (115 of 250 residues total) will help understand the multi functionality of this potent cellular effector. Here, we report (1)H, (13)C, and (15)N chemical shift assignments as determined by heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy .
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Ippel
- Department of Biochemistry and CARIM, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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15
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Vértesy S, Michalak M, Miller MC, Schnölzer M, André S, Kopitz J, Mayo KH, Gabius HJ. Structural significance of galectin design: impairment of homodimer stability by linker insertion and partial reversion by ligand presence. Protein Eng Des Sel 2015; 28:199-210. [PMID: 25796447 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzv014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lectins translate information encoded in glycan chains of cellular glycoconjugates into bioeffects. The topological presentation of contact sites for cognate sugar binding is a crucial factor toward this end. To dissect the significance of such phylogenetically conserved properties, the design and engineering of non-natural variants are attractive approaches. Here, a homodimeric human lectin, i.e. adhesion/growth-regulatory galectin-1, is converted into a tandem-repeat display by introducing the 33-amino-acid linker of another family member (i.e. galectin-8). The yield of variant was reduced by about a third. This protein had ∼10-fold higher activity in hemagglutination. Nearly complete sequence determination by mass-spectrometric in-source decay and fingerprinting excluded the presence of any modifications. When (1)H-(15)N heteronuclear single-quantum coherence data on the (15)N-labeled variant and wild-type protein were compared, changes in chemical shifts, signal intensities and resonance multiplicities revealed reduction of stability of interfacial contacts between the lectin domains and an increase in inter-domain flexibility. When both binding sites in the variant were loaded with ligand, association of the two carbohydrate recognition domains was enhanced, corroborated by gel filtration. Dynamic changes in the spatial presentation of the two lectin domains in the context of a tandem-repeat display can alter counterreceptor targeting relative to the fixed positions found in the proto-type galectin homodimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Vértesy
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Tierärztliche Fakultät, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität, Veterinär-straße 13, 80539 München, Germany
| | - Malwina Michalak
- Abteilung für Angewandte Tumorbiologie, Pathologisches Institut, Klinikum der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michelle C Miller
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Health Sciences Center, 6-155 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Str., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Martina Schnölzer
- Funktionelle Proteomanalyse, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabine André
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Tierärztliche Fakultät, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität, Veterinär-straße 13, 80539 München, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kopitz
- Abteilung für Angewandte Tumorbiologie, Pathologisches Institut, Klinikum der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kevin H Mayo
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Health Sciences Center, 6-155 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Str., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Tierärztliche Fakultät, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität, Veterinär-straße 13, 80539 München, Germany
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16
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Thio- and selenoglycosides as ligands for biomedically relevant lectins: valency-activity correlations for benzene-based dithiogalactoside clusters and first assessment for (di)selenodigalactosides. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 25:931-5. [PMID: 25599835 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Substitution of the oxygen atom in the glycosidic linkage by a disulfide bond or by selenium makes the resulting glycoside resistant to hydrolysis. To clarify the consequences for affinity to lectins we prepared benzene-based mono- to trivalent dithiogalactosides. Inhibitory capacity increased with valency for a plant toxin, the synthetic compounds potently blocking its binding to a lactose-presenting matrix and to cells. Human galectins were much less sensitive to the disulfides than the toxin. This differential response constitutes a beneficial effect to avoid cross-reactivity in vivo. Symmetrical selenodigalactoside and diselenodigalactoside were prepared and similarly tested. Both compounds proved rather equally bioactive for the toxin, graded activity was measured for human galectins. This result directs attention to further studies to relate Se-dependent alterations in bond angle and length as well as van der Waals radius to binding properties of selenoglycosides to biomedically relevant lectins.
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Mancini SJC, Elantak L, Boned A, Espéli M, Guerlesquin F, Schiff C. Examination of galectin-induced lattice formation on early B-cell development. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1207:169-84. [PMID: 25253140 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1396-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Galectin-1 (GAL1) is a pre-B cell receptor (pre-BCR) ligand that induces pre-BCR clustering and leads to efficient pre-B cell proliferation and differentiation in the bone marrow. To study pre-BCR-GAL1 interactions and its functional consequence on the early steps of the B cell development, we combine structural nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) approaches and B cell biology techniques. NMR is applied to identify the residues involved in pre-BCR-GAL1 interactions by monitoring chemical shift perturbations when the complex is formed. This structural information is then used at the cellular level to target specifically the complex formation during GAL1-induced pre-BCR clustering and lattice formation, using immunofluorescence techniques. Moreover, an in vivo assay was set up to study the consequence of synapse formation on the early steps of B cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane J C Mancini
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, INSERM U1104, CNRS UMR7280, case 906, Aix-Marseille Université, UM2, 13288, Marseille cedex 09, France
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18
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Kumar N, Ippel H, Weber C, Hackeng T, Mayo KH. Protein lysine-Nζ alkylation and O-phosphorylation mediated by DTT-generated reactive oxygen species. Protein Sci 2013; 22:327-46. [PMID: 23315912 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play crucial roles in physiology and pathology. In this report, we use NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry (MS) to demonstrate that proteins (galectin-1, ubiquitin, RNase, cytochrome c, myoglobin, and lysozyme) under reducing conditions with dithiothreitol (DTT) become alkylated at lysine-N(ζ) groups and O-phosphorylated at serine and threonine residues. These adduction reactions only occur in the presence of monophosphate, potassium, trace metals Fe/Cu, and oxygen, and are promoted by reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated via DTT oxidation. Superoxide mediates the chemistry, because superoxide dismutase inhibits the reaction, and hydroxyl and phosphoryl radicals are also likely involved. While lysine alkylation accounts for most of the adduction, low levels of phosphorylation are also observed at some serine and threonine residues, as determined by western blotting and MS fingerprinting. The adducted alkyl group is found to be a fragment of DTT that forms a Schiff base at lysine N(ζ) groups. Although its exact chemical structure remains unknown, the DTT fragment includes a SH group and a --CHOH--CH₂-- group. Chemical adduction appears to be promoted in the context of a well-folded protein, because some adducted sites in the proteins studied are considerably more reactive than others and the reaction occurs to a lesser extent with shorter, unfolded peptides and not at all with small organic molecules. A structural signature involving clusters of positively charged and other polar groups appears to facilitate the reaction. Overall, our findings demonstrate a novel reaction for DTT-mediated ROS chemistry with proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigam Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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19
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Dings RPM, Kumar N, Miller MC, Loren M, Rangwala H, Hoye TR, Mayo KH. Structure-based optimization of angiostatic agent 6DBF7, an allosteric antagonist of galectin-1. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2012; 344:589-99. [PMID: 23232447 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.199646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-1 (gal-1), which binds β-galactoside groups on various cell surface receptors, is crucial to cell adhesion and migration, and is found to be elevated in several cancers. Previously, we reported on 6DBF7, a dibenzofuran (DBF)-based peptidomimetic of the gal-1 antagonist anginex. In the present study, we used a structure-based approach to optimize 6DBF7. Initial NMR studies showed that 6DBF7 binds to gal-1 on one side of the β-sandwich away from the lectin's carbohydrate binding site. Although an alanine scan of 6DBF7 showed that the two cationic groups (lysines) in the partial peptide are crucial to its angiostatic activity, it is the hydrophobic face of the amphipath that appears to interact directly with the surface of gal-1. Based on this structural information, we designed and tested additional DBF analogs. In particular, substitution of the C-terminal Asp for alanine and branched alkyl side chains (Val, Leu, Ile) for linear ones (Nle, Nva) rendered the greatest improvements in activity. Flow cytometry with gal-1(-/-) splenocytes showed that 6DBF7 and two of its more potent analogs (DB16 and DB21) can fully inhibit fluorescein isothiocyanate-gal-1 binding. Moreover, heteronuclear single-quantum coherence NMR titrations showed that the presence of DB16 decreases gal-1 affinity for lactose, indicating that the peptidomimetic targets gal-1 as a noncompetitive, allosteric inhibitor of glycan binding. Using tumor mouse models (B16F10 melanoma, LS174 lung, and MA148 ovarian), we found that DB21 inhibits tumor angiogenesis and tumor growth significantly better than 6DBF7, DB16, or anginex. DB21 is currently being developed further and holds promise for the management of human cancer in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruud P M Dings
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Minnesota, 321 Church Street, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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20
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Elantak L, Espeli M, Boned A, Bornet O, Bonzi J, Gauthier L, Feracci M, Roche P, Guerlesquin F, Schiff C. Structural basis for galectin-1-dependent pre-B cell receptor (pre-BCR) activation. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:44703-13. [PMID: 23124203 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.395152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During B cell differentiation in the bone marrow, the expression and activation of the pre-B cell receptor (pre-BCR) constitute crucial checkpoints for B cell development. Both constitutive and ligand-dependent pre-BCR activation modes have been described. The pre-BCR constitutes an immunoglobulin heavy chain (Igμ) and a surrogate light chain composed of the invariant λ5 and VpreB proteins. We previously showed that galectin-1 (GAL1), produced by bone marrow stromal cells, is a pre-BCR ligand that induces receptor clustering, leading to efficient pre-BII cell proliferation and differentiation. GAL1 interacts with the pre-BCR via the unique region of λ5 (λ5-UR). Here, we investigated the solution structure of a minimal λ5-UR motif that interacts with GAL1. This motif adopts a stable helical conformation that docks onto a GAL1 hydrophobic surface adjacent to its carbohydrate binding site. We identified key hydrophobic residues from the λ5-UR as crucial for the interaction with GAL1 and for pre-BCR clustering. These residues involved in GAL1-induced pre-BCR activation are different from those essential for autonomous receptor activation. Overall, our results indicate that constitutive and ligand-induced pre-BCR activation could occur in a complementary manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latifa Elantak
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Macromoléculaires, CNRS UMR7255, Aix-Marseille Université, 13402 Marseille cedex 20, France
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21
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Nesmelova IV, Berbís MÁ, Miller MC, Cañada FJ, André S, Jiménez-Barbero J, Gabius HJ, Mayo KH. 1H, 13C, and 15N backbone and side-chain chemical shift assignments for the 31 kDa human galectin-7 (p53-induced gene 1) homodimer, a pro-apoptotic lectin. BIOMOLECULAR NMR ASSIGNMENTS 2012; 6:127-129. [PMID: 21898049 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-011-9339-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Galectins are multifunctional proteins with carbohydrate/protein-binding properties and distinct expression profiles. Homodimeric galectin-7 (p53-induced gene 1) is a potent pro-apoptotic effector with clinical relevance. Here, we report (1)H, (13)C, and (15)N chemical shift assignments for human galectin-7 dimer as determined by using heteronuclear, triple resonance NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V Nesmelova
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, University of Minnesota, 6-155 Jackson Hall, 321 Church St., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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22
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Dings RPM, Miller MC, Nesmelova I, Astorgues-Xerri L, Kumar N, Serova M, Chen X, Raymond E, Hoye TR, Mayo KH. Antitumor agent calixarene 0118 targets human galectin-1 as an allosteric inhibitor of carbohydrate binding. J Med Chem 2012; 55:5121-9. [PMID: 22575017 DOI: 10.1021/jm300014q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Calix[4]arene compound 0118 is an angiostatic agent that inhibits tumor growth in mice. Although 0118 is a topomimetic of galectin-1-targeting angiostatic amphipathic peptide Anginex, we had yet to prove that 0118 targets galectin-1. Galectin-1 is involved in pathological disorders like tumor endothelial cell adhesion and migration and therefore presents a relevant target for therapeutic intervention against cancer. Here, (15)N-(1)H HSQC NMR spectroscopy demonstrates that 0118 indeed targets galectin-1 at a site away from the lectin's carbohydrate binding site and thereby attenuates lactose binding to the lectin. Flow cytometry and agglutination assays show that 0118 attenuates binding of galectin-1 to cell surface glycans, and the inhibition of cell proliferation by 0118 is found to be correlated with the cellular expression of the lectin. In general, our data indicate that 0118 targets galectin-1 as an allosteric inhibitor of glycan/carbohydrate binding. This work contributes to the clinical development of antitumor calixarene compound 0118.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruud P M Dings
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, University of Minnesota Health Sciences Center, 6-155 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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23
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Miller MC, Klyosov AA, Mayo KH. Structural features for α-galactomannan binding to galectin-1. Glycobiology 2012; 22:543-51. [PMID: 22156919 PMCID: PMC3287016 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwr173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectins have a highly conserved carbohydrate-binding domain to which a variety of galactose-containing saccharides, both β- and α-galactosides, can interact with varying degrees of affinity. Recently, we demonstrated that the relatively large α(1 → 6)-D-galacto-β(1 → 4)-D-mannan (Davanat) binds galectin-1 (gal-1) primarily at an alternative carbohydrate-binding domain. Here, we used a series of α-galactomannans (GMs) that vary in their mannose-to-galactose ratios for insight into an optimal structural signature for GM binding to gal-1. Heteronuclear single-quantum coherence nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy with (15)N-labeled gal-1 and statistical modeling suggest that the optimal signature consists of α-D-galactopyranosyl doublets surrounded by regions of about four or more "naked" mannose residues. These relatively large and complex GMs all appear to interact with varying degrees at essentially the same binding surface on gal-1 that includes the Davanat alternative binding site and elements of the canonical β-galactoside-binding region. The use of two small, well-defined GMs [6(1)-α(1 → 6)-D-galactosyl-β-D-mannotriaose and 6(3),6(4)-di-α(1 → 6)-D-galactosyl-β-D-mannopentaose] helped characterize how GMs, in general, interact in part with the canonical site. Overall, our findings contribute to better understanding interactions of gal-1 with larger, complex polysaccharides and to the development of GM-based therapeutics for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C Miller
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Health Sciences Center, 6-155 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | | | - Kevin H Mayo
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Health Sciences Center, 6-155 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Martín-Santamaría S, Gabius HJ, Jiménez-Barbero J. Structural studies on the interaction of saccharides and glycomimetics with galectin-1: A 3D perspective using a combined molecular modeling and NMR approach. PURE APPL CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1351/pac-con-11-10-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of a variety of saccharides and mimetics thereof with lectin receptors has been studied using a combination of molecular modeling protocols and NMR spectroscopy techniques. It is shown that both methods complement each other in a synergistic manner to provide a detailed perspective of the conformational and structural features of the recognition process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonsoles Martín-Santamaría
- 1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad San Pablo CEU, 28668-Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- 2Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Tierärztliche Fakultät, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Veterinärstrasse 13, 80539 München, Germany
| | - Jesús Jiménez-Barbero
- 3Department of Chemical and Physical Biology, CIB-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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25
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Miller MC, Ribeiro JP, Roldós V, Martín-Santamaría S, Cañada FJ, Nesmelova IA, André S, Pang M, Klyosov AA, Baum LG, Jiménez-Barbero J, Gabius HJ, Mayo KH. Structural aspects of binding of α-linked digalactosides to human galectin-1. Glycobiology 2011; 21:1627-41. [PMID: 21712397 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwr083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
By definition, adhesion/growth-regulatory galectins are known for their ability to bind β-galactosides such as Galβ(1 → 4)Glc (lactose). Indications for affinity of human galectin-1 to α-linked digalactosides pose questions on the interaction profile with such bound ligands and selection of the galactose moiety for CH-π stacking. These issues are resolved by a combination of (15)N-(1)H heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) chemical shift and saturation transfer difference nuclear magnetic resonance (STD NMR) epitope mappings with docking analysis, using the α(1 → 3/4)-linked digalactosides and also Galα(1 → 6)Glc (melibiose) as test compounds. The experimental part revealed interaction with the canonical lectin site, and this preferentially via the non-reducing-end galactose moiety. Low-energy conformers appear to be selected without notable distortion, as shown by molecular dynamics simulations. With the α(1 → 4) disaccharide, however, the typical CH-π interaction is significantly diminished, yet binding appears to be partially compensated for by hydrogen bonding. Overall, these findings reveal that the type of α-linkage in digalactosides has an impact on maintaining CH-π interactions and the pattern of hydrogen bonding, explaining preference for the α(1 → 3) linkage. Thus, this lectin is able to accommodate both α- and β-linked galactosides at the same site, with major contacts to the non-reducing-end sugar unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C Miller
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Health Sciences Center, 6-155 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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26
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Nesmelova IV, Ermakova E, Daragan VA, Pang M, Menéndez M, Lagartera L, Solís D, Baum LG, Mayo KH. Lactose binding to galectin-1 modulates structural dynamics, increases conformational entropy, and occurs with apparent negative cooperativity. J Mol Biol 2010; 397:1209-30. [PMID: 20184898 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2010.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Revised: 01/04/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Galectins are a family of lectins with a conserved carbohydrate recognition domain that interacts with beta-galactosides. By binding cell surface glycoconjugates, galectin-1 (gal-1) is involved in cell adhesion and migration processes and is an important regulator of tumor angiogenesis. Here, we used heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy and molecular modeling to investigate lactose binding to gal-1 and to derive solution NMR structures of gal-1 in the lactose-bound and unbound states. Structure analysis shows that the beta-strands and loops around the lactose binding site, which are more open and dynamic in the unbound state, fold in around the bound lactose molecule, dampening internal motions at that site and increasing motions elsewhere throughout the protein to contribute entropically to the binding free energy. CD data support the view of an overall more open structure in the lactose-bound state. Analysis of heteronuclear single quantum coherence titration binding data indicates that lactose binds the two carbohydrate recognition domains of the gal-1 dimer with negative cooperativity, in that the first lactose molecule binds more strongly (K(1)=21+/-6 x 10(3) M(-1)) than the second (K(2)=4+/-2 x 10(3) M(-1)). Isothermal calorimetry data fit using a sequential binding model present a similar picture, yielding K(1)=20+/-10 x 10(3) M(-1) and K(2)=1.67+/-0.07 x 10(3) M(-1). Molecular dynamics simulations provide insight into structural dynamics of the half-loaded lactose state and, together with NMR data, suggest that lactose binding at one site transmits a signal through the beta-sandwich and loops to the second binding site. Overall, our results provide new insight into gal-1 structure-function relationships and to protein-carbohydrate interactions in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V Nesmelova
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Meynier C, Feracci M, Espeli M, Chaspoul F, Gallice P, Schiff C, Guerlesquin F, Roche P. NMR and MD investigations of human galectin-1/oligosaccharide complexes. Biophys J 2010; 97:3168-77. [PMID: 20006954 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2009.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2008] [Revised: 08/31/2009] [Accepted: 09/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The specific recognition of carbohydrates by lectins plays a major role in many cellular processes. Galectin-1 belongs to a family of 15 structurally related beta-galactoside binding proteins that are able to control a variety of cellular events, including cell cycle regulation, adhesion, proliferation, and apoptosis. The three-dimensional structure of galectin-1 has been solved by x-ray crystallography in the free form and in complex with various carbohydrate ligands. In this work, we used a combination of two-dimensional NMR titration experiments and molecular-dynamics simulations with explicit solvent to study the mode of interaction between human galectin-1 and five galactose-containing ligands. Isothermal titration calorimetry measurements were performed to determine their affinities for galectin-1. The contribution of the different hexopyranose units in the protein-carbohydrate interaction was given particular consideration. Although the galactose moiety of each oligosaccharide is necessary for binding, it is not sufficient by itself. The nature of both the reducing sugar in the disaccharide and the interglycosidic linkage play essential roles in the binding to human galectin-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Meynier
- Unité Interactions et Modulateurs de Réponses, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerrannée, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille, France
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The carbohydrate-binding domain on galectin-1 is more extensive for a complex glycan than for simple saccharides: implications for galectin-glycan interactions at the cell surface. Biochem J 2009; 421:211-21. [PMID: 19432560 PMCID: PMC2708933 DOI: 10.1042/bj20090265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
gal-1 (galectin-1) mediates cell–cell and cell–extracellular matrix adhesion, essentially by interacting with β-galactoside-containing glycans of cell-surface glycoconjugates. Although most structural studies with gal-1 have investigated its binding to simple carbohydrates, in particular lactose and N-acetyl-lactosamine, this view is limited, because gal-1 functions at the cell surface by interacting with more complex glycans that are heterogeneous in size and composition. In the present study we used NMR spectroscopy to investigate the interaction of human gal-1 with a large (120 kDa) complex glycan, GRG (galactorhamnogalacturonate glycan), that contains non-randomly distributed mostly terminal β(1→4)-linked galactose side chains. We used 15N–1H-HSQC (heteronuclear single quantum coherence) NMR experiments with 15N-enriched gal-1 to identify the GRG-binding region on gal-1 and found that this region covers a large surface area on gal-1 that includes the quintessential lactose-binding site and runs from that site through a broad valley or cleft towards the dimer interface. HSQC and pulsed-field-gradient NMR diffusion experiments also show that gal-1 binds GRG with a gal-1:GRG stoichiometry of about 5:1 (or 6:1) and with average macroscopic and microscopic equilibrium dissociation constants (Kd) of 8×10−6 M and 40×10−6 M (or 48×10−6 M) respectively, indicating stronger binding than to lactose (Kd=520×10−6 M). Although gal-1 may bind GRG in various ways, the glycan can be competed for by lactose, suggesting that there is one major mode of interaction. Furthermore, even though terminal motifs on GRG are Gal-β(1→4)-Gal rather than the traditional Gal-β(1→4)-Glc/GlcNAc (where GlcNAc is N-acetylglucosamine), we show that the disaccharide Gal-β(1→4)-Gal can bind gal-1 at the lactose-binding domain. In addition, gal-1 binding to GRG disrupts inter-glycan interactions and decreases glycan-mediated solution viscosity, a glycan decongestion effect that may help explain why gal-1 promotes membrane fluidity and lateral diffusion of glycoconjugates within cell membranes. Overall, our results provide an insight into the function of galectin in situ and have potential significant biological consequences.
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Miller MC, Klyosov A, Mayo KH. The alpha-galactomannan Davanat binds galectin-1 at a site different from the conventional galectin carbohydrate binding domain. Glycobiology 2009; 19:1034-45. [PMID: 19541770 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwp084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectins are a sub-family of lectins, defined by their highly conserved beta-sandwich structures and ability to bind to beta-galactosides, like Gal beta1-4 Glc (lactose). Here, we used (15)N-(1)H HSQC and pulse field gradient (PFG) NMR spectroscopy to demonstrate that galectin-1 (gal-1) binds to the relatively large galactomannan Davanat, whose backbone is composed of beta1-4-linked d-mannopyranosyl units to which single d-galactopyranosyl residues are periodically attached via alpha1-6 linkage (weight-average MW of 59 kDa). The Davanat binding domain covers a relatively large area on the surface of gal-1 that runs across the dimer interface primarily on that side of the protein opposite to the lactose binding site. Our data show that gal-1 binds Davanat with an apparent equilibrium dissociation constant (K(d)) of 10 x 10(-6) M, compared to 260 x 10(-6) M for lactose, and a stiochiometry of about 3 to 6 gal-1 molecules per Davanat molecule. Mannan also interacts at the same galactomannan binding domain on gal-1, but with at least 10-fold lower avidity, supporting the role of galactose units in Davanat for relatively strong binding to gal-1. We also found that the beta-galactoside binding domain remains accessible in the gal-1/Davanat complex, as lactose can still bind with no apparent loss in affinity. In addition, gal-1 binding to Davanat also modifies the supermolecular structure of the galactomannan and appears to reduce its hydrodynamic radius and disrupt inter-glycan interactions thereby reducing glycan-mediated solution viscosity. Overall, our findings contribute to understanding gal-1-carbohydrate interactions and provide insight into gal-1 function with potentially significant biological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C Miller
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, University of Minnesota Health Sciences Center, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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