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Gichuki S, Tabatabai B, Sitther V. Biocrude Production Using a Novel Cyanobacterium: Pilot-Scale Cultivation and Lipid Extraction via Hydrothermal Liquefaction. Sustainability 2023; 15:4878. [PMID: 37182195 PMCID: PMC10181831 DOI: 10.3390/su15064878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The use of renewable energy to reduce fossil fuel consumption is a key strategy to mitigate pollution and climate change, resulting in the growing demand for new sources. Fast-growing proprietary cyanobacterial strains of Fremyella diplosiphon with an average life cycle of 7-10 days, and a proven capacity to generate lipids for biofuel production are currently being studied. In this study, we investigated the growth and photosynthetic pigmentation of a cyanobacterial strain (SF33) in both greenhouse and outdoor bioreactors, and produced biocrude via hydrothermal liquefaction. The cultivation of F. diplosiphon did not significantly differ under suboptimal conditions (p < 0.05), including in outdoor bioreactors with growth differences of less than 0.04 (p = 0.035) among various batches. An analysis of the biocrude's components revealed the presence of fatty acid biodiesel precursors such as palmitic acid and behenic acid, and alkanes such as hexadecane and heptadecane, used as biofuel additives. In addition, the quantification of value-added photosynthetic pigments revealed chlorophyll a and phycocyanin concentrations of 0.0011 ± 5.83 × 10-5 μg/μL and 7.051 ± 0.067 μg/μg chlorophyll a. Our results suggest the potential of F. diplosiphon as a robust species that can grow at varying temperatures ranging from 13 °C to 32 °C, while producing compounds for applications ranging from biofuel to nutritional supplements. The outcomes of this study pave the way for production-level scale-up and processing of F. diplosiphon-derived biofuels and marketable bioproducts. Fuel produced using this technology will be eco-friendly and cost-effective, and will make full use of the geographical location of regions with access to brackish waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samson Gichuki
- Department of Biology, Morgan State University, 1700 E. Cold Spring Lane, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA
| | - Behnam Tabatabai
- Department of Biology, Morgan State University, 1700 E. Cold Spring Lane, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA
- HaloCyTech LLC, 4709 Harford Road, Baltimore, MD 21214, USA
| | - Viji Sitther
- Department of Biology, Morgan State University, 1700 E. Cold Spring Lane, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA
- Correspondence:
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Sun P, Cappello V, Elgowainy A, Vyawahare P, Ma O, Podkaminer K, Rustagi N, Koleva M, Melaina M. An Analysis of the Potential and Cost of the U.S. Refinery Sector Decarbonization. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:1411-1424. [PMID: 36608330 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In 2019, U.S. petroleum refineries emitted 196 million metric tons (MT) of CO2, while the well-to-gate and the full life cycle CO2 emissions were significantly higher, reaching 419 and 2843 million MT of CO2, respectively. This analysis examines decarbonization opportunities for U.S. refineries and the cost to achieve both refinery-level and complete life-cycle CO2 emission reductions. We used 2019 life-cycle CO2 emissions from U.S. refineries as a baseline and identified three categories of decarbonization opportunity: (1) switching refinery energy inputs from fossil to renewable sources (e.g., switch hydrogen source); (2) carbon capture and storage of CO2 from various refining units; and (3) changing the feedstock from petroleum crude to biocrude using various blending levels. While all three options can reduce CO2 emissions from refineries, only the third can reduce emissions throughout the life cycle of refinery products, including the combustion of fuels (e.g., gasoline and diesel) during end use applications. A decarbonization approach that combines strategies 1, 2, and 3 can achieve negative life-cycle CO2 emissions, with an average CO2 avoidance cost of $113-$477/MT CO2, or $54-$227/bbl of processed crude; these costs are driven primarily by the high cost of biocrude feedstock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Sun
- Systems Assessment Center, Energy Systems and Infrastructure Analysis Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Vincenzo Cappello
- Systems Assessment Center, Energy Systems and Infrastructure Analysis Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Amgad Elgowainy
- Systems Assessment Center, Energy Systems and Infrastructure Analysis Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Pradeep Vyawahare
- Systems Assessment Center, Energy Systems and Infrastructure Analysis Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Ookie Ma
- Strategic Analysis, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, U.S. Department of Energy, 1000 Independence Ave. SW, Washington, District of Columbia 20585, United States
| | - Kara Podkaminer
- Strategic Analysis, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, U.S. Department of Energy, 1000 Independence Ave. SW, Washington, District of Columbia 20585, United States
| | - Neha Rustagi
- Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies Office, U.S. Department of Energy, 1000 Independence Ave. SW, Washington, District of Columbia 20585, United States
| | - Mariya Koleva
- Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies Office, U.S. Department of Energy, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Marc Melaina
- Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies Office, U.S. Department of Energy, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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Haarlemmer G, Roubaud A. Bio-oil production from biogenic wastes, the hydrothermal conversion step. Open Res Eur 2022; 2:111. [PMID: 37645314 PMCID: PMC10445818 DOI: 10.12688/openreseurope.14915.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Background: Food wastes are an abundant resource that can be effectively valorised by hydrothermal liquefaction to produce bio-fuels. The objective of the European project WASTE2ROAD is to demonstrate the complete value chain from waste collection to engine tests. The principle of hydrothermal liquefaction is well known but there are still many factors that make the science very empirical. Most experiments in the literature are performed on batch reactors. Comparison of results from batch reactors with experiments with continuous reactors are rare in the literature. Methods: Various food wastes were transformed by hydrothermal liquefaction. The resources used and the products from the experiments have been extensively analysed. Two different experimental reactors have been used, a batch reactor and a continuous reactor. This paper presents a dataset of fully documented experiments performed in this project, on food wastes with different compositions, conditions and solvents. The data set is extended with data from the literature. The data was analysed using machine learning analysis and regression techniques. Results: This paper presents experimental results on various food wastes as well as modelling and analysis with machine learning algorithms. The experimental results were used to attempt to establish a link between batch and continuous experiments. The molecular weight of bio-oil from continuous experiments appear higher than that of batch experiments. This may be due to the configuration of our reactor. Conclusions: This paper shows how the use of regression models help with understanding the results, and the importance of process variables and resource composition. A novel data analysis technique gives an insight on the accuracy that can be obtained from these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert Haarlemmer
- CEA/LITEN/DTCH, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, 38000, France
| | - Anne Roubaud
- CEA/LITEN/DTCH, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, 38000, France
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Zhang G, Wang K, Liu Q, Han L, Zhang X. A Comprehensive Hydrothermal Co-Liquefaction of Diverse Biowastes for Energy-Dense Biocrude Production: Synergistic and Antagonistic Effects. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:10499. [PMID: 36078216 PMCID: PMC9518380 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hydrothermal co-liquefaction (co-HTL) is a promising technology to valorize binary or even ternary biowastes into bioenergy. However, the complex biochemical compositions and unclear synergistic effect prevent the development of this technology. Thus, this study explored a comprehensive co-HTL of representative biowastes to investigate the synergistic and antagonistic effects. An apparent synergistic effect on biocrude yield was observed when sewage sludge was co-liquefied with cow manure or wheat straw. Further, the co-HTL of sewage sludge-cow manure was investigated in a detailed manner. The highest yield (21.84 wt%) of biocrude, with a positive synergistic effect (11.37%), the highest energy recovery (47.48%), and a moderate biocrude HHV (34.31 MJ/kg) were achieved from co-HTL at 350 °C for 30 min. Hydrochar and gas products were also characterized to unravel the reaction pathways. Accordingly, this work indicates that sewage sludge co-liquefied with other biowastes can serve as a multi-purpose solution for biowaste treatment and bioenergy production.
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Pinto J, Pedrosa I, Linhares C, San Gil RAS, Lam YL, Pereira MM. Ketal Sugar Conversion Into Green Hydrocarbons by Faujasite Zeolite in a Typical Catalytic Cracking Process. Front Chem 2019; 7:720. [PMID: 31737600 PMCID: PMC6839337 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) converts hydrocarbons in the presence of a catalyst based on faujasite zeolite (USY and REY). While hydrocarbon is poorly reactive, biomass and its derived compounds are highly functionalized and not suitable to a typical FCC process. To overcome this limitation biomass was first converted into a dense and stable bio-crude composed mainly of ketal-sugar derivatives by using acetone in diluted acid. Here, a representative compound of this bio-crude, 1,2:3,5-di-O-isopropylidene-α-D-xylofuranose (DX) in n-hexane, was converted by USY and a commercial FCC catalyst containing USY, at 500°C, in a fixed bed and fluidized bed reactors, respectively. Faujasite Y is very efficient in converting DX. More than 95% conversion was observed in all tests. Over 60 wt.% was liquid products, followed by gas products and only around 10% or less in coke. The higher the catalyst activity the greater the aromatics in the liquid products and yet higher coke yields were observed. In particular, simulating more practical application conditions: using deactivated catalyst in a fluidized bed reactor, improved green hydrocarbons production (mono-aromatic up to 10 carbons and light hydrocarbon up to eight carbons) and unprecedented lower coke yield (≈5 wt.%) for bio-feeds. The present results further suggest that catalyst will play a primary role to convert the bio-crude into target hydrocarbons and overcome the transition of a non-renewable to a renewable refinery feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Pinto
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Química, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Igor Pedrosa
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Química, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Camila Linhares
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Química, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rosane A S San Gil
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Química, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Yiu Lau Lam
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Química, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Bleta R, Schiavo B, Corsaro N, Costa P, Giaconia A, Interrante L, Monflier E, Pipitone G, Ponchel A, Sau S, Scialdone O, Tilloy S, Galia A. Robust Mesoporous CoMo/γ-Al 2O 3 Catalysts from Cyclodextrin-Based Supramolecular Assemblies for Hydrothermal Processing of Microalgae: Effect of the Preparation Method. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:12562-12579. [PMID: 29578684 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b16185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is a promising technology for the production of biocrude oil from microalgae. Although this catalyst-free technology is efficient under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions, the biocrude yield and quality can be further improved by using heterogeneous catalysts. The design of robust catalysts that preserve their performance under hydrothermal conditions will be therefore very important in the development of biorefinery technologies. In this work, we describe two different synthetic routes (i.e., impregnation and cyclodextrin-assisted one-pot colloidal approach), for the preparation in aqueous phase of six high surface area CoMo/γ-Al2O3 catalysts. Catalytic tests performed on the HTL of Nannochloropsis gaditana microalga indicate that solids prepared by the one-pot colloidal approach show higher hydrothermal stability and enhanced biocrude yield with respect to the catalyst-free test. The positive effect of the substitution of the block copolymer Tetronic T90R4 for Pluronic F127 in the preparation procedure was evidenced by diffuse reflectance UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, N2-adsorption-desorption, and H2-temperature-programmed reduction measurements and confirmed by the higher quality of the obtained biocrude, which exhibited lower oxygen content and higher-energy recovery equal to 62.5% of the initial biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudina Bleta
- Univ. Artois , CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ. Lille , UMR 8181, Unité de Catalyse et de Chimie du Solide (UCCS) , F-62300 Lens , France
| | - Benedetto Schiavo
- Dipartimento del l'Innovazione Industriale e Digitale-Ingegneria Chimica, Gestionale, Informatica , Meccanica (DIID) Università di Palermo Viale delle Scienze , Ed 6 , 90128 Palermo , Italy
| | - Natale Corsaro
- ENEA-Casaccia Research Center Via Anguillarese 301 , I-00123 Rome , Italy
| | - Paula Costa
- Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia (LNEG) Estrada do Paço do Lumiar , 22 , 1649-038 Lisbon , Portugal
| | - Alberto Giaconia
- ENEA-Casaccia Research Center Via Anguillarese 301 , I-00123 Rome , Italy
| | - Leonardo Interrante
- Dipartimento del l'Innovazione Industriale e Digitale-Ingegneria Chimica, Gestionale, Informatica , Meccanica (DIID) Università di Palermo Viale delle Scienze , Ed 6 , 90128 Palermo , Italy
| | - Eric Monflier
- Univ. Artois , CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ. Lille , UMR 8181, Unité de Catalyse et de Chimie du Solide (UCCS) , F-62300 Lens , France
| | - Giuseppe Pipitone
- Univ. Artois , CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ. Lille , UMR 8181, Unité de Catalyse et de Chimie du Solide (UCCS) , F-62300 Lens , France
- Dipartimento del l'Innovazione Industriale e Digitale-Ingegneria Chimica, Gestionale, Informatica , Meccanica (DIID) Università di Palermo Viale delle Scienze , Ed 6 , 90128 Palermo , Italy
| | - Anne Ponchel
- Univ. Artois , CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ. Lille , UMR 8181, Unité de Catalyse et de Chimie du Solide (UCCS) , F-62300 Lens , France
| | - Salvatore Sau
- ENEA-Casaccia Research Center Via Anguillarese 301 , I-00123 Rome , Italy
| | - Onofrio Scialdone
- Dipartimento del l'Innovazione Industriale e Digitale-Ingegneria Chimica, Gestionale, Informatica , Meccanica (DIID) Università di Palermo Viale delle Scienze , Ed 6 , 90128 Palermo , Italy
| | - Sébastien Tilloy
- Univ. Artois , CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ. Lille , UMR 8181, Unité de Catalyse et de Chimie du Solide (UCCS) , F-62300 Lens , France
| | - Alessandro Galia
- Dipartimento del l'Innovazione Industriale e Digitale-Ingegneria Chimica, Gestionale, Informatica , Meccanica (DIID) Università di Palermo Viale delle Scienze , Ed 6 , 90128 Palermo , Italy
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Abstract
After 40 years of research and development, liquefaction technologies are now being demonstrated at 200-3000 tons per year scale to convert lignocellulosic biomass to biocrudes for use as heavy fuel or for upgrading to biofuels. This Review attempts to present the various facets of the liquefaction process in a tutorial manner. Emphasis is placed on liquefaction in high-boiling solvents, with regular reference to liquefaction in subcritical water or other light-boiling solvents. Reaction chemistry, solvent selection, role of optional catalyst as well as biocrude composition and properties are discussed in depth. Challenges in biomass feeding and options for biocrude-solvent separation are addressed. Process concepts are reviewed and demonstration/commercialization efforts are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean‐Paul Lange
- Shell Global Solutions International B.V.Shell Technology Centre AmsterdamGrasweg 311031HWAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Sustainable Process Technology GroupFaculty of Science and TechnologyUniversity of TwentePO Box 2177500AEEnschedeThe Netherlands
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