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Yalcin YS, Aydin B, Chen H, Gichuki S, Sitther V. Lipid production and cellular changes in Fremyella diplosiphon exposed to nanoscale zerovalent iron nanoparticles and ampicillin. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:108. [PMID: 37280676 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02113-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
With the dramatic decrease in fossil fuel stocks and their detrimental effects on the environment, renewable energy sources have gained imminent importance in the mitigation of emissions. As lipid-enriched energy stocks, cyanobacteria are the leading group of microorganisms contributing to the advent of a new energy era. In the present study, the impact of Nanofer 25 s nanoscale zero-valent iron nanoparticles (nZVIs) and ampicillin on lipid production and cellular structural changes in Fremyella diplosiphon strain B481-SD were investigated. Total lipid abundance, fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) compositions, and alkene production as detected by high-resolution two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC/TOF-MS) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the individual application of 0.8 mg/L ampicillin, 3.2 mg/L nZVIs, and a combined regimen of 0.8 mg/L ampicillin and 3.2 mg/L nZVIs compared to the untreated control. In addition, we identified significant increases (p < 0.05) in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) in F. diplosiphon treated with the combination regimen compared to the untreated control, 0.8 mg/L of ampicillin, and 3.2 mg/L of nZVIs. Furthermore, individual treatment with 0.8 mg/L ampicillin and the combination regimen (0.8 mg/L ampicillin + 3.2 mg/L nZVIs) significantly increased (p < 0.05) Nile red fluorescence compared to the untreated control, indicating neutral membrane lipids to be the main target of ampicillin added treatments. Transmission electron microscopy studies revealed the presence of single-layered thylakoid membranes in the untreated control, while complex stacked membranes of 5-8 layers were visualized in ampicillin and nZVI-treated F. diplosiphon. Our results indicate that nZVIs in combination with ampicillin significantly enhanced total lipids, essential FAMEs, and alkenes in F. diplosiphon. These findings offer a promising approach to augment the potential of using the strain as a large-scale biofuel agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yavuz S Yalcin
- Department of Biology, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD, 21251, USA
| | - Busra Aydin
- Department of Biology, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD, 21251, USA
| | - Huan Chen
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Ion Cyclotron Resonance Facility, Florida State University, 1800 East Paul Dirac Dr, Tallahassee, FL, 32310-4005, USA
| | - Samson Gichuki
- Department of Biology, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD, 21251, USA
| | - Viji Sitther
- Department of Biology, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD, 21251, USA.
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Wyatt L, Gichuki S, Yalcin YS, Sitther V. Impact of Ascorbic Acid on Zero-Valent Iron Nanoparticle and UV-B Mediated Stress in the Cyanobacterium, Fremyella diplosiphon. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1245. [PMID: 37317219 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Fremyella diplosiphon is an ideal third-generation biofuel source due to its ability to produce transesterified lipids. While nanofer 25s zero-valent iron nanoparticles (nZVIs) improve lipid production, an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cellular defense can be catastrophic to the organism. In the present study, the effect of ascorbic acid on nZVI and UV-induced stress in F. diplosiphon strain B481-SD was investigated, and lipid profiles in the combination regimen of nZVIs and ascorbic acid compared. Comparison of F. diplosiphon growth in BG11 media amended with 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 mM ascorbic acid indicated 6 mM to be optimal for the growth of B481-SD. Further, growth in 6 mM ascorbic acid combined with 3.2 mg/L nZVIs was significantly higher when compared to the combination regimen of 12.8 and 51.2 mg/L of nZVIs and 6 mM ascorbic acid. The reversal effect of UV-B radiation for 30 min and 1 h indicated that ascorbic acid restored B481-SD growth. Transesterified lipids characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry indicated C16 hexadecanoate to be the most abundant fatty acid methyl ester in the combination regimen of 6 mM ascorbic acid and 12.8 mg/L nZVI-treated F. diplosiphon. These findings were supported by microscopic observations in which cellular degradation was observed in B481-SD cells treated with 6 mM ascorbic acid and 12.8 mg/L nZVIs. Our results indicate that ascorbic acid counteracts the damaging effect of oxidative stress produced by nZVIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- LaDonna Wyatt
- Department of Biology, Morgan State University, 1700 E. Cold Spring Lane, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA
| | - Samson Gichuki
- Department of Biology, Morgan State University, 1700 E. Cold Spring Lane, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA
| | - Yavuz S Yalcin
- Department of Biology, Morgan State University, 1700 E. Cold Spring Lane, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA
| | - Viji Sitther
- Department of Biology, Morgan State University, 1700 E. Cold Spring Lane, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA
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Gichuki S, Tabatabai B, Sitther V. Biocrude Production Using a Novel Cyanobacterium: Pilot-Scale Cultivation and Lipid Extraction via Hydrothermal Liquefaction. SUSTAINABILITY 2023; 15:4878. [PMID: 37182195 PMCID: PMC10181831 DOI: 10.3390/su15064878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The use of renewable energy to reduce fossil fuel consumption is a key strategy to mitigate pollution and climate change, resulting in the growing demand for new sources. Fast-growing proprietary cyanobacterial strains of Fremyella diplosiphon with an average life cycle of 7-10 days, and a proven capacity to generate lipids for biofuel production are currently being studied. In this study, we investigated the growth and photosynthetic pigmentation of a cyanobacterial strain (SF33) in both greenhouse and outdoor bioreactors, and produced biocrude via hydrothermal liquefaction. The cultivation of F. diplosiphon did not significantly differ under suboptimal conditions (p < 0.05), including in outdoor bioreactors with growth differences of less than 0.04 (p = 0.035) among various batches. An analysis of the biocrude's components revealed the presence of fatty acid biodiesel precursors such as palmitic acid and behenic acid, and alkanes such as hexadecane and heptadecane, used as biofuel additives. In addition, the quantification of value-added photosynthetic pigments revealed chlorophyll a and phycocyanin concentrations of 0.0011 ± 5.83 × 10-5 μg/μL and 7.051 ± 0.067 μg/μg chlorophyll a. Our results suggest the potential of F. diplosiphon as a robust species that can grow at varying temperatures ranging from 13 °C to 32 °C, while producing compounds for applications ranging from biofuel to nutritional supplements. The outcomes of this study pave the way for production-level scale-up and processing of F. diplosiphon-derived biofuels and marketable bioproducts. Fuel produced using this technology will be eco-friendly and cost-effective, and will make full use of the geographical location of regions with access to brackish waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samson Gichuki
- Department of Biology, Morgan State University, 1700 E. Cold Spring Lane, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA
| | - Behnam Tabatabai
- Department of Biology, Morgan State University, 1700 E. Cold Spring Lane, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA
- HaloCyTech LLC, 4709 Harford Road, Baltimore, MD 21214, USA
| | - Viji Sitther
- Department of Biology, Morgan State University, 1700 E. Cold Spring Lane, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA
- Correspondence:
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Gichuki S, Arumanayagam AS, Tabatabai B, Yalcin YS, Wyatt L, Sitther V. Augmentation of the Photoreactivation Gene in Fremyella diplosiphon Confers UV-B Tolerance. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:35092-35101. [PMID: 36211070 PMCID: PMC9535648 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In spite of the enormous potential of cyanobacteria as a renewable energy source, elevated UV exposure is a major impediment to their commercial viability and productivity. Fremyella diplosiphon is a widely explored cyanobacterium with great biofuel capacity due to its high lipid content. To enhance UV stress tolerance in this species, we overexpressed the photoreactivation gene (phr A) that encodes for photolyase DNA repair enzyme in the wild type F. diplosiphon (B481-WT) by genetic transformation. Our efforts resulted in a transformant (B481-ViAnSa) with a 3808-fold increase in the phr A mRNA transcript level and enhanced growth under UV-B stress. Additionally, DNA strand breaks in the transformant were significantly lower after 12 and 16 h of UV radiation, with significantly higher dsDNA recovery in B481-ViAnSa (98.1%) compared to that in B481-WT (81.5%) at 48 h post irradiation. Photosystem II recovery time in the transformant was significantly reduced (48 h) compared to that in the wild type (72 h). Evaluation of high-value fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) revealed methyl palmitate, the methyl ester of hexadecenoic acid (C16:0), to be the most dominant component, accounting for 53.43% of the identified FAMEs in the transformant. Results of the study offer a promising approach to enhance UV tolerance in cyanobacteria, thus paving the way to large-scale open or closed pond cultivation for commercial biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samson
M. Gichuki
- Department
of Biology, Morgan State University, Baltimore, Maryland 21251, United States
| | - Anithachristy S. Arumanayagam
- Department
of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston
Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Behnam Tabatabai
- Department
of Biology, Morgan State University, Baltimore, Maryland 21251, United States
| | - Yavuz S. Yalcin
- Department
of Biology, Morgan State University, Baltimore, Maryland 21251, United States
| | - LaDonna Wyatt
- Department
of Biology, Morgan State University, Baltimore, Maryland 21251, United States
| | - Viji Sitther
- Department
of Biology, Morgan State University, Baltimore, Maryland 21251, United States
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Fathabad SG, Tabatabai B, Walker D, Chen H, Lu J, Aslan K, Uddin J, Ghann W, Sitther V. Impact of Zero-Valent Iron Nanoparticles on Fremyella diplosiphon Transesterified Lipids and Fatty Acid Methyl Esters. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:12166-12173. [PMID: 32548398 PMCID: PMC7271364 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Efforts to enhance the transformative potential of biofuels is an important step to achieving an environment-friendly and sustainable energy source. Fremyella diplosiphon is an ideal third-generation biofuel agent due to its ability to produce lipids and desirable essential fatty acids. In this study, the impact of Nanofer 25s nanoscale zero-valent iron nanoparticles (nZVIs) on total lipid content and fatty acid composition of F. diplosiphon strains SF33 and B481 was investigated. We observed significant increases (P < 0.05) in the growth of F. diplosiphon treated with 0.2-1.6 mg L-1 Nanofer 25s, indicating that trace concentrations of nZVIs were not toxic to the organism. Chlorophyll a, carotenoids, and phycobiliprotein levels were not altered in F. diplosiphon treated with nZVIs ranging from 0.4 to 1.6 mg L-1, confirming that these concentrations did not negatively impact photosynthetic efficacy. In addition, Nanofer 25s ranging from 0.2 to 1.6 mg L-1 had an optimal impact on SF33 and B481 total lipid content. We identified significant increases in unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) from F. diplosiphon Nanofer 25s-treated transesterified lipids. Theoretical chemical and physical biofuel properties revealed a product with elevated cetane number and oxidative stability for both strains. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy validated the localization of nZVIs. Our findings indicate that Nanofer 25s nZVIs significantly enhance F. diplosiphon total lipid content and essential FAMEs, thus offering a promising approach to augment the potential of the cyanobacterium as a large-scale biofuel agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Gharaie Fathabad
- Department of Biology, Morgan State University, 1700 East Cold Spring Lane, Baltimore, Maryland 21251, United States
| | - Behnam Tabatabai
- Department of Biology, Morgan State University, 1700 East Cold Spring Lane, Baltimore, Maryland 21251, United States
| | - Dy'mon Walker
- Department of Biology, Morgan State University, 1700 East Cold Spring Lane, Baltimore, Maryland 21251, United States
| | - Huan Chen
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory and Future Fuels Institute, Florida State University, 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Jie Lu
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory and Future Fuels Institute, Florida State University, 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory and Future Fuels Institute, Florida State University, 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Kadir Aslan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Morgan State University, 1700 East Cold Spring Lane, Baltimore, Maryland 21251, United States
| | - Jamal Uddin
- Center for Nanotechnology, Department of Natural Sciences, Coppin State University, 2500 West North Avenue, Baltimore, Maryland 21216, United States
| | - William Ghann
- Center for Nanotechnology, Department of Natural Sciences, Coppin State University, 2500 West North Avenue, Baltimore, Maryland 21216, United States
| | - Viji Sitther
- Department of Biology, Morgan State University, 1700 East Cold Spring Lane, Baltimore, Maryland 21251, United States
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Sureshkumar P, Thomas J. Exploring the distinctiveness of biomass and biomolecules from limnic microalgae of unexplored waters of Noyyal River, Western Ghats, for exploitation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:23309-23322. [PMID: 32337670 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08921-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Oleaginous microalgae with high biomass productivity, lipid content, and lipid productivity are desirable for sustainable biofuel production. Rapid and accurate quantification of lipid content facilitates the identification of promising microalgae candidates. In the present study, 23 freshwater microalgae species from river Noyyal were isolated and identified based on their morphological and molecular (18S rRNA) features and recorded as Karunya Algae Culture Collection (KACC). Their biomass and lipid content were characterized and screened using FT-IR, Nile red staining, and gravimetric method. Results generated from FT-IR spectra differentiated KACC microalgae based on their biochemical contents with Scenedesmus rubescens KACC 2 and Chlorococcum sp. KACC 13 possessed high total protein and lipid content, respectively. Nile red fluorescence at 530/575 nm showed the yellow fluorescence under a fluorescent microscope giving the evidence of high neutral lipids in 10 KACC microalgae isolates. Total lipid content showed prominent variation between the KACC isolates and found in the range of 4 to 32% of DW. Lipid productivity and biomass productivity showed a similar pattern among KACC strains. Thus, our findings serve as a baseline data on the bioprospecting potential of KACC isolates from river Noyyal, an unexplored area of Western Ghats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pandian Sureshkumar
- Algae Biomass Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biosciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 114, India
| | - Jibu Thomas
- Algae Biomass Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biosciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 114, India.
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Gharaie Fathabad S, Arumanayagam AS, Tabatabai B, Chen H, Lu J, Sitther V. Augmenting Fremyella diplosiphon Cellular Lipid Content and Unsaturated Fatty Acid Methyl Esters Via Sterol Desaturase Gene Overexpression. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 189:1127-1140. [PMID: 31168708 PMCID: PMC6884679 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-019-03055-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria have immense prospective as a platform for renewable energy; however, a major barrier in achieving optimal productivity is the low lipid yield. Fremyella diplosiphon, a model cyanobacterium, is an ideal biofuel agent due to its desirable fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). To enhance lipid content, we overexpressed the sterol desaturase (SD) gene in F. diplosiphon B481 wild type by genetic transformation. This effort resulted in a transformant (B481-SD) with a 64-fold increase in the SD gene at the mRNA transcript level, with no loss in growth and pigmentation. The transformant was persistently grown for over 32 generations indicating long-term stability and vitality. We observed 27.3% and 23% increases in total lipid content and unsaturated FAMEs respectively in B481-SD transesterified lipids with methyl octadecadienoate as the most abundant unsaturated component. In addition, we detected an 81% increase in FAME composition in the transformant compared with the wild type. Theoretical physical and chemical properties confirmed a FAME profile with very high cetane number (65.972-67.494) and oxidative stability (50.493-18.66 h) in the engineered strain. Results of the study offer a promising approach to augment F. diplosiphon total lipid content and unsaturated FAMEs, thus paving the way to enhance biofuel capacity of the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Gharaie Fathabad
- Department of Biology, Morgan State University, 1700 East Cold Spring Lane, Baltimore, MD, 21251, USA
| | | | - Behnam Tabatabai
- Department of Biology, Morgan State University, 1700 East Cold Spring Lane, Baltimore, MD, 21251, USA
| | - Huan Chen
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA
| | - Jie Lu
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA
- Future Fuels Institute, Florida State University, 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA
| | - Viji Sitther
- Department of Biology, Morgan State University, 1700 East Cold Spring Lane, Baltimore, MD, 21251, USA.
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Tabatabai B, Fathabad SG, Bonyi E, Rajini S, Aslan K, Sitther V. Nanoparticle-mediated Impact on Growth and Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Composition in the Cyanobacterium Fremyella diplosiphon. BIOENERGY RESEARCH 2019; 12:409-418. [PMID: 31984113 PMCID: PMC6980354 DOI: 10.1007/s12155-019-09966-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Insufficient light supply is a major limitation in cultivation of cyanobacteria for scaled up biofuel production and other biotechnological applications, which has driven interest in nanoparticle-mediated enhancement of cellular light capture. In the present study, Fremyella diplosiphon wild type (Fd33) and halotolerant (HSF33-2) strains were grown in solution with 20, 100, and 200 nm-diameter gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to determine their impact on biomass accumulation, pigmentation, and fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) production. Results revealed a significant increase in growth of Fd33 (0.244 ± 0.006) and HSF33-2 (0.112 ± 0.003) when treated with 200 nm AuNPs. In addition, we observed a significant increase in chlorophyll a accumulation in 200 nm AuNP-treated Fd33 (25.7%) and HSF33-2 (36.3%) indicating that NPs enhanced photosynthetic pigmentation. We did not observe any alteration in FAME composition and biodiesel properties of transesterified F. diplosiphon lipids among all AuNP treatments. Interactions between F. diplosiphon and AuNPs were visualized using scanning electron microscopy. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy confirmed the presence of AuNPs outside cells with aggregation in high cell density locales. Our findings indicate that nanotechnological approaches could significantly enhance growth of the organism with no negative effect on FAME-derived biodiesel properties, thus augmenting F. diplosiphon as a potential biofuel agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Tabatabai
- Department of Biology, Morgan State University, 1700 East Cold Spring Lane, Baltimore, Maryland 21251, United States
| | - Somayeh Gharaie Fathabad
- Department of Biology, Morgan State University, 1700 East Cold Spring Lane, Baltimore, Maryland 21251, United States
| | - Enock Bonyi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Morgan State University, 1700 East Cold Spring Lane, Baltimore, Maryland 21251, United States
| | - Sophia Rajini
- Middle East Educational Services, Doha, Qatar, P.O. BOX: 3453
| | - Kadir Aslan
- Department of Civil Engineering, Morgan State University, 1700 East Cold Spring Lane, Baltimore, Maryland 21251, United States
| | - Viji Sitther
- Department of Biology, Morgan State University, 1700 East Cold Spring Lane, Baltimore, Maryland 21251, United States
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Nutrient removal and microalgal biomass production from different anaerobic digestion effluents with Chlorella species. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6123. [PMID: 30992470 PMCID: PMC6467878 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42521-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Potential of microalgal cultivation as an alternative approach to the treatment of anaerobic digestion (AD) effluents was examined using two representative Chlorella species, Chlorella vulgaris (CV) and Chlorella protothecoides (CP). Both species effectively removed NH4+-N from the AD effluents from four digesters treating different wastes under different operating conditions. In all experimental cultures on the AD effluents, NH4+-N (initial concentration, 40 mg/L) was completely removed within 10 days without residual NO3--N or NO2--N in batch mode. Compared to CP, CV showed greater biomass and lipid yields (advantageous for biodiesel production), regardless of the media used. Prolonged nitrogen starvation significantly increased the lipid accumulation in all cultures on the AD effluents, and the effect was more pronounced in the CV than in the CP cultures. On the other hand, compared to CV, CP showed significantly faster settling (advantageous for biomass harvesting) in all media. Our results suggest that the Chlorella cultivation on AD effluents under non-sterile, mixed-culture conditions may provide a viable way to manage and valorize the problematic effluents. Diverse bacteria derived from the AD effluents co-existed and presumably interacted with the Chlorella species in the cultures.
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