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Shahri F, Zabihzadeh A, Taqipanahi A, Haromi ME, Rasouli M, Saeidi Nik A, Eddy CM. I understand your pain but I do not feel it: lower affective empathy in response to others' social pain in narcissism. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1350133. [PMID: 38577113 PMCID: PMC10994002 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1350133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction While the relationship between narcissism and empathy has been well-researched, studies have paid less attention to empathic accuracy, i.e., appreciating the precise strength of another person's emotions, and self-other distinction, in terms of the disparity between affective ratings for self and other in response to emotive stimuli. Furthermore, empathic responses may vary depending on whether the pain is physical or social. Methods We investigated empathic accuracy, affective empathy, and the distinction between pain, emotion and intensity ratings for self and other, in high (n = 44) and low (n = 43) narcissism groups (HNG and LNG, respectively) selected from 611 students, in response to both types of pain. Participants watched six videos where targets expressed genuine experiences of physical and social pain, and rated the perceived affect and pain experienced by the person in the video and their own empathic emotional responses. Results and discussion The HNG displayed lower affective empathy and empathic accuracy than the LNG for both pain types. Within the HNG there was higher empathic accuracy for social vs. physical pain, despite reduced affective empathy for social pain, in contrast to the LNG. In addition to this paradox, the HNG demonstrated greater differences between ratings for the self and for target others than the LNG, suggesting that narcissism is associated with higher self-other distinction in response to viewing other people describing social pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Shahri
- Department of Psychology, Shahid Behashti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Zabihzadeh
- Department of Psychology, Shahid Behashti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Taqipanahi
- Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Erfani Haromi
- Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mobina Rasouli
- Department of Psychology, Shahid Behashti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Asal Saeidi Nik
- Department of Psychology, Shahid Behashti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Clare M. Eddy
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham and Birmingham and Solihull Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Ndukaihe ILG, Awo LO. Near-Misses Predict Youth Gambling Intention via Illusion of Control. J Gambl Stud 2023; 39:1563-1577. [PMID: 36823389 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-023-10197-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
We examined the moderating role of an illusion of control (IOC) in the differential contributions of forms of near-miss (NM) in youths intent to gamble in Nigeria (n = 60, mean age = 18.05, SD = 3.81) using a randomized group design. Data were obtained by means of the gambling episode stimulus material that varied NM into early-miss, late-miss, near-win and near-loss groups, and self-report measures of IOC and gambling intention. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) result showed that NM groups differed significantly on gambling intention. HAYES PROCESS macro moderation analysis results of NM categories as dummy variables showed that early miss had a non-significant negative effect on gambling intention, late miss had a significant positive effect on gambling intention, near win had a significant positive effect on gambling intention, IOC had a negative effect on gambling intention, and negatively moderated the effect of early win on gambling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Larry O Awo
- School of General Studies, Federal Polytechnic of Oil and Gas, Bonny, Nigeria.
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di Giacomo E, Andreini E, Lorusso O, Clerici M. The dark side of empathy in narcissistic personality disorder. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1074558. [PMID: 37065887 PMCID: PMC10097942 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1074558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Narcissistic personality disorder is characterized by self-absorption, grandiosity, exploitation of others and lack of empathy. People with that disorder may switch from an overt form, mainly with grandiosity, to a covert presentation, with fears, hypersensitivity and dependence from others. Empathy represents a key point in detecting people affected by narcissistic personality disorder because, even if it is described as reduced, it plays a fundamental role in exploitation and manipulation. A systematic search of Literature without any language or time restriction, was performed combining thesaurus and free-search indexing terms related to Narcissistic personality disorder and empathy and produced 531 results. Fifty-two papers that analyzed possible issues in the empathic attitude of people with narcissistic personality disorder were included in this narrative review. Empathy is the capability of understating and feeling others emotions. It is not a unitary construct and can be distinguished in cognitive and affective. It might be channeled into prosocial and antisocial behaviors. A crucial trait identified in narcissistic empathy is affective dissonance that is closely related to rivalry as part of the dark tetrad (narcissism, machiavellianism, psychopathy, and sadism). Subjects affected by narcissistic personality disorder show greater impairment in affective aspects while their cognitive part of empathy appears preserved. Saving at least the cognitive aspects of empathy may contribute to therapeutic improvement of affective aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester di Giacomo
- Department of Mental Health and Addiction, Health Care Trust–IRCCS San Gerardo Monza, Monza, Italy
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Elena Andreini
- Department of Mental Health and Addiction, Health Care Trust–IRCCS San Gerardo Monza, Monza, Italy
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Ottavia Lorusso
- Department of Mental Health and Addiction, Health Care Trust–IRCCS San Gerardo Monza, Monza, Italy
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Massimo Clerici
- Department of Mental Health and Addiction, Health Care Trust–IRCCS San Gerardo Monza, Monza, Italy
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
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Awo LO, Amazue LO, Eze VC, Ekwe CN. Mediating Role of Impulsivity in the Contributory Roles of Upward Versus Downward Counterfactual Thinking in Youth Gambling Intention. J Gambl Stud 2023; 39:33-48. [PMID: 35246753 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-022-10112-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The proliferation of gambling shops, and the growing gambling prevalence in Nigeria, youths have constantly engaged in gambling activities even during school period. This has raised concerns among therapists and parents as the trend could degenerate to problem gambling and its associated psychosocial problems if left unchecked. Our study examined the role of impulsivity as a mediator in the association between two types of counterfactual thinking (CFT) and gambling intention in a non-clinical sample. A self-report measure containing South Oaks Gambling Screen: Reversed for Adolescents (SOGS: RA), CFT, and impulsivity scales was completed by 371 Nigerian adolescents who had gambled for money (mean age = 17.37 years; SD = 4.13). After controlling for age, increase in downward CFT was associated with decreased gambling intention, whereas increase in upward CFT and impulsivity were associated with increased gambling intention. Upward CFT contributed more to gambling intention than downward CFT. Mediation result showed that Impulsivity significantly mediated only the association between upward CFT and gambling intention. We concluded that gambling therapies should include treatment packages that enhance impulse control abilities and gambling-related downward CFT and at the same time, attenuate gambling-related upward CFT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry O Awo
- School of General Studies, Federal Polytechnic of Oil and Gas, Bonny, Nigeria.
| | | | - Val C Eze
- Department of Psychology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Catherine N Ekwe
- Department of Educational Foundations and Counselling, Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria
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5
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Costa R, Fávero M, Moreira D, Del Campo A, Sousa-Gomes V. Dark Tetrad, Acceptance of Sexual Violence, and Sexism. EUROPEAN PSYCHOLOGIST 2022. [DOI: 10.1027/1016-9040/a000485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. The Dark Tetrad is a cluster of four “dark” personality traits which are socially aversive, with distinct conceptual roots, but which are intercorrelated: narcissism, psychopathy, Machiavellianism, and sadism. Narcissism is associated with inflated self-esteem and feelings of grandiosity; psychopathy involves reduced empathy and a lack of remorse or guilt; Machiavellianism is characterized by a tendency for manipulation for own personal benefit; sadism involves feelings of pleasure with the pain or suffering of others. Sexism is the group of beliefs linked with the perceived superiority of men over women. Previous studies have found relationships between the Dark Tetrad and the tolerance of the use of sexual violence and between the former and sexism. Furthermore, sexism has been linked with the acceptance of sexual violence. This study aims to revise the literature exploring the link between each of the components of the Dark Tetrad and the legitimation of the use of sexual violence; it also aims to present the associations that have been found between the aforementioned variables and sexism and related concepts, in multiple studies. Based on the previous literature, suggestions for aims of future research in this field (i.e., Dark Tetrad, sexual violence, sexism) are made, more specifically exploring the relative effect of each of the components of the Dark Tetrad in the explanation of the legitimation of sexual violence, as well as exploring a possible, at least partial, mediation of sexism in the link between each of the “dark” traits and the acceptance of sexual violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Costa
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of Maia, Portugal
| | - Marisalva Fávero
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of Maia, Portugal
- Research Centre for Justice and Governance of the of the Law School, University of Minho (JusGov/UM), Portugal
| | - Diana Moreira
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Porto, Portugal
- Social and Behavioral Sciences Faculty, University Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Psychology and Neuropsychology of Porto – IPNP Health, Portugal
- Centro de Solidariedade de Braga/Projecto Homem, Portugal
| | - Amaia Del Campo
- Department of Evolutionary and Educational Psychology, University of Salamanca, Spain
| | - Valéria Sousa-Gomes
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of Maia, Portugal
- Research Centre for Justice and Governance of the of the Law School, University of Minho (JusGov/UM), Portugal
- Institute of Psychology and Neuropsychology of Porto – IPNP Health, Portugal
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Ogba KTU, Onyishi IE, Chukwuorji JC. Self-disclosure in intimate relationships: Moderating role of online moral foundations. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-019-00420-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Awo LO, Ezeh VC, Ekwe KN, Onu DU. Moderating Effects of Herding Bias on the Relationship Between Parental Monitoring and Problem Gambling of Youths. J Gambl Stud 2021; 38:53-66. [PMID: 34263365 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-021-10061-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
One critical issue in problem gambling is its variation as a function of psychosocial factors. We used empirical data from Nigerian youth Soccer gamblers (N = 238) to explore gambling herding bias as a moderator of the relationship between parental monitoring and problem gambling. Specifically, examine how changes in parental monitoring influence changes in problem gambling, and how this influence is a function of levels of herding bias. Hayes PROCESS macro analysis results revealed that increase in parental monitoring was associated with decrease in problem gambling, whereas increase in herding bias was associated with increase in problem gambling. Herding bias positively moderated the relationship between parental monitoring and problem gambling such that, for respondents who had high and moderate herding bias scores, the relationship between parental monitoring and problem gambling was positive and strong, whereas, for repondents with low herding bias scores, the relationship between parental monitoring and problem gambling was negative. The present study reaffirms the negative and positive influences of parental monitoring and herding bias, respectively, on problem gambling among youths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry O Awo
- School of General Studies, Federal Polytechnic of Oil and Gas, Bonny, Nigeria.
| | - Val C Ezeh
- Department of Psychology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Kate N Ekwe
- Department of Educational Foundations and Counselling, Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria
| | - Desmond U Onu
- Department of Psychology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
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Awo LO, Amazue LO, Oko CA. Moderating Effect of Impulsivity on the Association Between Entrapment and Problem Gambling. J Gambl Stud 2021; 38:515-527. [PMID: 34159540 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-021-10047-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Impulsivity as measure by delay discounting and entrapment have been known to influence gambling, but their individual and joint influence on problem gambling among Soccer gamblers are not yet understood. We examine the direct and moderation influences of entrapment and delay discounting on problem gambling among 174 Soccer gamblers in Nigeria. Data were obtained by means of self-report questionnaires of entrapment, delay discounting and problem gambling. Results from Hayes PROCESS moderated regression showed that delay discounting moderated the association between entrapment and problem gambling such that the association between entrapment and problem gambling was strong when delay discounting was high and diminished when delay discounting was low. Our findings provide insight into the conditional effect of delay discounting on the entrapment-problem gambling association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry O Awo
- School of General Studies, Federal Polytechnic of Oil and Gas, Bonny Island, Nigeria.
| | | | - Christopher A Oko
- School of General Studies, Federal Polytechnic of Oil and Gas, Bonny Island, Nigeria
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Guihard G. Measurement invariance analysis of two empathy scales in a sample of French first year students registered in health formation. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01936-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Moderating Influence of Predictive Control on the Near-Miss Effect-Gambling Intention Association in Nigerian Polytechnic Students. Int J Ment Health Addict 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-021-00548-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Onyedire NG, Chukwuorji JC, Orjiakor TC, Onu DU, Aneke CI, Ifeagwazi CM. Associations of Dark Triad traits and problem gambling: Moderating role of age among university students. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-018-0093-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Eze JE, Chukwuorji JC, Ettu PC, Zacchaeus EA, Iorfa SK, Nwonyi SK. Bullying and Suicide Ideation: Testing the Buffering Hypothesis of Social Support in a Sub-Saharan African Sample. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT TRAUMA 2021; 14:19-27. [PMID: 33708279 PMCID: PMC7900287 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-019-00294-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Substantial evidence indicates that adolescents and young adults have a disproportionately high incidence of most forms of violence, including suicide. Suicidality often includes suicidal ideation. The present study examined the relationship between bullying and suicidal ideation, and further tested whether social support moderates the association between the dimensions of bullying (verbal bullying, physical bullying, and bullying victimization) and suicidal ideation among adolescent secondary school students. A cross-sectional design was adopted for the study. Participants were 394 students (249 boys, 145 girls) drawn from two secondary schools in Nsukka semi-urban area, in southeast Nigeria. Participants completed the Illinois Bully Scale, the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale, and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS). Hayes' regression-based PROCESS macro was used to analyze the data. Verbal bullying, physical bullying, and victimization were independently positively associated with suicidal ideation. Social support was not independently significantly associated with suicidal ideation, but it moderated the relationship between victimization and suicidal ideation. The positive relationship between victimization and suicidal ideation was strongest for adolescents who had low social support, compared to those who had moderate or high social support. This finding is consistent with the buffering hypothesis of social support, suggesting that supportive relationships for victims can mitigate suicidal ideation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E. Eze
- Department of Psychology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State 41000 Nigeria
| | - JohnBosco Chika Chukwuorji
- Department of Psychology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State 41000 Nigeria
- Department of Psychology, Cleveland State University, 1836 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44115 USA
| | - Peace Chiamaka Ettu
- Department of Psychology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State 41000 Nigeria
| | | | - Steven Kator Iorfa
- Department of Psychology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State 41000 Nigeria
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