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Zhao L, Wang H, Chen X, Wang L, Abulaizi W, Yang Y, Li B, Wang C, Bai X. Agarose Hydrogel-Boosted One-Tube RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a Assay for Robust Point-of-Care Detection of Zoonotic Nematode Anisakis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:8257-8268. [PMID: 38530904 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Rapid and accurate detection of the zoonotic nematode Anisakis is poised to control its epidemic. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas-associated assay shows great potential in the detection of pathogenic microorganisms. The one-tube method integrated the CRISPR system with the recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) system to avoid the risk of aerosol pollution; however, it suffers from low sensitivity due to the incompatibility of the two systems and additional manual operations. Therefore, in the present study, the agarose hydrogel boosted one-tube RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a assay was constructed by adding the CRISPR system to the agarose hydrogel, which avoided the initially low amplification efficiency of RPA caused by the cleavage of Cas12a and achieved reaction continuity. The sensitivity was 10-fold higher than that of the one-tube RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a system. This method was used for Anisakis detection within 80 min from the sample to result, achieving point-of-care testing (POCT) through a smartphone and a portable device. This study provided a novel toolbox for POCT with significant application value in preventing Anisakis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianjing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Haolu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Xiuqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Jiashi County Hospitalof Uygur Medicine, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region 830057, China
| | - Wulamujiang Abulaizi
- Jiashi County Hospitalof Uygur Medicine, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region 830057, China
| | - Yaming Yang
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Puer 665000, China
| | - Benfu Li
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Puer 665000, China
| | - Cunzhou Wang
- Jiashi County Hospitalof Uygur Medicine, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region 830057, China
| | - Xue Bai
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
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Koutsoumanis K, Allende A, Alvarez‐Ordóñez A, Bover‐Cid S, Chemaly M, De Cesare A, Herman L, Hilbert F, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Nonno R, Peixe L, Ru G, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Suffredini E, Buchmann K, Careche M, Levsen A, Mattiucci S, Mladineo I, Santos MJ, Barcia‐Cruz R, Broglia A, Chuzhakina K, Goudjihounde SM, Guerra B, Messens W, Guajardo IM, Bolton D. Re-evaluation of certain aspects of the EFSA Scientific Opinion of April 2010 on risk assessment of parasites in fishery products, based on new scientific data. Part 1: ToRs1-3. EFSA J 2024; 22:e8719. [PMID: 38650612 PMCID: PMC11033839 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Surveillance data published since 2010, although limited, showed that there is no evidence of zoonotic parasite infection in market quality Atlantic salmon, marine rainbow trout, gilthead seabream, turbot, meagre, Atlantic halibut, common carp and European catfish. No studies were found for greater amberjack, brown trout, African catfish, European eel and pikeperch. Anisakis pegreffii, A. simplex (s. s.) and Cryptocotyle lingua were found in European seabass, Atlantic bluefin tuna and/or cod, and Pseudamphistomum truncatum and Paracoenogonimus ovatus in tench, produced in open offshore cages or flow-through ponds or tanks. It is almost certain that fish produced in closed recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) or flow-through facilities with filtered water intake and exclusively fed heat-treated feed are free of zoonotic parasites. Since the last EFSA opinion, the UV-press and artificial digestion methods have been developed into ISO standards to detect parasites in fish, while new UV-scanning, optical, molecular and OMICs technologies and methodologies have been developed for the detection, visualisation, isolation and/or identification of zoonotic parasites in fish. Freezing and heating continue to be the most efficient methods to kill parasites in fishery products. High-pressure processing may be suitable for some specific products. Pulsed electric field is a promising technology although further development is needed. Ultrasound treatments were not effective. Traditional dry salting of anchovies successfully inactivated Anisakis. Studies on other traditional processes - air-drying and double salting (brine salting plus dry salting) - suggest that anisakids are successfully inactivated, but more data covering these and other parasites in more fish species and products is required to determine if these processes are always effective. Marinade combinations with anchovies have not effectively inactivated anisakids. Natural products, essential oils and plant extracts, may kill parasites but safety and organoleptic data are lacking. Advanced processing techniques for intelligent gutting and trimming are being developed to remove parasites from fish.
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Franceschini R, Guardone L, Armani A, Ranucci D, Roila R, Valiani A, Susini F, Branciari R. Five-years management of an emerging parasite risk (Eustrongylides sp., Nematoda) in a fishery supply chain located on Trasimeno Lake (Italy). Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.108858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Santos MJ, Matos M, Guardone L, Golden O, Armani A, Caldeira AJR, Vieira-Pinto M. Preliminary Data on the Occurrence of Anisakis spp. in European Hake (Merluccius merluccius) Caught Off the Portuguese Coast and on Reports of Human Anisakiosis in Portugal. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020331. [PMID: 35208786 PMCID: PMC8876791 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic nematodes of the genus Anisakis are among the most important biological hazards associated with seafood. A survey of Anisakis spp. in European hake (Merluccius merluccius) was undertaken as this species is a staple of the Portuguese diet. Moreover, a literature review of cases of anisakiosis reported from Portugal, a country with one of the highest levels of fish consumption in the world, was also carried out. Seventy-five European hake caught in the Atlantic Ocean off the northern coast of Portugal were analyzed to determine the infection levels and site distribution of Anisakis spp. Isolated nematode larvae were identified to species level by molecular analysis. Two sets of samples were collected. Firstly, a total of 46 Anisakis spp. L3 larvae were collected with a prevalence of 76.7% (95% CI 61.5–91.8%) and intensity (mean ± SD, range) of 2.0 ± 1.2 (1–5). Most larvae were found on the liver (45.7%) and on the gonads (32.6%), but none in the muscle. The molecular analysis showed the presence of both A. simplex s.s. (70%) and A. pegreffii (30%). For the second sample, analyzed using the UV-Press method, a total of 473 Anisakis spp. were found, with a prevalence of 95.6% (95% CI 89.5–100.0%), intensity (mean ± SD, range) of 11.3 ± 9.7 (1–41), density of 0.05 ± 0.04 (0–0.16) worms/muscle weight in g, and density of 0.54 ± 0.50 (0–2.53) worms/viscera weight in g. Surprisingly, only three very recent cases of human anisakiosis in Portugal have been reported in the literature. Data from this study contribute towards an updating of the existing epidemiological picture in an area characterized by very high seafood consumption and changing eating habits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J. Santos
- Laboratório de Patologia Animal, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório de Patologia Animal, CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (M.M.); (O.G.); (A.J.R.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-220-402-805
| | - Matilde Matos
- Laboratório de Patologia Animal, CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (M.M.); (O.G.); (A.J.R.C.)
- Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Lisa Guardone
- FishLab, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (L.G.); (A.A.)
| | - Olwen Golden
- Laboratório de Patologia Animal, CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (M.M.); (O.G.); (A.J.R.C.)
| | - Andrea Armani
- FishLab, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (L.G.); (A.A.)
| | - Andreia J. R. Caldeira
- Laboratório de Patologia Animal, CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (M.M.); (O.G.); (A.J.R.C.)
- Academic Institute of Health and Biological Sciences, Goias State University, Campus Central–Sede Anapolis (CET), BR 153, CEP 75132-903 Goias, Brazil
| | - Madalena Vieira-Pinto
- Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- CECAV, Centro de Ciência Animal e Veterinária, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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Sánchez-Alonso I, Carballeda-Sangiao N, Rodríguez S, Tejada M, Navas A, Arcos SC, González-Muñoz M, Careche M. Anisakis simplex (s.l.) resistance to the action of gastric enzymes depends upon previous treatments applied to infected fish mince and affects antigen release. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:3908-3916. [PMID: 33348457 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Freezing is considered the most suitable technological treatment to avoid Anisakis infection from eating raw or undercooked fish but modifications of their cuticles upon freezing may reduce their resistance to gastric fluids, provoking a greater release of allergens. This work aimed to study the relationship between freezing-induced modifications of Anisakis simplex s.l., antigen recognition, and resistance to oral and gastric digestion in spiked fish mince. RESULTS (i) Differences between non-treated larvae and larvae that survived freezing / thawing were studied in terms of respiratory capacity, survival in simulated gastric fluid (SGF), recognition of antigens and allergens. (ii) Untreated (i.e. chilled) mince containing live larvae, mince frozen at two freezing rates, with a negative (uninfected) mince and a positive mince (infected with broken larvae) as controls, were subjected to the oral and gastric phases of a simulated digestion process. Anisakis able to survive freezing showed lower resistance to gastric fluid (i.e. faster mortality as compared to controls). Untreated larvae released significantly more antigens than freeze-surviving larvae but only after 96 h in SGF. In treatments rendering complete larvae mortality, the highest loss of larvae integrity was found upon fast freezing. There was a positive correlation between antigen release and the number of ruptures of larvae after the oral digestion phase, whereas a more complex trend was observed after oral plus gastric digestion phases. CONCLUSION These results suggest a new factor to consider for sensitized patients and suggest that the numbers of L3 should be reduced before industrial freezing to minimize risk. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Sánchez-Alonso
- Department of Products, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICTAN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Noelia Carballeda-Sangiao
- Department of Products, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICTAN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Rodríguez
- Department of Products, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICTAN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Margarita Tejada
- Department of Products, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICTAN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Navas
- Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana C Arcos
- Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Mercedes Careche
- Department of Products, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICTAN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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Castiglione D, Guardone L, Susini F, Alimonti F, Paternoster V, Ricci E, Nucera D, Armani A. A case study on farmed European seabass and gilthead seabream in central Italy: The negligible parasitological risk of nematode larvae paves the way for the freezing derogation. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.107964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Godínez-González C, Roca-Geronès X, Montoliu I, Fisa R. Estimation of the number of Anisakis larvae in commercial fish using a descriptive model based on real-time PCR. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:1085-1090. [PMID: 32770689 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seafood parasitation by Anisakis (Anisakidae) larvae has been reported in most of the oceans and seas worldwide. The presence of these nematodes in commonly consumed fish represents a potential hazard for consumers as they can provoke gastrointestinal symptoms and allergic reactions. In the present work, the capacity of a SYBR Green qPCR protocol to quantify Anisakis larvae in commercial fish was evaluated using experimentally spiked samples with different numbers (0-50) of A. simplex third-stage larvae (L3). To verify the agreement of the obtained results, 25 naturally infected fish specimens of Atlantic blue whiting underwent a parallel visual inspection. RESULTS The logarithmic behavior of the Cq data obtained from the experimentally spiked samples allowed the development of a descriptive mathematical model that correlates the Cq value with the number of Anisakis larvae (R2 = 0.9908, CV = 2.37%). In the commercial blue whiting specimens there was a high correlation between the results of the molecular technique and the visual inspection (R2 = 0.9912); the Bland-Altman analysis showed that 94% of the differences were within the limits of agreement (-4.98 and 6.68), indicating the reliability of the descriptive mathematical model based on the SYBR Green qPCR technique. CONCLUSION The descriptive function presented based on the SYBR Green qPCR assay is promising as a sensitive and accurate tool for measuring the Anisakis larval load in commercial fish, with a potential application not only in the food industry but also in prevention programs for public health. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Godínez-González
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Biology, Health and Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Roca-Geronès
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Biology, Health and Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Montoliu
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Biology, Health and Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roser Fisa
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Biology, Health and Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Guardone L, Ricci E, Susini F, Polsinelli E, Guglielmone G, Armani A. First detection of Eustrongylides excisus (Nematoda: Dioctophymatidae) in big-scale sand smelt (Atherina boyeri) from the lake Massaciuccoli (Northwest Tuscany, Italy): implications for public health and seafood quality. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Ascaridoid nematode larvae in wild gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) and European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) caught in the Tyrrhenian Sea (Western Mediterranean Sea): a contribute towards the parasitological risk assessment on two commercially important fish species. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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10
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Smaldone G, Ambrosio RL, Marrone R, Ceruso M, Anastasio A. Anisakis spp. Larvae in Deboned, in-Oil Fillets Made of Anchovies ( Engraulis encrasicolus) and Sardines ( Sardina pilchardus) Sold in EU Retailers. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1807. [PMID: 33027930 PMCID: PMC7600533 DOI: 10.3390/ani10101807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sardina pilchardus and Engraulis encrasicolus are considered the principal target species for commercial fishing in Europe and are widely consumed as semipreserved products. Although they are considered shelf-stable products, if treatment is not correctly applied, their consumption may represent a public health risk in regard to anisakiasis and allergic reactions. Little is known about the prevalence of Anisakis spp. in ripened products. This study aimed to evaluate the presence of Anisakis spp. larvae in deboned, in-oil anchovy and sardine fillets marketed in the EU to assess the influence of processing techniques on the prevalence of larvae. Ninety semipreserved anchovy and sardine products deriving from the Mediterranean Sea or Atlantic Ocean were collected from different EU retailers and examined using chloropeptic digestion to evaluate the presence of larvae and identify them. Thirty nonviable Anisakid larvae-A. pegreffii (30%) and A. simplex (70%)-were found. The frequency of larvae was higher in anchovies (28.8%). The low frequency of parasites found proved that processing technologies can influence the presence of larvae in final products, but it is important that visual inspection is performed only by trained people. The sources of raw materials should be considered in the production flow chart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Smaldone
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples, Federico II, via Università 100, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy;
- Centro di Riferimento Regionale per la Sicurezza Sanitaria del Pescato CRiSSaP, Campania Region, Centro Direzionale is. C3–80143 Napoli (NA), Italy;
| | - Rosa Luisa Ambrosio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Unit of Food Hygiene, University of Naples Federico II, via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli (NA), Italy; (R.L.A.); (M.C.)
| | - Raffaele Marrone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Unit of Food Hygiene, University of Naples Federico II, via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli (NA), Italy; (R.L.A.); (M.C.)
| | - Marina Ceruso
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Unit of Food Hygiene, University of Naples Federico II, via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli (NA), Italy; (R.L.A.); (M.C.)
| | - Aniello Anastasio
- Centro di Riferimento Regionale per la Sicurezza Sanitaria del Pescato CRiSSaP, Campania Region, Centro Direzionale is. C3–80143 Napoli (NA), Italy;
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Unit of Food Hygiene, University of Naples Federico II, via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli (NA), Italy; (R.L.A.); (M.C.)
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Guardone L, Bilska-Zając E, Giusti A, Malandra R, Cencek T, Armani A. Larval ascaridoid nematodes in horned and musky octopus (Eledone cirrhosa and E. moschata) and longfin inshore squid (Doryteuthis pealeii): Safety and quality implications for cephalopod products sold as fresh on the Italian market. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 333:108812. [PMID: 32805575 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence, infection level and distribution of ascaridoid larvae in cephalopod products sold in Italy. Data on the species most commonly commercialized as whole and fresh on the Italian market were collected. After comparing commercial and literature data, Eledone spp., comprising E. cirrhosa and E. moschata (horned octopus and musky octopus, respectively) and Doryteuthis pealeii (longfin inshore squid) were selected, as they had been rarely investigated. Overall, 75 Eledone spp. caught in the Mediterranean Sea (FAO area 37) and 70 D. pealeii from the Northwest Atlantic Ocean (FAO area 21) were examined by visual inspection and artificial digestion (viscera and mantle separately). Parasites were submitted to morphological and molecular analysis. Prevalence (P), mean intensity (MI) and mean abundance (MA) were calculated. In D. pealeii, 2 nematode larvae molecularly identified as Anisakis simplex s.s. were found in the viscera and in the mantle of two specimens (P: 2.9% 95% CI: 0-6.8%; MI: 1; MA: 0.028). In Eledone spp. 9 nematode larvae molecularly attributed to Hysterothylacium spp. were found in the mantle of 5 specimens (P: 6.7% 95% CI: 1-12.3%; MI: 1.8; MA: 0.12). This is the first report of A. simplex s.s. in D. pealeii. Considering the zoonotic and allergenic potential of these larvae and their localization also in the edible part (mantle), a potential public health issue exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Guardone
- FishLab, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - E Bilska-Zając
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Avenue, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - A Giusti
- FishLab, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - R Malandra
- Wholesale fish market of Milan, ASL of Milan, Viale Molise, 20, 20137 Milan, Italy
| | - T Cencek
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Avenue, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - A Armani
- FishLab, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
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Molecular Characterization of Clistobothrium sp. Viable Plerocercoids in Fresh Longfin Inshore Squid ( Doryteuthis pealeii) and Implications for Cephalopod Inspection. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9070596. [PMID: 32708325 PMCID: PMC7400031 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9070596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cephalopods, an appreciated seafood product, are common hosts of marine cestodes. The aim of this work is to report visible alive plerocercoids in longfin inshore squid (Doryteuthis pealeii), a cephalopod species commercialized as fresh and whole in Italy. Seventy D. pealeii from the Northwest Atlantic (FAO area 21) were collected and visually inspected. In total, 18 plerocercoid larvae were found in the viscera of 10 host specimens (P: 14.3% 95% CI 7.1–24.7; MI: 1.8, MA: 0.26; range 1–4) and molecularly analyzed targeting the variable D2 region of the large subunit (LSU) rRNA gene and the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. The molecular characterization allowed to identify all the plerocercoids as Clistobothrium sp., a cestode of the Phyllobothriidae family with Lamnidae sharks as definitive hosts, and cephalopods as second intermediate hosts. These findings represent the first molecular record of Clistobothrium sp. in D. pealeii, thus contributing to elucidate its poorly known life cycle. Even if not affecting consumer’s health, these visible parasites may represent a reason for disgust for consumers. Therefore, the results suggest that Food Business Operators should also check for the presence of these visible parasites during inspection and underline the importance of a correct consumers’ education.
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