1
|
Anagaw YK, Ayenew W, Limenh LW, Geremew DT, Worku MC, Tessema TA, Simegn W, Mitku ML. Food adulteration: Causes, risks, and detection techniques-review. SAGE Open Med 2024; 12:20503121241250184. [PMID: 38725924 PMCID: PMC11080768 DOI: 10.1177/20503121241250184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Food adulteration is the intentional addition of foreign or inferior substances to original food products for a variety of reasons. It takes place in a variety of forms, like mixing, substitution, hiding poor quality in packaging material, putting decomposed food for sale, misbranding or giving false labels, and adding toxicants. Several analytical methods (such as chromatography, spectroscopy, electronic sensors) are used to detect the quality of foodstuffs. This review provides concise but detailed information to understand the scope and scale of food adulteration as a way to further detect, combat, and prevent future adulterations. The objective of this review was to provide a comprehensive overview of the causes, risks, and detection techniques associated with food adulteration. It also aimed to highlight the potential health risks posed by consuming adulterated food products and the importance of detecting and preventing such practices. During the review, books, regulatory guidelines, articles, and reports on food adulteration were analyzed critically. Furthermore, the review assessed key findings to present a well-rounded analysis of the challenges and opportunities associated with combating food adulteration. This review included different causes and health impacts of food adulteration. The analytical techniques for food adulteration detection have also been documented in brief. In addition, the review emphasized the urgency of addressing food adulteration through a combination of regulatory measures, technological advancements, and consumer awareness. In conclusion, food adulteration causes many diseases such as cancer, liver disease, cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, and nervous system-related diseases. So, ensuring food safety is the backbone of health and customer satisfaction. Strengthening regulations, taking legal enforcement action, enhancing testing, and quality control can prevent and mitigate the adulteration of food products. Moreover, proper law enforcement and regular inspection of food quality can bring about drastic changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeniewa Kerie Anagaw
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Amhara, Ethiopia
| | - Wondim Ayenew
- Department of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Liknaw Workie Limenh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Derso Teju Geremew
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Minichil Chanie Worku
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Amhara, Ethiopia
| | - Tewodros Ayalew Tessema
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Wudneh Simegn
- Department of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Melese Legesse Mitku
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Amhara, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xu S, Wang J, Deng D, Sun Y, Wang X, Zhang Z. A pretreatment method combined matrix solid-phase dispersion with dispersive liquid-liquid micro-extraction for polybrominated diphenyl ethers in vegetables through quantitation of gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS). RSC Adv 2023; 13:15772-15782. [PMID: 37250217 PMCID: PMC10209630 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra00320e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, a novel pretreatment method for extraction of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) using matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD) and depth purification using dispersive liquid-liquid micro-extraction (DLLME) from vegetables was designed. The vegetables included three leafy vegetables (Brassica chinensis, Brassica rapa var. glabra Regel and Brassica rapa L.), two root vegetables (Daucus carota and Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.), and Solanum melongena L. First, the freeze-dried powders of vegetables and sorbents were evenly ground to a mixture, which was then loaded into a solid phase column containing two molecular sieve spacers, one positioned at the top and the other at the bottom. The PBDEs were eluted with a small amount of solvent, concentrated, redissolved in acetonitrile, and then mixed with extractant. Next, 5 mL water was added to form an emulsion and centrifuged. Finally, the sedimentary phase was collected and injected into a gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS) system. The main factors such as the type of adsorbent, ratio of sample mass and adsorbents, volume of elution solvent used in the MSPD process, as well as the types and volume of dispersant and the, extractant used in DLLME were all evaluated using the single factor method. Under optimal conditions, the proposed method showed good linearity (R2 > 0.999) within the range of 1 to 1000 g kg-1 for all PBDEs and satisfactory recoveries of spiked samples (82.9-113.8%, except for BDE-183 (58.5-82.5%)) and matrix effects (-3.3-18.2%). The limits of detection and the limits of quantification were in the range of 1.9-75.1 g kg-1 and 5.7-25.3 g kg-1, respectively. Moreover, the total pretreatment and detection time was within 30 min. This method proved to be a promising alternative to other high-cost and time-consuming and multi-stage procedures for determination of PBDEs in vegetables.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sijie Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology No. 99, Xuefu Road Suzhou 215009 China
| | - Junxia Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology No. 99, Xuefu Road Suzhou 215009 China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology Suzhou 215009 China
| | - Dengxian Deng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology No. 99, Xuefu Road Suzhou 215009 China
| | - Yueying Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology No. 99, Xuefu Road Suzhou 215009 China
| | - Xuedong Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology No. 99, Xuefu Road Suzhou 215009 China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology Suzhou 215009 China
| | - Zhanen Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology No. 99, Xuefu Road Suzhou 215009 China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Facile immunochromatographic assay based on metal-organic framework-decorated polydopamine for the determination of hydrochlorothiazide adulteration in functional foods. Food Chem 2023; 406:135100. [PMID: 36470087 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Herein, a novel immunochromatographic assay (ICA) based on metal-organic framework-decorated polydopamine (MOF@PDA) was firstly developed for the determination of hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) adulteration in functional foods. The coupling rate of MOF@PDA carrier to HCTZ antibody was as high as 91.7 %. The detection limits of the developed MOF@PDA-ICA in functional tablets and capsules were 5.93 and 4.72 μg/kg, the linear ranges were 11.2-91.91 μg/kg and 9.11-86.78 μg/kg, respectively. The sensitivity was 27-fold higher than that of the reported ICA. The recovery was 82.5-116.6 %, and coefficient of variation was 6.9-14.2 %. The results can be achieved and analyzed in 8 min with the smartphone-based detection device. The parallel tests of 23 commercial functional tablets and capsules showed that the results of the MOF@PDA-ICA were consistent with that of the LC-MS/MS (R2 > 0.99). Therefore, our method is facile, sensitive, portable, and can provide a reliable technical mean for the detection of HCTZ adulteration in functional foods.
Collapse
|
4
|
Sowa I, Wójciak M, Tyszczuk-Rotko K, Klepka T, Dresler S. Polyaniline and Polyaniline-Based Materials as Sorbents in Solid-Phase Extraction Techniques. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:8881. [PMID: 36556687 PMCID: PMC9786183 DOI: 10.3390/ma15248881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Polyaniline (PANI) is one of the best known and widely studied conducting polymers with multiple applications and unique physicochemical properties. Due to its porous structure and relatively high surface area as well as the affinity toward many analytes related to the ability to establish different types of interactions, PANI has a great potential as a sorbent in sample pretreatment before instrumental analyses. This study provides an overview of the applications of polyaniline and polyaniline composites as sorbents in sample preparation techniques based on solid-phase extraction, including conventional solid-phase extraction (SPE) and its modifications, solid-phase microextraction (SPME), dispersive solid-phase extraction (dSPE), magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) and stir-bar sorptive extraction (SBSE). The utility of PANI-based sorbents in chromatography was also summarized. It has been shown that polyaniline is willingly combined with other components and PANI-based materials may be formed in a variety of shapes. Polyaniline alone and PANI-based composites were successfully applied for sample preparation before determination of various analytes, both metal ions and organic compounds, in different matrices such as environmental samples, food, human plasma, urine, and blood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ireneusz Sowa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Magdalena Wójciak
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Tyszczuk-Rotko
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Tomasz Klepka
- Department of Technology and Polymer Processing, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 36, 20-618 Lublin, Poland
| | - Sławomir Dresler
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Science, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Biswas S, Lee Y, Jang H, Han S, Kim H. Improved mechanical stability of indium zinc tin oxide based flexible transparent electrode through interlayer treatment. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Swarup Biswas
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center for Smart Sensor System of Seoul (CS4) University of Seoul Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Yongju Lee
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center for Smart Sensor System of Seoul (CS4) University of Seoul Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Hyowon Jang
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center for Smart Sensor System of Seoul (CS4) University of Seoul Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Selim Han
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center for Smart Sensor System of Seoul (CS4) University of Seoul Seoul Republic of Korea
- AI Robot R&D Department Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH) Ansan South Korea
| | - Hyeok Kim
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center for Smart Sensor System of Seoul (CS4) University of Seoul Seoul Republic of Korea
- Central Business, SENSOMEDI Cheongju‐si Republic of Korea
- Institute of Sensor System, SENSOMEDI, Seoul Biohub Seoul Republic of Korea
- Energy Flex Seoul Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abdolsattari P, Rezazadeh-Bari M, Pirsa S. Smart Film Based on Polylactic Acid, Modified with Polyaniline/ZnO/CuO: Investigation of Physicochemical Properties and Its Use of Intelligent Packaging of Orange Juice. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-022-02911-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
7
|
Jahani R, van Ruth S, Yazdanpanah H, Faizi M, Shojaee AliAbadi MH, Mahboubi A, Kobarfard F. Isotopic signatures and patterns of volatile compounds for discrimination of genuine lemon, genuine lime and adulterated lime juices. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.108837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
8
|
Tian H, Chen B, Lou X, Yu H, Yuan H, Huang J, Chen C. Rapid detection of acid neutralizers adulteration in raw milk using FGC E-nose and chemometrics. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-022-01403-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
9
|
Manasoglu G, Kanik M. Investigation of thermal and solar properties of perlite coated woven fabrics. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Manasoglu
- Textile Engineering Department Bursa Uludag University Bursa Turkey
| | - Mehmet Kanik
- Textile Engineering Department Bursa Uludag University Bursa Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Eco-friendly and green chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of chlorocresol and betamethasone dipropionate in topical formulations using Box–Behnken design. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-021-02388-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
11
|
Martínez Gila DM, Sanmartin C, Navarro Soto J, Mencarelli F, Gómez Ortega J, Gámez García J. Classification of olive fruits and oils based on their fatty acid ethyl esters content using electronic nose technology. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-021-01103-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
12
|
Mohammadian A, Barzegar M, Mani‐Varnosfaderani A. Detection of fraud in lime juice using pattern recognition techniques and FT-IR spectroscopy. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:3026-3038. [PMID: 34136168 PMCID: PMC8194754 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The lime juice is one of the products that has always fallen victim to fraud by manufacturers for reducing the cost of products. The aim of this research was to determine fraud in distributed lime juice products from different factories in Iran. In this study, 101 samples were collected from markets and also prepared manually and finally derived into 5 classes as follows: two natural classes (Citrus limetta, Citrus aurantifolia), including 17 samples, and three reconstructed classes, including 84 samples (made from Spanish concentrate, Chinese concentrate, and concentrate containing adulteration compounds). The lime juice samples were freeze-dried and analyzed using FT-IR spectroscopy. At first, principal component analysis (PCA) was applied for clustering, but the samples were not thoroughly clustered with respect to their original groups in score plots. To enhance the classification rates, different chemometric algorithms including variable importance in projection (VIP), partial least square-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and counter propagation artificial neural networks (CPANN) were used. The best discriminatory wavenumbers related to each class were selected using the VIP-PLS-DA algorithm. Then, the CPANN algorithm was used as a nonlinear mapping tool for classification of the samples based on their original groups. The lime juice samples were correctly designated to their original groups in CPANN maps and the overall accuracy of the model reached up to 0.96 and 0.87 for the training and validation procedures. This level of accuracy indicated the FT-IR spectroscopy coupled with VIP-PLS-DA and CPANN methods can be used successfully for detection of authenticity of lime juice samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohsen Barzegar
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyTarbiat Modares UniversityTehranIran
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Xi J, Zhao Q, Xu D, Jin Y, Wu F, Jin Z, Xu X. Volatile compounds in Chinese steamed bread influenced by fermentation time, yeast level and steaming time. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.110861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
14
|
Pirsa S, Asadzadeh F. Synthesis of Fe3O4/SiO2/Polypyrrole magnetic nanocomposite polymer powder: Investigation of structural properties and ability to purify of edible sea salts. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2021.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
15
|
Detection of fraud of palm, sunflower, and corn oil in butter using HPLC profile of tocopherols and tocotrienols by response surface method. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-020-02100-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
|
16
|
Krishnan MR, Aldawsari YF, Alsharaeh EH. Three‐dimensionally
cross‐linked
styrene
‐
methyl methacrylate‐divinyl
benzene terpolymer networks for organic solvents and crude oil absorption. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Raj Krishnan
- College of Science and General Studies AlFaisal University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Rapid screening of antioxidant bioactive components in blue ginger (Dichorisandra thyrsiflora) essential oil by GC electronic-nose and radical scavenging mechanisms. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-020-00481-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
18
|
Jiang L, Pan L, Gao H, Zheng H. Rapid identification and quantification of adulteration in Dendrobium officinale using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy combined with least-squares support vector machine. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-020-00392-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
19
|
Dasenaki ME, Thomaidis NS. Quality and Authenticity Control of Fruit Juices-A Review. Molecules 2019; 24:E1014. [PMID: 30871258 PMCID: PMC6470824 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24061014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Food fraud, being the act of intentional adulteration of food for financial advantage, has vexed the consumers and the food industry throughout history. According to the European Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety, fruit juices are included in the top 10 food products that are most at risk of food fraud. Therefore, reliable, efficient, sensitive and cost-effective analytical methodologies need to be developed continuously to guarantee fruit juice quality and safety. This review covers the latest advances in the past ten years concerning the targeted and non-targeted methodologies that have been developed to assure fruit juice authenticity and to preclude adulteration. Emphasis is placed on the use of hyphenated techniques and on the constantly-growing role of MS-based metabolomics in fruit juice quality control area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marilena E Dasenaki
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zographou, 15771 Athens, Greece.
| | - Nikolaos S Thomaidis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zographou, 15771 Athens, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wójciak-Kosior M, Sowa I, Dresler S, Kováčik J, Staniak M, Sawicki J, Zielińska S, Świeboda R, Strzemski M, Kocjan R. Polyaniline based material as a new SPE sorbent for pre-treatment of Chelidonium majus extracts before chromatographic analysis of alkaloids. Talanta 2019; 194:32-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
21
|
Guo W, Kong H, Wu J, Gan F. Odor Discrimination by Similarity Measures of Abstract Odor Factor Maps from Electronic Noses. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 18:E2658. [PMID: 30104514 PMCID: PMC6111723 DOI: 10.3390/s18082658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to improve the discrimination performance of electronic noses by introducing a new method for measuring the similarity of the signals obtained from the electronic nose. We constructed abstract odor factor maps (AOFMs) as the characteristic maps of odor samples by decomposition of three-way signal data array of an electronic nose. A similarity measure for two-way data was introduced to evaluate the similarities and differences of AOFMs from different samples. The method was assessed by three types of pipe and powder tobacco samples. Comparisons were made with other techniques based on PCA, SIMCA, PARAFAC and PARAFAC2. The results showed that our method had significant advantages in discriminating odor samples with similar flavors or with high VOCs release.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiqing Guo
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Haohui Kong
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Guangdong Industrial Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510385, China.
| | - Junzhang Wu
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Guangdong Industrial Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510385, China.
| | - Feng Gan
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Silica Modified with Polyaniline as a Potential Sorbent for Matrix Solid Phase Dispersion (MSPD) and Dispersive Solid Phase Extraction (d-SPE) of Plant Samples. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11040467. [PMID: 29565297 PMCID: PMC5951313 DOI: 10.3390/ma11040467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Polyaniline (PANI) is one of the best known conductive polymers with multiple applications. Recently, it was also used in separation techniques, mostly as a component of composites for solid-phase microextraction (SPME). In the present paper, sorbent obtained by in situ polymerization of aniline directly on silica gel particles (Si-PANI) was used for dispersive solid phase extraction (d-SPE) and matrix solid–phase extraction (MSPD). The efficiency of both techniques was evaluated with the use of high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) quantitative analysis. The quality of the sorbent was verified by Raman spectroscopy and microscopy combined with automated procedure using computer image analysis. For extraction experiments, triterpenes were chosen as model compounds. The optimal conditions were as follows: protonated Si-PANI impregnated with water, 160/1 sorbent/analyte ratio, 3 min of extraction time, 4 min of desorption time and methanolic solution of ammonia for elution of analytes. The proposed procedure was successfully used for pretreatment of plant samples.
Collapse
|