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Kafka JM, Schleimer JP, Toomet O, Chen K, Ellyson A, Rowhani-Rahbar A. Measuring interpersonal firearm violence: natural language processing methods to address limitations in criminal charge data. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2024:ocae082. [PMID: 38607336 DOI: 10.1093/jamia/ocae082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Firearm violence constitutes a public health crisis in the United States, but comprehensive data infrastructure is lacking to study this problem. To address this challenge, we used natural language processing (NLP) to classify court record documents from alleged violent crimes as firearm-related or non-firearm-related. MATERIALS AND METHODS We accessed and digitized court records from the state of Washington (n = 1472). Human review established a gold standard label for firearm involvement (yes/no). We developed a key term search and trained supervised machine learning classifiers for this labeling task. Results were evaluated in a held-out test set. RESULTS The decision tree performed best (F1 score: 0.82). The key term list had perfect recall (1.0) and a modest F1 score (0.65). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION This case report highlights the accuracy, feasibility, and potential time-saved by using NLP to identify firearm involvement in alleged violent crimes based on digitized narratives from court documents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M Kafka
- Firearm Injury & Policy Research Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Julia P Schleimer
- Firearm Injury & Policy Research Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Ott Toomet
- Information School, University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Kaidi Chen
- Information School, University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Alice Ellyson
- Firearm Injury & Policy Research Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Ali Rowhani-Rahbar
- Firearm Injury & Policy Research Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
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2
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Orak U, Soileau C, Harter J, Dobson C, Huey Dye M. Juvenile Violent Victimization and Adult Criminal Outcomes: The Role of Military Service as a Turning Point in Young Adulthood. J Interpers Violence 2024; 39:1830-1852. [PMID: 37970803 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231211923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has consistently shown that juvenile violent victimization is associated with an increased risk of future criminal involvement, a phenomenon commonly known as victim-offender overlap. Despite a growing interest in the factors underlying this overlap, potential roles of major life transitions and turning points that may interrupt and reshape the nature of this developmental association have garnered less academic attention. Analyzing nationally representative data from waves I, IV, and V of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health; n = 10,205), this study investigates the association between juvenile violent victimization and adult criminal outcomes (i.e., violent offending, non-violent offending, arrest, and incarceration) and whether this association is moderated by military service with and without combat experience in young adulthood. Employing a series of logistic regression analyses and adjusting for a host of covariates, measures of selection, and criminogenic traits, we found that juvenile violent victimization was significantly associated with greater odds of violent offending, arrest, and incarceration in adulthood. Among individuals with violent victimization histories, military service with no combat experience was associated with a 16% decrease in the odds of incarceration in adulthood. Combat experience, however, was associated with over seven times greater odds of violent offending in adulthood for these individuals. These findings have important implications for theory, research, and practice, and highlight the relevance of life transitions and turning points in general, and military service in particular, in mitigating or perpetuating the criminogenic impacts of violent victimization in the life course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugur Orak
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, USA
| | - Christine Soileau
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, USA
| | - Jessica Harter
- Department of Psychology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, USA
| | - Claire Dobson
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, USA
| | - Meredith Huey Dye
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, USA
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3
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Cole SA, Bertenthal A. Law's artefacts: Personal rapid transit and public narratives of hitchhiking and crime. Soc Stud Sci 2024:3063127241229071. [PMID: 38500299 DOI: 10.1177/03063127241229071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
The West Virginia University (WVU) Personal Rapid Transit (PRT) system was built between 1971 and 1975 in Morgantown, West Virginia to be a prototype transportation system of the future. Envisioned as a hybrid of public and automotive transportation, the fully automated cars deliver passengers directly to their destinations without stopping at intervening stations. The PRT concept may be familiar to STS scholars through Latour's study of Aramis, a PRT in Paris that was never completed. This article recounts a history with the opposite ending: the successful realization of a PRT in West Virginia. Our account supplements existing ones, which explain the construction of the WVUPRT primarily as the product of geography and politics. While not denying these factors, we carve out an explanatory role for another influence: a public narrative about the dangers of hitchhiking and crimes that might ensue from that practice. In weaving together that narrative with the history of the WVUPRT, we show how public narratives of crime authorize technological infrastructure.
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Aikebaier S. COVID-19, new challenges to human safety: a global review. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1371238. [PMID: 38550317 PMCID: PMC10972861 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1371238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
In the context of sustainable human development, human safety has gradually shifted from traditional state and political conflict to social conflict and horizontal inequality, and the pandemic has exacerbated this variation risk. This narrative review includes literature from 40 countries on five continents since 2020, explored and tidy up the impacts of pandemics on human safety based on three perspectives: personal safety, family safety and social safety, refined the macroscopic concept of human safety. The comprehensibility of the global review conclusions is enhanced by combining it with Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Finally, some novel and comparative results are included to broaden the understanding of the impact of the pandemic, and help policymaker better understand human safety changes from a new perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saierdaer Aikebaier
- Department of Public Administration, School of Public Affairs, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
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Maharaj S, Seepersad R, Sooknanan J, Anderson S, Franco D, Ramdass A, Seemungal T. A public health approach to reducing violence within the CARICOM region. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1344387. [PMID: 38425469 PMCID: PMC10902113 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1344387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Widespread crime has become a worldwide problem so much so that violence is now ranked fourth globally in its contribution to disability-adjusted life years in the 10 to 24 age group. Homicides, a surrogate marker of violent crime, have shown an upward trend in almost all of the CARICOM countries, and homicide rates over the past 3 years have consistently increased, though the pattern of violence varies by country. This background has informed the need for greater emphasis on the need for a different approach to dealing with crime in the CARICOM region. The CARICOM governments recently hosted a symposium on crime and violence as a public health issue. The public health approach to crime has been used with measurable success in different parts of the world and, more recently in Trinidad, one of the CARICOM countries. The paper outlines the outcomes of the symposium and discusses its implications for the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Maharaj
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
- Planetary Health Alliance, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Randy Seepersad
- Criminology Unit, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Joanna Sooknanan
- The University of the West Indies Open Campus, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Simon Anderson
- Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Bridgetown, Barbados
- The George Alleyne Chronic Disease Research Centre, A Unit of the Caribbean Institute for Health Research, Cave Hill, Bridgetown, Barbados
| | - Darleen Franco
- Primary Care and Public Health, Northwest Regional Health Authority, Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Amrica Ramdass
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Terence Seemungal
- Department of Clinical Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
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O'Hara SE, Paschall MJ, Grube JW, Ponicki WR. Did the association between alcohol outlet density and crime change during COVID shelter-in-place orders? Drug Alcohol Rev 2024; 43:454-464. [PMID: 38258462 PMCID: PMC10922690 DOI: 10.1111/dar.13807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We investigated whether greater concentrations of on- and off-sale alcohol outlets were associated with crime and whether this association was moderated by COVID-19 shelter-in-place orders (SIP) that restricted on-premises consumption of alcohol. METHODS Crimes (2019-2020) and addresses of licenced alcohol outlets in a medium-sized California city were geocoded within census block groups (N = 61). On- and off-sale alcohol outlet density was calculated as licenced outlets/2.59 km2 (1 square mile). Multilevel negative binomial regression analyses were conducted to examine associations between alcohol outlet density and crime, and possible moderating effects of SIP, controlling for block group demographic characteristics and density of other retail businesses. RESULTS On-sale outlet density was positively associated with total crimes and Part 2 crimes, while off-sale outlet density was inversely associated with total crime and Part 2 crimes. Overall, SIP was not significantly associated with crime, but moderated the associations of on-sale density with total crime and Part 1 crimes such that reductions in crime during SIP were observed in higher density areas. The association of off-sale outlets with crime was not moderated by SIP policies. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION On-sale outlet density, but not off-sale density, appears to be associated with increased crime. The results further indicate that restrictions in hours and service imposed by SIP policies reduced crime in high on-sale outlet density areas. These findings reinforce the importance of regulating alcohol outlet density and hours of service, especially for on-sale outlets, as a crime reduction strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon E O'Hara
- Prevention Research Center, Berkeley, USA
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, USA
| | | | - Joel W Grube
- Prevention Research Center, Berkeley, USA
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, USA
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7
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Ganapathy N, Sim S, Chua V, Kaneson V. A Profile Study of Elderly Offenders in the Community Criminal Courts of Singapore: Theorizing Geriatric Criminality. Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol 2024; 68:85-106. [PMID: 34802297 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x211058953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This research, using data from the Community Criminal Courts where a majority of elderly offenders are tried and sentenced, investigates the socio-economic profile of elderly offenders and the factors influencing their criminal motivation in Singapore. It revisits conceptualizations of offending in older age which until now has received scant attention even in Asian societies where ties to conventional institutions are thought to be "protective." The majority of elderly offenders in this study were "revolving door prisoners" and were never in possession of any efficacious social capital that would have prevented them from committing a crime or enabled their re-entry process, a problem compounded by the study's findings that almost 70% of the sampled offenders had experienced mental health issues. This would have spelled adverse consequences for their desistance and, conversely, their recidivist behavior, a finding that was consistent with many other studies that had examined the association between psychosis and crime.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samantha Sim
- State Courts Centre for Specialist Services, Singapore
| | - Valerie Chua
- State Courts Centre for Specialist Services, Singapore
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8
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Graham M, Morgan A, Paton E, Ross A. Examining the quality of news media reporting of complex mental illness in relation to violent crime in Australia. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2023; 69:2110-2120. [PMID: 37644701 PMCID: PMC10685681 DOI: 10.1177/00207640231194481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE News reporting on mental illness can perpetuate stigma. An understanding of the current picture of such reporting is important to identify areas for improvement. This study investigated the quality of Australian news media coverage of complex mental illness in the context of crime and violence over a 2-year period, prior to the release of new media guidelines. METHODS This research utilised a systematic search of Australian news articles that were published between July 2018 and July 2020 and reported on mental illness in relation to violent crime. Researchers developed a Mental Illness and Crime Reporting Quality Framework to determine quality scores for news articles according to 11 relevant factors in media guidelines. An additional 11 characteristics of articles were extracted for further descriptive analysis. RESULTS One-hundred and twenty-eight Australian news articles met inclusion criteria. The average quality score was 50 (SD = 13.91) out of a possible maximum score of 100 (range 11-78). Strengths and weaknesses were identified as some criteria were consistently met, and other criteria were met rarely or not at all. There were emerging trends between quality scores and article characteristics, including publication source, though these analyses were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION The findings indicate that Australian news coverage of complex mental illness and violent crime met half of the criteria of reporting guidelines that minimises risk of perpetuating or reinforcing stigma. This demonstrates significant opportunity to improve the overall quality of media reporting on crime and mental illness. Future research should evaluate the impact of the guidelines on the quality of news reporting after their implementation by utilising a similar methodology, using these findings as a baseline measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Graham
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Amy Morgan
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Paton
- Everymind, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- School of Humanities, Creative Industries and Social Sciences, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Anna Ross
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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9
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Dobischok S, Guh D, Marchand K, MacDonald S, Lock K, Harrison S, Lajeunesse J, Schechter MT, Oviedo-Joekes E. The Impact of Injectable Opioid Agonist Treatment (iOAT) on Involvement in Criminalized Activities: A Secondary Analysis from a Clinical Trial in Vancouver, BC. Subst Abuse Rehabil 2023; 14:147-156. [PMID: 38026787 PMCID: PMC10657756 DOI: 10.2147/sar.s438451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose A significant portion of the economic consequences of untreated Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) relate to individuals' involvement in the criminal justice system. The present study uncovers if treatment with iOAT is related to the number of criminal charges amongst participants, what type of crime participants were involved in, and the frequency with which participants were victims of crime. This study contributes to the body of research on the effectiveness of iOAT reducing criminal involvement. Patients and Methods This is a secondary analysis of police record data obtained from the Vancouver Police Department over a three-year period during the Study to Assess Longer-term Opioid Medication Effectiveness clinical trial. The data was obtained from participants (N = 192) enrolled in the trial through a release of information form. Results During the three-year period, most charges (45.6%) were property offences, and 25.5% of participants were victims of crime. Participants with no treatment prior to randomization into the SALOME trial were 2.61 (95% CI = 1.64-4.14) more likely to have been charged with a crime than during the iOAT state. Conclusion IOAT can reduce individuals' involvement with the criminal justice system and is thus a crucial part of the continuum of care. Addiction should be conceptualized as a healthcare rather than criminal issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Dobischok
- Department of Education and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre for Advancing Health Outcomes, Providence Health Care, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Daphne Guh
- Centre for Advancing Health Outcomes, Providence Health Care, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kirsten Marchand
- Centre for Advancing Health Outcomes, Providence Health Care, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Scott MacDonald
- Providence Health Care, Providence Crosstown Clinic, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kurt Lock
- Centre for Advancing Health Outcomes, Providence Health Care, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Centre for Disease Control, Provincial Health Services Authority, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Scott Harrison
- Providence Health Care, Providence Crosstown Clinic, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Julie Lajeunesse
- Providence Health Care, Providence Crosstown Clinic, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Martin T Schechter
- Centre for Advancing Health Outcomes, Providence Health Care, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Eugenia Oviedo-Joekes
- Centre for Advancing Health Outcomes, Providence Health Care, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Unger MP. Winter's Topography, Law, and the Colonial Legal Imaginary in British Columbia. Space Cult 2023; 26:618-629. [PMID: 37885918 PMCID: PMC10597771 DOI: 10.1177/12063312211014033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
This article examines how images of nature, weather, and topography disclose a politics of recognition (who is visible/invisible) invested in a burgeoning criminal justice milieu, where punishment of wrongdoing became increasingly racialized in British Columbia during the early confederation period of Canada's history. Drawing from archived court documents and colonial writing, it examines dominant environmental metaphors and tropes that structured this politics of recognition within the colonial legal imaginary. I argue that images and understandings of topography, nature, weather, and seasons shaped the background enactment of law in early Canadian lawmaking practices. By examining these natural tropes, this article seeks to understand the contours of a contextually specific colonial legal imaginary as a vital component for entry into the criminal justice system. This colonial legal imaginary predisposes certain groups, and particularly Indigenous peoples, as subject to the constraining power of law, thereby fueling the growth of crime control industries over the last 150 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P. Unger
- Department of Sociology & Anthropology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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11
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Şeker FD, Akgür SA. The role of aggression in substance use: The prison case. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2023:1-15. [PMID: 37860985 DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2023.2268564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Substance use and aggressive behaviour pattern is considered as a serious criminal behaviour threat. This analytical cross-sectional study was designed to determine the level of aggression of convicts with substance use and to determine the variables predicting the substance use characteristics of convicts. METHODS The study was carried out with 255 male convicts in 2 different closed penal execution institutions in Izmir province. In order to measure demographic variables, data were collected using the Information Form, Buss Perry Aggression Questionnaire and Addiction Profile Index. RESULTS When convicts were examined according to demographic variables, it was found that there was a significant difference between the groups in terms of variables such as age, marital status, domestic violence, history of psychological treatment and self-harm behaviour. The results showed that 85.5% of convicts had used cannabis more than three times in their lifetime. Also there was a significant difference between the total score obtained from the aggression scale and the number of substance types used. CONCLUSIONS Multidisciplinary approach in the field of addiction can go a long way in solving the problem and will play an important role in the protection of society, individuals and victims.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Serap Annette Akgür
- Ege University Institute on Drug Abuse, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science, Izmir, Turkey
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Lima Pereira V, Freitas S, Simões MR, Gerardo B. Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA): A validation study among prisoners. Crim Behav Ment Health 2023; 33:330-341. [PMID: 37552612 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are numerous scales for screening cognitive performance and thus identification of any potential deficits, but in spite of the vulnerability of the prison population to such problems, there has been no adequate validation of screening tools specifically for use with prisoners or others in the criminal justice system. AIM To validate the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) for use with prisoners. METHODS 100 adult prisoners in one Portuguese prison were randomly invited by clinicians to take part in this study. A same size sample of community-living adult non-offenders of similar age was selected from the MoCA's normative study database in Portugal. For both groups, the key inclusion criterion was fluency in the Portuguese language. All participants completed the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the MoCA, both in Portuguese translation. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated as an index of internal consistency and Pearson's r correlations calculated. Group performances were compared using independent samples t-test. Covariance analysis (ANCOVA) was computed with level of education as covariate. To measure the magnitude of the effect,η p 2 ${\eta }_{p}^{2}$ was used. A receiver operating characteristics curve analysis was computed to evaluate the discriminatory accuracy of MoCA and MMSE. RESULTS The MoCA showed a 'reasonable' internal consistency index (α = 0.75) as well as positive and significant correlations with the MMSE. As a cognitive measure, however, the MoCA showed consistently superior psychometric properties and higher discriminatory accuracy (MoCA = 89%) than the MMSE (65%). According to the Youden index, the optimal cut-off point for the MoCA is below 24 points, whereas for the MMSE, it is below 27. CONCLUSIONS The MoCA is a valid cognitive screening tool for use with prisoners. Further validations against detailed cognitive evaluation would be a useful next step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vânia Lima Pereira
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sandra Freitas
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive and Behavioral Intervention (CINEICC), Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra (FPCEUC), Coimbra, Portugal
- Psychological Assessment and Psychometrics Laboratory (PsyAssessmentLab), Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra (FPCEUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mário R Simões
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive and Behavioral Intervention (CINEICC), Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra (FPCEUC), Coimbra, Portugal
- Psychological Assessment and Psychometrics Laboratory (PsyAssessmentLab), Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra (FPCEUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bianca Gerardo
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive and Behavioral Intervention (CINEICC), Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra (FPCEUC), Coimbra, Portugal
- Psychological Assessment and Psychometrics Laboratory (PsyAssessmentLab), Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra (FPCEUC), Coimbra, Portugal
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Trundle G, Jones KA, Ropar D, Egan V. Prevalence of Victimisation in Autistic Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Trauma Violence Abuse 2023; 24:2282-2296. [PMID: 35524162 PMCID: PMC10486169 DOI: 10.1177/15248380221093689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Autistic individuals are at an increased risk of experiencing victimisation. Previous reviews have focussed specific types of victimisation. Thus, a clearer picture considering the range of victimisation experiences autistic people face is required. This systematic review aims to identify the prevalence of victimisation in autistic individuals considering a variety of victimisation types (e.g., bulling, sexual victimisation, and crime) in both adults and children from clinical and community settings. Through systematic searches of relevant databases, 291 studies met the criteria for review. Of those, 34 studies met the inclusion criteria: a) quantitative studies, b) involving autistic individuals, c) reporting prevalence rates of victimisation. Meta-analysis found a pooled prevalence rate of victimisation of 44% in autistic individuals. Subgroup analysis examined moderating factors as high heterogeneity was present. This found the pooled prevalence rates for bullying to be 47%, 16% for child abuse, 40% for sexual victimisation, 13% for cyberbullying, and 84% for multiple forms of victimisation in autistic individuals, though heterogeneity remained. Correction for participants' age, reporter used, and the population which the sample was recruited from did not reduce heterogeneity. Although heterogeneity impedes the definitive interpretation of the findings, this review illustrates the need for strategies and interventions to reduce the incidence of victimisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Trundle
- Centre of Family and Forensic Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Katy A. Jones
- Academic Unit of Mental Health and Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Danielle Ropar
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Vincent Egan
- Centre of Family and Forensic Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Slutske WS, Richmond-Rakerd LS, Piasecki TM, Ramrakha S, Poulton R, Moffitt TE, Caspi A. Disordered gambling in a longitudinal birth cohort: from childhood precursors to adult life outcomes. Psychol Med 2023; 53:5800-5808. [PMID: 36254750 PMCID: PMC10482703 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291722003051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite its introduction into the diagnostic nomenclature over four decades ago, there remain large knowledge gaps about disordered gambling. The primary aims of the present study were to document the long-term course, childhood precursors, and adult life outcomes associated with disordered gambling. METHODS Participants enrolled in the population-representative Dunedin Study were prospectively followed from birth through age 45. Disordered gambling was assessed six times from age 18; composite measures of childhood social class, general intelligence, and low self-control were based on assessments obtained from birth through age 15; adult socioeconomic, financial, and legal outcomes were obtained through age 45. Lifetime disordered gambling was predicted from the three childhood precursors and the adult outcomes were predicted from lifetime disordered gambling. RESULTS Past-year disordered gambling usually occurred at only a single time point and recurrence was relatively uncommon. Lower childhood social class, general intelligence, and self-control significantly predicted lifetime disordered gambling in adulthood. In turn, lifetime disordered gambling in adulthood significantly predicted occupational, educational, and financial problems in adulthood (ds = 0.23-0.41). These associations were markedly reduced and sometimes rendered nonsignificant after adjusting for childhood precursors (ds = 0.04-0.32). CONCLUSIONS Socioeconomic, financial, and legal outcomes in adulthood are not merely consequences of disordered gambling, but also are predicted from childhood precursors. Deflecting the trajectories of young people at risk for developing disordered gambling may help to ameliorate not just the development of later disordered gambling, but also other associated adverse outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy S. Slutske
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Thomas M. Piasecki
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sandhya Ramrakha
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Richie Poulton
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Terrie E. Moffitt
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Avshalom Caspi
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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15
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Palermo G. Conflict and crime. Restorative justice in Italy. Front Sociol 2023; 8:1175291. [PMID: 37701626 PMCID: PMC10493381 DOI: 10.3389/fsoc.2023.1175291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
The article presents a socio-legal analysis of the Legislative Decree (Lgs.D.) of 10 October 2022, n.150, implementing the law of 27 September 2021, n.134 (so-called "Cartabia reform"), which provides for the introduction in Italy of a comprehensive framework regulation of restorative justice. The central theme of this paper is precisely the conflict connected to a crime, the offender-victim relationship and restorative justice in the light of the aforementioned decree. As Luhmann observes, the omnipresence of conflicts in society is self-evident. Even the crime produces a conflict or, at times, is the extreme expression of a pre-existing and sometimes latent conflict. The problem that arises is, therefore, that of the control and management of conflicts. These are usually managed by the law, but, given its limitations, it is increasingly necessary to encourage the use of restorative justice programs. On an interpersonal level, conflict triggers a negative mechanism of hostility and disavowal of the other, which either wraps itself in an explosive vortex, or deviates, becoming the pretext for abandoning the only form of communication that conflict makes possible, as Luhmann observes, the one based on "no". The Italian regulatory intervention certainly appears relevant, albeit with some critical issues, and to be kept under observation for future application developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Palermo
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy
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16
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Heidari M, Khodadadi Jokar Y, Madani S, Shahi S, Shahi MS, Goli M. Influence of Food Type on Human Psychological-Behavioral Responses and Crime Reduction. Nutrients 2023; 15:3715. [PMID: 37686747 PMCID: PMC10490081 DOI: 10.3390/nu15173715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this narrative review is to emphasize the importance of food consumption and meal selection on mental health and brain function, including psychological and behavioral reactions such as mood, loving relationships, violence, and criminal activity. Additionally, by being aware of the link between food and mental health, the community can be encouraged to make informed food choices in order to avoid unfavorable outcomes like criminality. Food behaviors are shifting significantly over the world. There are also significant changes in mood, sadness, happiness, and violence, as well as the spread of the variety and severity of mental diseases that lead to violent acts. Food intake and meal selection have evolved over the last ten years as the variety and accessibility of food options have become easier and more diverse. These modifications might have both beneficial and bad consequences. This article examines the relationship between food intake and its impact on marital satisfaction. The goal of this review is to support or refute the claim that food influences mood, love, or criminal behavior, or vice versa. Various diets can have an impact on one's mental health and brain, influencing psychological reactions and behavioral responses such as mood, loving relationships, violence, and even criminal activity. Food insecurity has been demonstrated in various studies to have a negative impact on health and psychological well-being, leading to despair, loss of happiness, marital conflict, and violence. For example, herbal extracts and flavonoids have the potential to improve gut microbiota and treat mood disorders. Understanding how the gut-brain axis communicates might help guide interventions for mood and cognitive function. Since the root of most diseases and behaviors is significantly related to the type of food consumed, this research addresses this issue in order to reduce the cost of treatment and prevention of crime and delinquency at the community level by consciously choosing the food consumed by the society. In other words, prevention is always better than cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Heidari
- Department of Humanities and Law, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan 81551-39998, Iran; (M.H.); (M.S.S.)
| | - Yalda Khodadadi Jokar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Laser and Biophotonics in Biotechnologies Research Center, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan 81551-39998, Iran
| | - Shirin Madani
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Laser and Biophotonics in Biotechnologies Research Center, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan 81551-39998, Iran
| | - Sharifeh Shahi
- Department of Medical Engineering, Laser and Biophotonics in Biotechnologies Research Center, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan 81551-39998, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sharif Shahi
- Department of Humanities and Law, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan 81551-39998, Iran; (M.H.); (M.S.S.)
| | - Mohammad Goli
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Laser and Biophotonics in Biotechnologies Research Center, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan 81551-39998, Iran
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17
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Jones G, Al-Suwaidi M, Castro-Ramirez F, McGuire TC, Mair P, Nock MK. Race and ethnicity moderate the associations between lifetime psilocybin use and crime arrests. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1169692. [PMID: 37692301 PMCID: PMC10484513 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1169692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Psilocybin use has been linked to lowered odds of crime-related outcomes across a host of observational studies. No studies have investigated how these associations may differ among those of different races and ethnicities. Methods Using a nationally-representative sample of 734,061 adults from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2002-2020), we investigated whether race and ethnicity moderate the associations between lifetime psilocybin use and four measures of crime arrests (property crime, assault, serious violence, and miscellaneous crimes). Results First, we replicated prior findings and demonstrated that psilocybin confers lowered odds of crime arrests for all four outcomes in question. Second, we demonstrated that race and ethnicity moderate the associations between lifetime psilocybin use and crime arrests for three of our four outcomes. Third, we examined the associations between psilocybin and crime arrests across different races and ethnicities (White, Black, Indigenous, Asian, Multiracial, and Hispanic participants). Psilocybin conferred lowered odds of at least one crime arrest outcome for all racial and ethnic groups except for Black and Hispanic participants. Discussion Future investigations should take an intersectional approach to studying the interrelationship of sociodemographic factors, psychedelic use, and crime, examine the structural factors (i.e., systemic racism) that may underlie these results, and investigate whether psychedelics can alleviate mental health disorders that contribute to cycles of recriminalization for communities of color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant Jones
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Maha Al-Suwaidi
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Taylor C. McGuire
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Patrick Mair
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Matthew K. Nock
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
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18
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Hofvander B, Nilsson T, Ståhlberg O, Claesdotter E, Moberg P, Ahlbäck K, Hildebrand Karlén M. Autism Spectrum Disorders in forensic psychiatric investigations-patterns of comorbidity and criminality. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1168572. [PMID: 37621970 PMCID: PMC10444990 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1168572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There are contradictory research findings regarding whether individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) are more or less likely to commit crimes. The aims of the current study were to: (1) Describe psychiatric and crime-related characteristics of a large group of offenders with ASD who had undergone a Forensic Psychiatric Investigation (FPI). (2) Identify clinical subgroups among this group of offenders. (3) Investigate associations between the identified clinical subgroups and (a) psychiatric comorbidity (b) types of crimes and (c) criminal responsibility. Methods The study cohort consists of all subjects (n = 831) who received an ASD-diagnosis at an FPI between 2002 and 2018 in Sweden. Descriptive and clinical, as well as crime related variables were obtained from the FPIs. Non-parametric (Pearson χ2, Fisher's exact and Mann-Whitney U-test) inferential statistics were used for analyses of between-group differences and effect sizes were reported. A Latent Class Analysis was used to identify homogeneous subgroups (or classes) from categorical characteristics. Results The cohort consisted of 708 men and 123 women, aged 18 to 74 yrs. Two-thirds (66.7%) of the cohort had at least one other psychiatric diagnosis, the most prevalent was substance use disorder (SUD). A severe mental disorder, equivalent to lack of criminal responsibility, was most often reported among offenders with a comorbid diagnosis of schizophrenia spectrum disorder. The most common type of crime was violent crime. Three person-oriented clinical subgroups were identified; (1) ASD with few other diagnoses; (2) ASD and very high levels of SUDs, plus moderate levels of other externalizing disorders and psychotic psychopathology and (3) ASD and moderate to high levels of personality disorders (other than ASPD) and SUDs. Conclusion Our results highlight the importance of all parts of the CJS to be prepared to handle offenders with ASD, often with high levels of additional psychiatric problems. Traditional approaches in treatment or other psychosocial interventions for ASD may need to be adapted to at least three general clinical profiles- one with mainly neurodevelopmental problems, one with a spectrum of externalizing problems and one with complex personality related difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Hofvander
- Lund Clinical Research on Externalizing and Developmental Psychopathology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Region Skåne, Trelleborg, Sweden
- Centre of Ethics, Law and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Thomas Nilsson
- Centre of Ethics, Law and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ola Ståhlberg
- Centre of Ethics, Law and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Emma Claesdotter
- Lund Clinical Research on Externalizing and Developmental Psychopathology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Patricia Moberg
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Region Skåne, Trelleborg, Sweden
| | - Klara Ahlbäck
- Lund Clinical Research on Externalizing and Developmental Psychopathology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Malin Hildebrand Karlén
- Centre of Ethics, Law and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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19
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Conroy SM, Von Behren J, Kwan ML, Kushi LH, Kim MO, Iribarren C, Roh JM, Laurent CA, Thomsen C, Chu JN, Greenlee H, Gomez SL, Shariff-Marco S. Neighborhood attributes and cardiovascular disease risk in breast cancer survivors: The Pathways Study. Cancer 2023; 129:2395-2408. [PMID: 37096827 PMCID: PMC10506517 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.34794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer survivors are at a higher risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality compared with the general population. The impact of objective social and built neighborhood attributes on CVD risk in a cohort of female breast cancer survivors was examined. METHODS The 3975 participants came from the Pathways Study, a prospective cohort of women with invasive breast cancer from an integrated health care system in northern California. Women diagnosed with breast cancer from 2006 through 2013 were enrolled on average approximately 2 months after diagnosis. Their baseline addresses were geocoded and appended to neighborhood attributes for racial/ethnic composition, socioeconomic status (SES), population density, urbanization, crime, traffic density, street connectivity, parks, recreational facilities, and retail food environment. Incident CVD events included ischemic heart disease, heart failure, cardiomyopathy, or stroke. Cox proportional hazards models estimated associations of neighborhood attributes with CVD risk, which accounted for clustering by block groups. Fully adjusted models included sociodemographic, clinical, and behavioral factors. RESULTS During follow-up through December 31, 2018, 340 participants (8.6%) had CVD events. A neighborhood racial/ethnic composition measure, percent of Asian American/Pacific Islander residents (lowest quintile hazard ratio [HR], 1.85; 95% CI, 1.03-3.33), and crime index (highest quartile HR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.08-2.03) were associated with the risk of CVD events independent of individual SES, hormone receptor status, treatment, cardiometabolic comorbidities, body mass index, and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS With the application of a socio-ecological framework, how residential environments shape health outcomes in women with breast cancer and affect CVD risk in this growing population can be understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M. Conroy
- Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Julie Von Behren
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Marilyn L. Kwan
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA
| | - Lawrence H. Kushi
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA
| | - Mi-Ok Kim
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Carlos Iribarren
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA
| | - Janise M. Roh
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA
| | - Cecile A. Laurent
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA
| | | | - Janet N. Chu
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Heather Greenlee
- Public Health Sciences and Clinical Research Divisions, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Scarlett Lin Gomez
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Salma Shariff-Marco
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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20
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van de Weijer SGA, Kroese J. Parental Divorce and Adolescent Offending: A Comparison Between Children of Discordant Siblings. Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol 2023:306624X231188235. [PMID: 37464781 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x231188235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Various studies have found that parental divorce is associated with offspring offending during adolescence. Less is known, however, about the mechanisms underlying this association, and it may be possible that this association is spurious rather than causal. In this study, register data on 1,883,794 individuals, who were born in the Netherlands between 1991 and 2001, and their parents were used to examine to what extent parental divorce is associated with offspring adolescent offending. Moreover, a genetically-informed research design, in which children of discordant siblings (N = 59,102) were compared, was applied to examine whether unmeasured familial confounders (i.e., genetic and shared environment confounders) account for this association. Our findings suggest a positive relationship between parental divorce and adolescent offending, yet we find a weaker relationship when comparing offspring of discordant siblings. This suggests that previous studies may have overestimated the strength of the association, as they do not control for unmeasured familial confounders.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G A van de Weijer
- Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (NSCR), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Kroese
- Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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21
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Matthay EC, Kagawa RMC. Invited Commentary: Concealed Carrying of Firearms, Public Policy, and Opportunities for Mitigating Harm. Am J Epidemiol 2023; 192:1059-1063. [PMID: 36896587 PMCID: PMC10893848 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwad053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last 30 years, 25 US states have relaxed laws regulating the concealed carrying of firearms (concealed-carry weapons (CCW) laws). These changes may have substantial impacts on violent crime. In a recent study, Doucette et al. (Am J Epidemiol. 2023;192(3):342-355) used a synthetic control approach to assess the effects of shifting from more restrictive "may/no-issue" CCW laws to less restrictive "shall-issue" CCW laws on homicides, aggravated assaults, and robberies involving a gun or committed by other means. The study adds to the evidence that more permissive CCW laws have probably increased rates of firearm assault in states adopting these laws. Importantly, this study is the first to identify that specific provisions of shall-issue CCW laws-including denying permits to persons with violent misdemeanor convictions, a history of dangerous behavior, or "questionable character" and live-fire training requirements-may help mitigate harms associated with shall-issue CCW laws. These findings are timely and salient given the recent Supreme Court ruling striking down a defining element of may-issue laws. This thorough study offers actionable results and provides a methodological model for state firearm policy evaluations. Its limitations reflect the needs of the field more broadly: greater focus on racial/ethnic equity and within-state variation, plus strengthening the data infrastructure on firearm violence and crime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellicott C Matthay
- Correspondence to Dr. Ellicott C. Matthay, Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, 180 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 (e-mail: )
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22
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Radkani S, Holton E, de Courson B, Saxe R, Nettle D. Desperation and inequality increase stealing: evidence from experimental microsocieties. R Soc Open Sci 2023; 10:221385. [PMID: 37476513 PMCID: PMC10354492 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.221385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
People facing material deprivation are more likely to turn to acquisitive crime. It is not clear why it makes sense for them to do so, given that apprehension and punishment may make their situation even worse. Recent theory suggests that people should be more willing to steal if they are on the wrong side of a 'desperation threshold'; that is, a level of resources critical to wellbeing. Below such a threshold, people should pursue any risky behaviour that offers the possibility of a short route back above, and should be insensitive to the severity of possible punishments, since they have little left to lose. We developed a multi-round, multi-player economic game with a desperation threshold and the possibility of theft as well as cooperation. Across four experiments with 1000 UK and US adults, we showed that falling short of a desperation threshold increased stealing from other players, even when the payoff from stealing was negative on average. Within the microsocieties created in the game, the presence of more players with below-threshold resources produced low trust, driven by the experience of being stolen from. Contrary to predictions, our participants appeared to be somewhat sensitive to the severity of punishment for being caught trying to steal. Our results show, in an experimental microcosm, that some members of society falling short of a threshold of material desperation can have powerful social consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setayesh Radkani
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Eleanor Holton
- Newcastle University Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Benoît de Courson
- Max Planck Institute for the Study of Crime, Security and Law, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rebecca Saxe
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Daniel Nettle
- Newcastle University Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Institut Jean Nicod, Département d’études cognitives, École Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, EHESS, CNRS, Paris, France
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23
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Lucchi E, Schuberth M. Negotiating humanitarian space with criminal armed groups in urban Latin America. Disasters 2023; 47:700-724. [PMID: 36379913 DOI: 10.1111/disa.12569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Humanitarian and development agencies intervening in Latin American cities increasingly face the challenge posed by criminal armed groups (CAGs). Yet, there is a need for evidence-based comparative studies on how international agencies deal with them. Drawing on data collected in Colombia, El Salvador, Haiti, Honduras, and Mexico, this paper presents a novel typology of humanitarian organisations' access strategies that distinguishes between different levels of interaction with CAGs. The paper shows how humanitarian agencies assess a variety of risks and balance the potential consequences of their engagement with CAGs with the need to maintain constructive and trustful relationships with the state and the community with which they work. It finds that indirect dialogue or negotiation with CAGs via community leaders who act as intermediaries might provide a low-risk alternative to direct negotiation with CAG leaders, provided that 'do no harm' and humanitarian protection considerations vis-à-vis communities and intermediaries play a central role.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Moritz Schuberth
- Visiting Fellow, London School of Economics and Political Science, United Kingdom
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24
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Tashkandi Y, Hirsch JS, Kraus E, Schwartz R, Walsh K. A Systematic Review of Campus Characteristics Associated With Sexual Violence and Other Forms of Victimization. Trauma Violence Abuse 2023; 24:1777-1796. [PMID: 35435064 PMCID: PMC9573935 DOI: 10.1177/15248380221078893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Violence researchers have highlighted a need to understand connections between campus characteristics and violent victimization among students. Responding to those calls, we systematically reviewed research examining the characteristics of secondary and post-secondary educational settings associated with sexual violence and related victimization experiences, including dating/intimate partner violence, stalking, bullying, hate crimes, and crime more broadly. We screened 1124 quantitative and qualitative records, 43 of which met the inclusion criteria for this systematic review. Evidence emerged for institution demographics, institution type, institution climate, institution financial characteristics, and educational characteristics being related to various forms of victimization; institution setting (urban vs. rural) was not associated with victimization. Additionally, evidence was observed for institution location and size/density. Some factors, including institution type and campus demographics, operated differently for different forms of victimization. We highlight limitations of existing data, including variability in the measurement of victimization outcomes, lack of power to detect differences at the campus level, and challenges of creating a database on victimization that contains campus identifiers. We also reinforce calls for more intersectional research, both in terms of the types of victimization experienced by students as well as in the disproportionate impact victimization may have on students with marginalized identities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara Tashkandi
- Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University
| | - Jennifer S. Hirsch
- Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University
| | - Emily Kraus
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Colgate University
| | - Rachel Schwartz
- D. Samuel Gottesman Library, Albert Einstein College of Medicine
| | - Kate Walsh
- Departments of Psychology & Gender and Women’s Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison
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Ojansuu I, Latvala A, Kautiainen H, Forsman J, Tiihonen J, Lähteenvuo M. General and violent recidivism of former forensic psychiatric patients in Finland. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1157171. [PMID: 37457767 PMCID: PMC10339800 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1157171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Forensic psychiatric care in Finland is provided to individuals who have committed a crime due to a serious mental disorder and are in need of psychiatric care. The reconviction (recidivism) rates for this patient group vary in time and between countries, likely due to different treatment practices and requirements for forensic care. Materials and methods We set out to study criminal recidivism in a national cohort of all patients released from forensic psychiatric care in Finland between 1999 and 2018. National registries were used to identify the patients and gain information on their criminal sentences. Forensic psychiatric examinations were used to record demographic information for the cohort. The cohort was followed up from hospital discharge to the end of 2019. Results We identified a total of 501 patients who were released from forensic psychiatric care (mean age: 46.6 years [SD 13.4), 434 (86.6%) were male). The mean and median times spent in treatment for the cohort was 10.0 years [SD 6.5] and 8.7 years, respectively. 91% of the patients had schizophrenia spectrum disorder (F2*), and 63.5% had a substance use disorder. A total of 83 patients (16.6%) committed any crime after being released from care, and the mean time to recidivism was 3.8 years. The recidivism rate was 2015 per 100,000 person years. A total of 48 patients (9.6%) committed a violent crime. The mean time to violent recidivism was 4.2 years. The violent recidivism rate was 1,083 per 100,000 person years. A longer duration of treatment was associated with a decreased risk of general recidivism (HR 0.95, 95% CI 0.90 to 1.00, p = 0.05). Factors associated with higher recidivism were male sex, having a comorbid substance use disorder and younger age at discharge. Conclusion The recidivism rate in Finland was markedly lower than has been previously reported for other Western countries, and the mean duration of treatment was also longer. A longer treatment time may reduce the risk of criminal recidivism in forensic psychiatric patients. The results suggest, as previous studies have found, that more effort is indicated on the treatment of substance abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilkka Ojansuu
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Niuvanniemi Hospital, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Antti Latvala
- Institute of Criminology and Legal Policy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannu Kautiainen
- Primary Health Care Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jonas Forsman
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Swedish National Board of Forensic Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jari Tiihonen
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Niuvanniemi Hospital, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markku Lähteenvuo
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Niuvanniemi Hospital, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Mitchell RJ, Burns N, Glozier N, Nielssen O. Homelessness and predictors of criminal reoffending: A retrospective cohort study. Crim Behav Ment Health 2023. [PMID: 37269064 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are not many longitudinal studies examining people experiencing homelessness and interacting with the criminal justice system over time. AIMS To describe the type of criminal offences committed, court outcomes, identify probable predictors of reoffending, and estimate the criminal justice costs in a cohort of homeless hostel clinic attendees. METHOD A retrospective cohort study of 1646 people attending a homeless clinic who had had contact with the criminal justice system (CJS) in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, using linked clinic, criminal offence, health and mortality data from 1 July 2008 to 30 June 2021. Initial comparisons were made with the 852 clinic attendees without CJS contact in the period. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify predictors of recidivism. RESULTS There were 16,840 offending episodes, giving an offence rate of 87.8 per 100 person-years (95%CI: 86.5-89.1). The most common index offences were acts intended to cause injury (22%), illicit drug (17%) and theft-related (12%) offences. Most people (83%) were found guilty of the index offence and received a fine (37%) or community-based sentence (29%). Total court finalisation costs were AUD $11.3 million. Three-quarters of those convicted reoffended within 24 months. Offenders were more likely to be younger, have a diagnosis of personality disorder (AOR: 1.31; 95% CI: 1.04-1.67), a substance use disorder (AOR: 1.60; 95% CI 1.14-2.23) and/or to have a previous charge dismissed on mental health grounds (AOR: 1.79; 95% CI: 1.31-2.46). Within the offending cohort, reoffenders had almost twice the odds of having theft-related offences as their principal index offence (AOR: 1.85; 95% CI: 1.29-2.66). CONCLUSIONS This longitudinal study finding of not only a high rate of criminal justice contact, but also a high rate of recidivism among people who have been homeless, lends support to a need for strategies both to address the root causes of homelessness and to provide a comprehensive systems-based response to reduce recidivism, that includes secure housing as well as mental health and substance use treatment programmes for homeless offenders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Mitchell
- Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicholas Burns
- Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Orange, New South Wales, Australia
- Bloomfield Hospital, Orange, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicholas Glozier
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Olav Nielssen
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Copeland WE, Tong G, Gifford EJ, Easter MM, Shanahan L, Swartz MS, Swanson JW. Adult criminal outcomes of juvenile justice involvement. Psychol Med 2023; 53:3711-3718. [PMID: 35264271 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291722000393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The juvenile justice system in the USA adjudicates over seven hundred thousand youth in the USA annually with significant behavioral offenses. This study aimed to test the effect of juvenile justice involvement on adult criminal outcomes. METHODS Analyses were based on a prospective, population-based study of 1420 children followed up to eight times during childhood (ages 9-16; 6674 observations) about juvenile justice involvement in the late 1990 and early 2000s. Participants were followed up years later to assess adult criminality, using self-report and official records. A propensity score (i.e. inverse probability) weighting approach was used that approximated an experimental design by balancing potentially confounding characteristics between children with v. without juvenile justice involvement. RESULTS Between-groups differences on variables that elicit a juvenile justice referral (e.g. violence, property offenses, status offenses, and substance misuse) were attenuated after applying propensity-based inverse probability weights. Participants with a history of juvenile justice involvement were more likely to have later official and violent felony charges, and to self-report police contact and spending time in jail (ORs from 2.5 to 3.3). Residential juvenile justice involvement was associated with the highest risk of both, later official criminal records and self-reported criminality (ORs from 5.1 to 14.5). Sensitivity analyses suggest that our findings are likely robust to potential unobserved confounders. CONCLUSIONS Juvenile justice involvement was associated with increased risk of adult criminality, with residential services associated with highest risk. Juvenile justice involvement may catalyze rather than deter from adult offending.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Copeland
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Wilson Center for Science and Justice, Duke School of Law, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Guangyu Tong
- Yale Center for Analytical Sciences and Department of Biostatistics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Gifford
- Center for Child and Family Policy and the Children's Health and Discovery Initiative, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michele M Easter
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Wilson Center for Science and Justice, Duke School of Law, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Lilly Shanahan
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development & Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marvin S Swartz
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Wilson Center for Science and Justice, Duke School of Law, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Swanson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Wilson Center for Science and Justice, Duke School of Law, Durham, NC, USA
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28
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Luca M, Campedelli GM, Centellegher S, Tizzoni M, Lepri B. Crime, inequality and public health: a survey of emerging trends in urban data science. Front Big Data 2023; 6:1124526. [PMID: 37303974 PMCID: PMC10248183 DOI: 10.3389/fdata.2023.1124526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Urban agglomerations are constantly and rapidly evolving ecosystems, with globalization and increasing urbanization posing new challenges in sustainable urban development well summarized in the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The advent of the digital age generated by modern alternative data sources provides new tools to tackle these challenges with spatio-temporal scales that were previously unavailable with census statistics. In this review, we present how new digital data sources are employed to provide data-driven insights to study and track (i) urban crime and public safety; (ii) socioeconomic inequalities and segregation; and (iii) public health, with a particular focus on the city scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Luca
- Mobile and Social Computing Lab, Bruno Kessler Foundation, Trento, Italy
- Faculty of Computer Science, Free University of Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | | | | | - Michele Tizzoni
- Department of Sociology and Social Research, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Bruno Lepri
- Mobile and Social Computing Lab, Bruno Kessler Foundation, Trento, Italy
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29
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Farrelly KN, Wardell JD, Marsden E, Scarfe ML, Najdzionek P, Turna J, MacKillop J. The Impact of Recreational Cannabis Legalization on Cannabis Use and Associated Outcomes: A Systematic Review. Subst Abuse 2023; 17:11782218231172054. [PMID: 37187466 PMCID: PMC10176789 DOI: 10.1177/11782218231172054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Background Recreational cannabis legalization has become more prevalent over the past decade, increasing the need to understand its impact on downstream health-related outcomes. Although prior reviews have broadly summarized research on cannabis liberalization policies (including decriminalization and medical legalization), directed efforts are needed to synthesize the more recent research that focuses on recreational cannabis legalization specifically. Thus, the current review summarizes existing studies using longitudinal designs to evaluate impacts of recreational cannabis legalization on cannabis use and related outcomes. Method A comprehensive bibliographic search strategy revealed 61 studies published from 2016 to 2022 that met criteria for inclusion. The studies were predominantly from the United States (66.2%) and primarily utilized self-report data (for cannabis use and attitudes) or administrative data (for health-related, driving, and crime outcomes). Results Five main categories of outcomes were identified through the review: cannabis and other substance use, attitudes toward cannabis, health-care utilization, driving-related outcomes, and crime-related outcomes. The extant literature revealed mixed findings, including some evidence of negative consequences of legalization (such as increased young adult use, cannabis-related healthcare visits, and impaired driving) and some evidence for minimal impacts (such as little change in adolescent cannabis use rates, substance use rates, and mixed evidence for changes in cannabis-related attitudes). Conclusions Overall, the existing literature reveals a number of negative consequences of legalization, although the findings are mixed and generally do not suggest large magnitude short-term impacts. The review highlights the need for more systematic investigation, particularly across a greater diversity of geographic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyra N Farrelly
- Department of Psychology, York
University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions
Research, St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON,
Canada
| | - Jeffrey D Wardell
- Department of Psychology, York
University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute for Mental Health Policy
Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of
Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Emma Marsden
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions
Research, St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON,
Canada
| | - Molly L Scarfe
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions
Research, St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON,
Canada
| | - Peter Najdzionek
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions
Research, St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON,
Canada
| | - Jasmine Turna
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions
Research, St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON,
Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Centre for
Medicinal Cannabis Research, McMaster University & St. Joseph’s Healthcare
Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - James MacKillop
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions
Research, St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON,
Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Centre for
Medicinal Cannabis Research, McMaster University & St. Joseph’s Healthcare
Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Homewood Research Institute, Guelph,
ON, Canada
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30
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F E Almond M, L Nicholls T, L Petersen K, C Seto M, G Crocker A. Exploring the nature and prevalence of targeted violence perpetrated by persons found not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder. Behav Sci Law 2023. [PMID: 37134138 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Although mental illness has a demonstrated link with violence, the prevalence of targeted (planned and goal-directed) violence perpetrated by individuals with mental illness and its association with psychiatric symptoms is relatively unexplored. File information was compared for all 293 individuals found not criminally responsible due to mental illness in British Columbia between 2001 and 2005, of whom 19% had committed targeted violence. Most individuals with targeted offenses displayed at least one warning behavior before their offense (93%); all displayed delusions and approximately one third exhibited hallucinations. Compared to individuals who perpetrated non-targeted offenses, the individuals with targeted offenses displayed greater proportions of threats/criminal harassment, had female victims, displayed a psychotic disorder and/or personality disorder, and displayed delusions during the offense. This implies that severe psychiatric disorders do not preclude the perpetration of planned violence and suggests that exploring symptoms of mental illness that may be proximally indicative of targeted violence is important in preventing future acts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tonia L Nicholls
- University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- British Columbia Mental Health and Substance Use Services, British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Karen L Petersen
- University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- British Columbia Mental Health and Substance Use Services, British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Michael C Seto
- University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research at the Royal, Ontario, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Anne G Crocker
- Université de Montréal, Quebec, Montreal, Canada
- Institute National de Psychiatrie Légale Philippe-Pinel, Quebec, Montreal, Canada
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Asplund K, Hulter Åsberg K. Reporting Ethics Approval in Articles on Criminality. An Audit of Adherence to Swedish Legislation. J Empir Res Hum Res Ethics 2023:15562646231168980. [PMID: 37038650 DOI: 10.1177/15562646231168980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
According to the Swedish Ethics Review Act, research involving personal data on crimes should undergo independent ethics review. To explore the reporting of ethics approval, we extracted information from articles with Swedish personal data on crimes published in 2013-2021. Of the identified 298 articles, 92 (31%) failed to report ethics approval. Failures were particularly common in articles with a qualitative design, single or few authors and when there was a social science focus. Failures varied markedly between universities. We conclude that failures to report compulsory ethics approval are common in articles involving personal data on crime and that these failures vary markedly with the research setting. Several indicators of poor adherence to the Ethics Review Act have been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjell Asplund
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, 8075Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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32
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Karakasi MV, Voultsos P, Fotou E, Nikolaidis I, Kyriakou MS, Markopoulou M, Douzenis A, Pavlidis P. Emerging trends in domestic homicide/femicide in Greece over the period 2010-2021. Med Sci Law 2023; 63:120-131. [PMID: 35651310 DOI: 10.1177/00258024221103700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Temporal trends in epidemiological parameters of domestic homicide and femicide in Greece over the last decade have not yet been studied. We conducted this study to fulfill this purpose. Specifically, we conducted a retrospective epidemiological study using 11-year data from the official nationwide Hellenic Police Archives and statistically analyzed data regarding domestic homicide and femicide. Overall, 1370 records of homicides among which 236 domestic homicides were identified. The pattern emerging from the statistical results of the present study highlighted the phenomenon of femicide as the gravest current issue to be interpreted and addressed. Nationally, the average number of homicides was 114.2/year, among which 19.7 domestic homicides. However, in 2021, while a decrease was recorded in homicides in general to 89 incidents per year, domestic homicides skyrocketed to 34 cases, reaching the highest annual number ever nationally recorded. On average, domestic homicides account for 18.2% of all homicides in Greece. In 2021, however, this percentage rose to 38.2%. The number of male victims of domestic homicide has declined over the years, with a further decline in 2021, in stark contrast to the number of women escalating over time and even more sharply in 2021. The proportion of female victims of domestic homicides in Greece was fourfold higher on average. The fact that cases of domestic homicide and femicide have received a lot of media attention, the recent Greek financial crisis, as well as increased alcohol and drug consumption due to the COVID-19 pandemic constitute possible aggravating factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Valeria Karakasi
- Third University Department of Psychiatry, AHEPA University General Hospital - Department of Mental Health, Aristotle University - Faculty of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Laboratory of Forensic Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, School of Medicine, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Polychronis Voultsos
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, 68993National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Fotou
- Laboratory of Forensic Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, School of Medicine, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Ioannis Nikolaidis
- Second University Department of Neurology, AHEPA University General Hospital - Department of neurosciences, Aristotle University - Faculty of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Maria Markopoulou
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, 69206Psychiatric Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Athanasios Douzenis
- Second Psychiatry Department, Attikon University Hospital, 68993National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Pavlos Pavlidis
- Laboratory of Forensic Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, School of Medicine, Alexandroupolis, Greece
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Slade J, Alleyne E. The Psychological Impact of Slaughterhouse Employment: A Systematic Literature Review. Trauma Violence Abuse 2023; 24:429-440. [PMID: 34231439 PMCID: PMC10009492 DOI: 10.1177/15248380211030243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The role of a slaughterhouse worker (SHW) involves the authorized killing of living beings, yet there is limited understanding of the consequences this behavior has on their well-being. The purpose of this systematic review is to collate and evaluate the current literature on the psychological impact of slaughterhouse employment. Fourteen studies met the specific a priori inclusion criteria. The findings from this review were demarcated by the focus of studies: (1) the prevalence of mental health disorders, (2) the types of coping mechanisms used, and (3) the link between slaughterhouse employment and crime perpetration. It was found that SHWs have a higher prevalence rate of mental health issues, in particular depression and anxiety, in addition to violence-supportive attitudes. Furthermore, the workers employ a variety of both adaptive and maladaptive strategies to cope with the workplace environment and associated stressors. Finally, there is some evidence that slaughterhouse work is associated with increased crime levels. The research reviewed has shown a link between slaughterhouse work and antisocial behavior generally and sexual offending specifically. There was no support for such an association with violent crimes, however. Based on existing research, we suggest future directions for research (i.e., applying more methodological rigor) but highlight key findings for practitioners and policymakers that warrant attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Slade
- School of Psychology, Keynes College,
University of
Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Emma Alleyne
- School of Psychology, Keynes College,
University of
Kent, Canterbury, UK
- Emma Alleyne, School of Psychology, Keynes
College, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NP, UK.
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34
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di Giacomo E, Andreini E, Lorusso O, Clerici M. The dark side of empathy in narcissistic personality disorder. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1074558. [PMID: 37065887 PMCID: PMC10097942 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1074558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Narcissistic personality disorder is characterized by self-absorption, grandiosity, exploitation of others and lack of empathy. People with that disorder may switch from an overt form, mainly with grandiosity, to a covert presentation, with fears, hypersensitivity and dependence from others. Empathy represents a key point in detecting people affected by narcissistic personality disorder because, even if it is described as reduced, it plays a fundamental role in exploitation and manipulation. A systematic search of Literature without any language or time restriction, was performed combining thesaurus and free-search indexing terms related to Narcissistic personality disorder and empathy and produced 531 results. Fifty-two papers that analyzed possible issues in the empathic attitude of people with narcissistic personality disorder were included in this narrative review. Empathy is the capability of understating and feeling others emotions. It is not a unitary construct and can be distinguished in cognitive and affective. It might be channeled into prosocial and antisocial behaviors. A crucial trait identified in narcissistic empathy is affective dissonance that is closely related to rivalry as part of the dark tetrad (narcissism, machiavellianism, psychopathy, and sadism). Subjects affected by narcissistic personality disorder show greater impairment in affective aspects while their cognitive part of empathy appears preserved. Saving at least the cognitive aspects of empathy may contribute to therapeutic improvement of affective aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester di Giacomo
- Department of Mental Health and Addiction, Health Care Trust–IRCCS San Gerardo Monza, Monza, Italy
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Elena Andreini
- Department of Mental Health and Addiction, Health Care Trust–IRCCS San Gerardo Monza, Monza, Italy
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Ottavia Lorusso
- Department of Mental Health and Addiction, Health Care Trust–IRCCS San Gerardo Monza, Monza, Italy
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Massimo Clerici
- Department of Mental Health and Addiction, Health Care Trust–IRCCS San Gerardo Monza, Monza, Italy
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
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35
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Gruenewald PJ, Sumetsky N, Mair C, Lee JP, Ponicki WR. Micro-temporal analyses of crime related to alcohol outlets: A comparison of outcomes over weekday, weekend, daytime and nighttime hours. Drug Alcohol Rev 2023; 42:902-911. [PMID: 36989160 DOI: 10.1111/dar.13644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Causal relationships between alcohol outlets and crime are inferred from their statistical associations across neighbourhoods. However, many unobserved covariates may confound these effects. Recognising that outlet sales vary by time of day and day of week, we assess whether areas with more bars/pubs, restaurants or off-premise outlets have more crime during days and times when alcohol sales are greatest. METHODS Annual administrative crime counts, sociodemographic data and other area characteristics of 336 Census block groups in Oakland, California, USA, were related to outlet densities from 2000 to 2015. Bayesian space-time Poisson models were used to measure associations between outlet densities and crime during: (i) weekday daytime; (ii) weekday nighttime; (iii) weekend daytime; and (iv) weekend nighttime periods (four seemingly unrelated equations). Comparisons of parameter estimates across equations provided an assessment of outlet effects on crime across days and times within the same analysis units using the same constellation of confounding covariates. RESULTS Assault and driving under the influence crime incidents during weekend evening hours were more frequent in Census block group areas with greater numbers of bar/pubs. Burglaries were consistently greater in areas with greater densities of restaurants. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS The spatiotemporal signature relating densities of bars/pubs over weekend evening hours to assault and driving under the influence incidents suggests that these outlets are a critical source of these crimes across neighbourhoods. Prevention programs and policies that focus upon specific drinking establishments, days and times may be most effective in reducing assault and impaired driving incidents in neighbourhoods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Gruenewald
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Berkeley, USA
| | - Natalie Sumetsky
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, USA
- Center for Social Dynamics and Community Health, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Christina Mair
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, USA
- Center for Social Dynamics and Community Health, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Juliet P Lee
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Berkeley, USA
| | - William R Ponicki
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Berkeley, USA
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36
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Çağlar T. Children Who Offend in Turkey: The Case of the Ankara Child Education Center. Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol 2023:306624X221148123. [PMID: 36843334 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x221148123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This paper investigates the underlying causes of children's involvement in criminal behavior, and the rehabilitation programs which seek to reintegrate them into society after their release. The data needed were gathered from children's case files and semi-structured interviews with professionals who work in a child education institution. The findings of the study, which include the demographic and socio-economic background of children who offend, the types of crimes they have committed, their causes, and the nature of the applied rehabilitation programs provided for the children who were serving their sentences in the education center are explained and discussed. It is found that these children are victims of social, cultural, economic, and political structures of the society. They are generally from migrants' families with middle and low incomes and live in gecekondu neighborhoods.1 Poor living conditions, lack of parental affection, poverty, deprivation, neglect, abuse, addiction, the lack of preventive and protective institutions, the lack of NGOs which work with children, are, inter alia, among the causes of youth crime in Turkey. A lack of engagement or intervention by local authorities or municipalities to tackle the problem of youth crime in their regions is a further factor. The problems are aggravated by a trial and prosecution process that takes up to 2 years. When pending trial, children receive almost no training or rehabilitation in institutions, and this impairs their personal development. There is an urgent need to establish a monitoring system which can regularly monitor children who offend and provide support for at least several months after their release. This would help children to reintegrate into society on a more positive level.
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Ochoa LB, Bijlsma MJ, Steegers EAP, Been JV, Bertens LCM. Does Neighbourhood Crime Mediate the Relationship between Neighbourhood Socioeconomic Status and Birth Outcomes? An Application of the Mediational G-Formula. Am J Epidemiol 2023:7043827. [PMID: 36799563 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwad037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
While the link between living in low socioeconomic status (SES) neighbourhoods and a higher risk of adverse birth outcomes has been well established, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Using the parametric g-formula, we assess the role of neighbourhood crime as potential mediator for the relationship between neighbourhood SES and birth outcomes using data on singleton births occurring in the Netherlands between 2010 and 2017 (n = 1,219,470). We estimated total and mediated effects of neighbourhood SES on small for gestational age (SGA), low birthweight (LBW), and preterm birth (PTB) via three types of crime (violent crimes, crimes against property and crimes against public order). The g-formula intervention settings correspond to a hypothetical improvement in neighbourhood SES. The hypothetical improvement in neighbourhood SES resulted in a 6.6% (95%CI=5.6,7.5) reduction in the proportion of SGA, a 9.1% (95%CI=7.6,10.6) reduction in LBW, and a 5.8% (95%CI=5.7,6.2) decrease in PTB. Neighbourhood crime jointly accounted for 28.1% and 8.6% of the total effect on SGA and LBW, respectively. For PTB, we found no evidence of mediation. The most relevant pathways were crimes against property and crimes against public order. The results indicate that neighbourhood crime mediates a meaningful share of the relationship between neighbourhood SES and birth outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizbeth Burgos Ochoa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten J Bijlsma
- Unit PharmacoTherapy, -Epidemiology, and -Economics (PTEE), Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.,Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany
| | - Eric A P Steegers
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper V Been
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Division of Neonatology, Department of Paediatrics, Erasmus MC - Sophia Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Loes C M Bertens
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Harper CK. Poaching Forensics: Animal Victims in the Courtroom. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2023; 11:269-286. [PMID: 36790886 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-070722-084803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Poaching and the international trade in wildlife are escalating problems driven by poverty and greed and coordinated by increasingly sophisticated criminal networks. Biodiversity loss, caused by habitat change, is exacerbated by poaching, and species globally are facing extinction. Forensic evidence underpins human and animal criminal investigations and is critical in criminal prosecution and conviction. The application of forensic tools, particularly forensic genetics, to animal case work continues to advance, providing the systems to confront the challenges of wildlife investigations. This article discusses some of these tools, their development, and implementations, as well as recent advances. Examples of cases are provided in which forensic evidence played a key role in obtaining convictions, thus laying the foundation for the future application of techniques to disrupt the criminal networks and safeguard biodiversity through species protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy K Harper
- Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa;
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Einiö E, Metsä‐Simola N, Aaltonen M, Hiltunen E, Martikainen P. Partner violence surrounding divorce: A record-linkage study of wives and their husbands. J Marriage Fam 2023; 85:33-54. [PMID: 37063457 PMCID: PMC10087196 DOI: 10.1111/jomf.12881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study analyzes the victimization trajectories of partner violence against women surrounding divorce, depending on whether the couple has children together. BACKGROUND Prior studies have found that partner violence is associated with an increased risk of divorce. No study has assessed the victimization trajectories surrounding divorce for women with and without children, although women with children may remain at higher risk of violence following divorce. METHOD Using Finnish record-linkage data of 22,468 divorced and 333,542 continuously married women and their husbands, we used repeated-measures logistic regression analyses to assess changes in victimization for partner violence before and after divorce. The outcomes considered were police-reported crimes committed by husbands against their wives and hospital-treated assault injuries recorded for wives. RESULTS The risk of crime victimization for partner assault was already elevated from 2 to 3 years before divorce, peaked in the year prior to divorce, and then mainly leveled off 1-2 years after divorce. Hospital data show that the time of the greatest risk was from 6 to 12 months before divorce, when divorce is usually filed for. Women with younger children experienced elevated risks of physical violence shortly before divorce and remained at higher risk of menace than women without children for a year after divorce. CONCLUSION Divorcing women committed assaults against their husbands, but these were mostly accompanied by victimization, suggesting that resistant violence was common for women as perpetrators. Women with a history of victimization need support, especially at the starts of their divorce processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Einiö
- Population Research Unit, Faculty of Social SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Niina Metsä‐Simola
- Population Research Unit, Faculty of Social SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Mikko Aaltonen
- Law School, Faculty of Social Sciences and Business StudiesUniversity of Eastern FinlandJoensuuFinland
| | - Elina Hiltunen
- Population Research Unit, Faculty of Social SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Pekka Martikainen
- Population Research Unit, Faculty of Social SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
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McCartan K, Kemshall H. Incorporating Quaternary Prevention: Understanding the Full Scope of Public Health Practices in Sexual Abuse Prevention. Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol 2023; 67:224-246. [PMID: 34632853 PMCID: PMC9806458 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x211049204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This discussion piece argues for a refinement in our understanding of prevention in sexual abuse, suggesting that we include quaternary prevention on the grounds that this concept from medical literature has potential and helpful application to criminal justice and particularly to work with those who cause sexual harm. Located within the paradigm of Epidemiological Criminology (EpiCrim), quaternary prevention extends the prevention spectrum to enable a stronger distinction between tertiary level responses and long-term safe, sustainable reintegration into communities, particularly of those who sexually abuse others. The key principles of quaternary prevention are adapted and refined from current medical literature, and the potential usefulness of quaternary prevention to crime and sex abuse prevention is explored.
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Teyhan A, Cornish R, Boyd A, Thomas R, Mumme M, Dillon A, Brennan I, Brown A, Ferrante A, Macleod J. Linkage of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) to Avon & Somerset Police regional police records. Wellcome Open Res 2023; 8:47. [PMID: 37546715 PMCID: PMC10403744 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.18720.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This data note describes a new resource for crime-related research: the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) linked to regional police records. The police data were provided by Avon & Somerset Police (A&SP), whose area of responsibility contains the ALSPAC recruitment area. In total, ALSPAC had permission to link to crime records for 12,662 of the 'study children' (now adults, who were born in the early 1990s). The linkage took place in two stages: Stage 1 involved the ALSPAC Data Linkage Team establishing the linkage using personal identifiers common to both the ALSPAC participant database and A&SP records using deterministic and probabilistic methods. Stage 2 involved A&SP extracting attribute data on the matched individuals, removing personal identifiers and securely sharing the de-identified records with ALSPAC. The police data extraction took place in July 2021, when the participants were in their late 20s/early 30s. This data note contains details on the resulting linked police records available. In brief, electronic police records were available from 2007 onwards. In total, 1757 participants (14%) linked to at least one police record for a charge, offence 'taken into consideration', caution, or another out of court disposal. Linked participants had a total of 6413 records relating to 6283 offences. Almost three quarters of the linked participants were male. The most common offence types were violence against the person (22% of records), drug offences (19%), theft (17%) and public order offences (11%). This data note also details important issues that researchers using the local police data should be aware of, including the importance of defining an appropriate denominator, completeness, and biases affecting police records.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Teyhan
- ALSPAC, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Rosie Cornish
- ALSPAC, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Andy Boyd
- UK Longitudinal Linkage Collaboration, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK
| | - Richard Thomas
- UK Longitudinal Linkage Collaboration, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK
| | - Mark Mumme
- ALSPAC, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Amy Dillon
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre Bristol, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Iain Brennan
- School of Criminology, Sociology and Policing, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Adrian Brown
- Centre for Data Linkage, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Anna Ferrante
- Centre for Data Linkage, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - John Macleod
- ALSPAC, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
- UK Longitudinal Linkage Collaboration, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Applied Research Collaboration West (NIHR ARC West), University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, BS1 2NT, UK
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK
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Rima D, Atakhanova S, Mukhamadieva G, Adlet Y, Beaver KM. Involvement in Crime and Delinquency and the Development of Technological and Computer Skills: A Longitudinal Analysis. Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol 2023; 67:164-183. [PMID: 34612060 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x211049195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A body of research has revealed that involvement in crime and delinquency is associated with a wide number of social, economic, and health consequences. The current study built off this knowledge base and examined whether measures of adolescent violent delinquency and contact with the criminal justice system were related to the access of basic, and experience with, technology, and computers. To do so, longitudinal data drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) were analyzed. The results revealed that self-reported violent delinquency in adolescence was associated with a decreased probability of owning a computer and having an email account 10 to 12 years into the future. Additionally, measures of contact with the criminal justice system, low self-control, delinquent peers, and governmental public assistance were also associated with the probability of owning a computer and having an email account.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yergali Adlet
- Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Kevin M Beaver
- Florida State University, Tallahassee, USA
- King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Caspi E, Xue WL, Liu PJ. Theft of Controlled Substances in Long-Term Care Homes: An Exploratory Study. J Appl Gerontol 2023:7334648231153731. [PMID: 36691366 DOI: 10.1177/07334648231153731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The theft of controlled substances has been studied in the community and healthcare settings including hospitals, pharmacies, hospice, and pain clinics. However, research on these thefts in long-term care homes has yet to be published. This exploratory study makes first steps toward bridging this gap. Using 107 Minnesota Department of Health's investigation reports substantiated as "drug diversion" between 2013 and 2021 in assisted living residences and nursing homes, we found that 11,328.5 tablets were stolen from 368 residents (97.5% were controlled substances), with over 30 tablets stolen per resident. We also identified the types of medications stolen, duration of theft, extent to which nurses stole the medications or were those initially suspecting thefts, and the role of surveillance cameras in confirming allegations. The findings could raise awareness to this form of elder mistreatment in long-term care homes and call for action to address it.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wei-Lin Xue
- School of Nursing and Center on Aging and the Life Course, 311308Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Pi-Ju Liu
- School of Nursing and Center on Aging and the Life Course, 311308Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Ray JV, Jones S. Aging Out of Crime and Personality Development: A Review of the Research Examining the Role of Impulsiveness on Offending in Middle and Late Adulthood. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2023; 16:1587-1596. [PMID: 37159648 PMCID: PMC10163877 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s391406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Virtually everything we know about the relationship between impulsivity and offending is confined to adolescence and early adulthood. There is a paucity of research that examines impulsivity and offending in middle and late adulthood. What little is known is covered in this review. There are normative declines in offending, but it remains quite common in middle and late adulthood. This challenges the notion that the majority of offenders age out of crime by middle age. There are also normative declines in impulsivity, consistent with the maturity principle of personality development. While impulsivity is associated with offending (and other externalizing behaviors) in middle and late adulthood, preciously little evidence exists that speaks to whether the declines in impulsivity are causally related to decreases in offending. Various suggestions are offered for future research that can better address this notable void in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- James V Ray
- Department of Criminal Justice, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
- Correspondence: James V Ray, Email
| | - Shayne Jones
- School of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA
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Chan HCO. Editorial: Crime, mental health, and the law: A psycho-criminological perspective. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1142596. [PMID: 36910744 PMCID: PMC9996317 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1142596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Heng Choon Oliver Chan
- Department of Social Policy, Sociology, and Criminology, School of Social Policy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Smith LR, Sharman S, Roberts A. Gambling and crime: An exploration of gambling availability and culture in an English prison. Crim Behav Ment Health 2022; 32:389-403. [PMID: 36397285 PMCID: PMC10100076 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is evidence that prisoners have the highest rate of problem gambling in any population, but little is known about the nature of in-prison gambling, the motives for it or how it relates to prior gambling behaviour. AIMS To investigate the prevalence and type of gambling prior to prison and the prevalence, type, and reasons for gambling in prison. METHODS Two hundred and eighty-two male volunteers in a Category B male prison in England completed a questionnaire which included the Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI). RESULTS One hundred and twenty-six (45%) reported gambling in prison, with eighty-one (30%) of participants reporting that gambling was a normal part of prison life. Pre-prison behaviour, whether type of index offence or prior gambling, had little relationship to in-prison gambling. Frequency of gambling in prison increased with increasing PGSI risk category. The most common types of gambling in prison were card/dice games, sports and ball games, while the most common motives were entertainment, excitement or sense of challenge and to win prizes, with significant differences in motive between PGSI risk categories. Prison canteen items formed the most common currency gambled. People within the higher PGSI risk category were more likely to have borrowed items from other prisoners. CONCLUSIONS Our research has added to existing literature by identifying high rates of gambling in prison and showing that prisoners' perceptions of gambling are as a normal part of prison life. Findings suggest that screening and support should be available to manage gambling in prison, including support to reduce gambling-related debt, particularly given associations between debt and violence in prison. Relief from boredom and need for excitement were among the most common reasons for gambling in prison, indicating that there is a need to provide a more appropriately stimulating prison environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steve Sharman
- National Addiction CentreInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKings CollegeLondonUK
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Melgoza E, Beltrán-Sánchez H, Vargas Bustamante A. Injury-Related Emergency Medical Service Calls, Traffic Accidents, and Crime in Mexico City Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Prehosp Disaster Med 2022; 38:1-8. [PMID: 36440645 PMCID: PMC9885436 DOI: 10.1017/s1049023x22002230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic had detrimental impacts across multiple sectors of the Mexican health care system. The prehospital care system, however, remains largely under-studied. The first objective of this study was to calculate the monthly per capita rates of injury-related 9-1-1 calls, traffic accidents, and crime at the state-level (Mexico City) during the early pandemic period (January 1 through June 30, 2020), while the second objective was to conduct these calculations at the borough-level for the same outcomes and time period. The third objective was to compare monthly per capita rates of injury-related 9-1-1 calls, traffic accidents, and crime at the state-level (Mexico City) during the pre-pandemic (January 1 through June 30, 2019), early pandemic (January 1 through June 30, 2020), and later pandemic periods (January 1 through June 30, 2021). METHODS A retrospective analysis was conducted to examine injury-related 9-1-1 calls, traffic accidents, and crime at the state-level (Mexico City) and borough-levels. Monthly per capita rates were calculated using four datasets, including Mexico City's Public Release 9-1-1 Emergency Calls, National Institute of Statistics and Geography's (INEGI) Traffic Accidents Micro-Dataset, Mexico City's Attorney General's Office Crime Dataset, and Projections of the Population of the Municipalities of Mexico, 2015 to 2030. All statistical analyses were conducted using STATA 17.0. RESULTS During the early pandemic period, injury-related 9-1-1 emergency calls, traffic accidents, and crime experienced similar trends in monthly per capita rates at the state-level and borough-levels. While the monthly per capita rates remained constant from January to March 2020, starting in March, there was a precipitous decrease across all three outcomes, although decline rates varied across boroughs. The monthly per capita rates across the three outcomes were higher during the pre-pandemic period compared to the early pandemic period. As the COVID-19 pandemic progressed, the monthly per capita rates during the later pandemic period increased across the three outcomes compared to the early pandemic period, although they did not reach pre-pandemic levels during the study period. CONCLUSION The precipitous decline in injury-related 9-1-1 calls, traffic accidents, and crime in Mexico City occurred at the same time as the issuance of the first wave of public health orders in March 2020. The largest decrease across the three outcomes occurred one to two months post-issuance of the orders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmeralda Melgoza
- Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California-Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CaliforniaUSA
| | - Hiram Beltrán-Sánchez
- Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California-Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CaliforniaUSA
- California Center for Population Research, University of California-Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CaliforniaUSA
| | - Arturo Vargas Bustamante
- Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California-Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CaliforniaUSA
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Sobkowicz P. Hammering with the telescope. Front Artif Intell 2022; 5:1010219. [PMID: 36504689 PMCID: PMC9732657 DOI: 10.3389/frai.2022.1010219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid pace in which various Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning tools are developed, both within the research community and outside of it, often discourages the involved researchers from taking time to consider potential consequences and applications of the technical advances, especially the unintended ones. While there are notable exceptions to this "gold rush" tendency, individuals and groups providing careful analyses and recommendations for future actions, their adoption remains, at best, limited. This essay presents an analysis of the ethical (and not only) challenges connected with the applications of AI/ML methods in the socio-legal domain.
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Morena D, Di Fazio N, La Russa R, Delogu G, Frati P, Fineschi V, Ferracuti S. When COVID-19 Is Not All: Femicide Conducted by a Murderer with a Narcissistic Personality "Masked" by a Brief Psychotic Disorder, with a Mini-Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:ijerph192214826. [PMID: 36429545 PMCID: PMC9690801 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192214826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Several cases of COVID-19-related mental disorders have emerged during the pandemic. In a case of femicide that occurred in Italy during the first phase of the pandemic, coinciding with a national lockdown, a discrepancy arose among forensic psychiatry experts, particularly toward the diagnosis of Brief Psychotic Disorder (BPD) related to COVID-19. We aimed to discuss the evaluation of the case through an integration of information and a literature review on comparable reported cases. An analysis of the diagnosis of brief acute psychosis was then performed, as well as a mini-review on cases of COVID-19-related psychosis. Results showed that psychotic symptomatology was characterized by polythematic delusions that always involved a SARS-CoV-2 infection. To a lesser extent, the delusions were accompanied by hallucinations, bizarre cognitive and associative alterations, insomnia, hyporexia, dysphoria, and suicidal behavior. No particularly violent acts with related injury or death of the victim were described. Finally, we could hypothesize that our case was better represented by a diagnosis of personality with predominantly narcissistic and partly psychopathic traits. The present case highlighted the importance, in the context of forensic psychiatry, of integrating assessments with the crime perpetrators, namely through accurate clinical interviews, neuropsychological tests, diachronic observations, and comparison with similar cases present in the literature. Such an integrated approach allows precise evaluation and reduces the odds of errors in a field, such as forensic psychiatry, where a diagnostic decision can be decisive in the judgment of criminal responsibility. Moreover, discerning forensics from health cases represents an important issue in risk management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato Morena
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 336, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Di Fazio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 336, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele La Russa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Delogu
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 336, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Frati
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 336, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Vittorio Fineschi
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 336, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Ferracuti
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Langevin S, Caspi A, Barnes JC, Brennan G, Poulton R, Purdy SC, Ramrakha S, Tanksley PT, Thorne PR, Wilson G, Moffitt TE. Life-Course Persistent Antisocial Behavior and Accelerated Biological Aging in a Longitudinal Birth Cohort. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:14402. [PMID: 36361282 PMCID: PMC9657643 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192114402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Prior research shows that individuals who have exhibited antisocial behavior are in poorer health than their same-aged peers. A major driver of poor health is aging itself, yet research has not investigated relationships between offending trajectories and biological aging. We tested the hypothesis that individuals following a life-course persistent (LCP) antisocial trajectory show accelerated aging in midlife. Trajectories of antisocial behavior from age 7 to 26 years were studied in the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study, a population-representative birth cohort (N = 1037). Signs of aging were assessed at age 45 years using previously validated measures including biomarkers, clinical tests, and self-reports. First, we tested whether the association between antisocial behavior trajectories and midlife signs of faster aging represented a decline from initial childhood health. We then tested whether decline was attributable to tobacco smoking, antipsychotic medication use, debilitating illnesses in adulthood, adverse exposures in childhood (maltreatment, socioeconomic disadvantage) and adulthood (incarceration), and to childhood self-control difficulties. Study members with a history of antisocial behavior had a significantly faster pace of biological aging by midlife, and this was most evident among individuals following the LCP trajectory (β, 0.22, 95%CI, 0.14, 0.28, p ≤ 0.001). This amounted to 4.3 extra years of biological aging between ages 25-45 years for Study members following the LCP trajectory compared to low-antisocial trajectory individuals. LCP offenders also experienced more midlife difficulties with hearing (β, -0.14, 95%CI, -0.21, -0.08, p ≤ 0.001), balance (β, -0.13, 95%CI, -0.18, -0.06, p ≤ 0.001), gait speed (β, -0.18, 95%CI, -0.24, -0.10, p ≤ 0.001), and cognitive functioning (β, -0.25, 95%CI, -0.31, -0.18, p ≤ 0.001). Associations represented a decline from childhood health. Associations persisted after controlling individually for tobacco smoking, antipsychotic medication use, midlife illnesses, maltreatment, socioeconomic status, incarceration, and childhood self-control difficulties. However, the cumulative effect of these lifestyle characteristics together explained why LCP offenders have a faster Pace of Aging than their peers. While older adults typically age-out of crime, LCP offenders will likely age-into the healthcare system earlier than their chronologically same-aged peers. Preventing young people from offending is likely to have substantial benefits for health, and people engaging in a LCP trajectory of antisocial behaviors might be the most in need of health promotion programs. We offer prevention and intervention strategies to reduce the financial burden of offenders on healthcare systems and improve their wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Langevin
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Ashalom Caspi
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Durham VA Healthcare System, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - J. C. Barnes
- School of Criminal Justice, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Grace Brennan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Richie Poulton
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Suzanne C. Purdy
- Discipline of Speech Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Sandhya Ramrakha
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Peter T. Tanksley
- Population Research Center, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78705, USA
| | - Peter R. Thorne
- Discipline of Audiology, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Graham Wilson
- Matai Medical Research Institute, Gisborne 4010, New Zealand
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