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Shalamitskiy MY, Tanashchuk TN, Cherviak SN, Vasyagin EA, Ravin NV, Mardanov AV. Ethyl Carbamate in Fermented Food Products: Sources of Appearance, Hazards and Methods for Reducing Its Content. Foods 2023; 12:3816. [PMID: 37893709 PMCID: PMC10606259 DOI: 10.3390/foods12203816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethyl carbamate, the ethyl ester of carbamic acid, has been identified in fermented foods and alcoholic beverages. Since ethyl carbamate is a probable human carcinogen, reduction of its content is important for food safety and human health. In alcoholic beverages, ethyl carbamate is mostly formed from the reaction of ethanol with urea, citrulline and carbamyl phosphate during fermentation and storage. These precursors are generated from arginine metabolism by wine yeasts and lactic acid bacteria. This review summarizes the mechanisms of ethyl carbamate formation, its impact on human health and methods used in winemaking to minimize its content. These approaches include genetic modification of Saccharomyces cerevisiae wine strains targeting pathways of arginine transport and metabolism, the use of lactic acid bacteria to consume arginine, direct degradation of ethyl carbamate by enzymes and microorganisms, and different technological methods of grape cultivation, alcoholic fermentation, wine aging, temperature and duration of storage and transportation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksim Yu. Shalamitskiy
- All-Russian National Research Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking “Magarach” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 298600 Yalta, Russia; (M.Y.S.); (T.N.T.); (S.N.C.)
| | - Tatiana N. Tanashchuk
- All-Russian National Research Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking “Magarach” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 298600 Yalta, Russia; (M.Y.S.); (T.N.T.); (S.N.C.)
| | - Sofia N. Cherviak
- All-Russian National Research Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking “Magarach” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 298600 Yalta, Russia; (M.Y.S.); (T.N.T.); (S.N.C.)
| | - Egor A. Vasyagin
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (E.A.V.); (N.V.R.)
| | - Nikolai V. Ravin
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (E.A.V.); (N.V.R.)
| | - Andrey V. Mardanov
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (E.A.V.); (N.V.R.)
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Jiang K, Huang C, Liu F, Zheng J, Ou J, Zhao D, Ou S. Origin and Fate of Acrolein in Foods. Foods 2022; 11:foods11131976. [PMID: 35804791 PMCID: PMC9266280 DOI: 10.3390/foods11131976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Acrolein is a highly toxic agent that may promote the occurrence and development of various diseases. Acrolein is pervasive in all kinds of foods, and dietary intake is one of the main routes of human exposure to acrolein. Considering that acrolein is substantially eliminated after its formation during food processing and re-exposed in the human body after ingestion and metabolism, the origin and fate of acrolein must be traced in food. Focusing on molecular mechanisms, this review introduces the formation of acrolein in food and summarises both in vitro and in vivo fates of acrolein based on its interactions with small molecules and biomacromolecules. Future investigation of acrolein from different perspectives is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyu Jiang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (K.J.); (C.H.); (F.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Caihuan Huang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (K.J.); (C.H.); (F.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Fu Liu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (K.J.); (C.H.); (F.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (K.J.); (C.H.); (F.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Juanying Ou
- Institute of Food Safety & Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China;
| | - Danyue Zhao
- Research Institute for Future Food, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China;
| | - Shiyi Ou
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (K.J.); (C.H.); (F.L.); (J.Z.)
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Innovation Platform for the Safety of Bakery Products, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Correspondence:
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Abt E, Incorvati V, Robin LP, Redan BW. Occurrence of Ethyl Carbamate in Foods and Beverages: Review of the Formation Mechanisms, Advances in Analytical Methods, and Mitigation Strategies. J Food Prot 2021; 84:2195-2212. [PMID: 34347857 PMCID: PMC9092314 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-21-219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Ethyl carbamate (EC) is a process contaminant that can be formed as a by-product during fermentation and processing of foods and beverages. Elevated EC concentrations are primarily associated with distilled spirits, but this compound has also been found at lower concentrations in foods and beverages, including breads, soy sauce, and wine. Evidence from animal studies suggests that EC is a probable human carcinogen. Consequently, several governmental institutions have established allowable limits for EC in the food supply. This review includes EC formation mechanisms, occurrence of EC in the food supply, and EC dietary exposure assessments. Current analytical methods used to detect EC will be covered, in addition to emerging technologies, such as nanosensors and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Various mitigation methods have been used to maintain EC concentrations below allowable limits, including distillation, enzymatic treatments, and genetic engineering of yeast. More research in this field is needed to refine mitigation strategies and develop methods to rapidly detect EC in the food supply. HIGHLIGHTS
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Quantification of Volatile Compounds in Wines by HS-SPME-GC/MS: Critical Issues and Use of Multivariate Statistics in Method Optimization. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9040662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review is to explore and discuss the two main aspects related to a HeadSpace Solid Phase Micro-Extraction Gas-Chromatography/Mass-Spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC/MS) quantitative analysis of volatile compounds in wines, both being fundamental to obtain reliable data. In the first section, recent advances in the use of multivariate optimization approaches during the method development step are described with a special focus on factorial designs and response surface methodologies. In the second section, critical aspects related to quantification methods are discussed. Indeed, matrix effects induced by the complexity of the volatile profile and of the non-volatile matrix of wines, potentially differing between diverse wines in a remarkable extent, often require severe assumptions if a reliable quantification is desired. Several approaches offering different levels of data reliability including internal standards, model wine calibration, a stable isotope dilution analysis, matrix-matched calibration and standard addition methods are reported in the literature and are discussed in depth here.
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Petretto GL, Mercenaro L, Urgeghe PP, Fadda C, Valentoni A, Del Caro A. Grape and Wine Composition in Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cannonau Explored by GC-MS and Sensory Analysis. Foods 2021; 10:foods10010101. [PMID: 33418947 PMCID: PMC7825112 DOI: 10.3390/foods10010101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
GC-FID/MS is a powerful technique used to analyze food and beverage aromas. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in grape berries play an important role in determining wine quality and are affected by many factors, such as climate and soil that mainly influence their relative concentrations. Wine aroma is generated by a complex mixture of compounds, and the sensory relevance of individual VOCs is far from elucidated. Herein, the VOC content (free and glycosylated) of Cannonau grape skin and juice and of Cannonau wine collected in different areas of Sardinia is explored. Wine sensory analysis was also carried out and the relationship between sensory attributes and VOCs was investigated. Although Cannonau grapes showed the same VOC fingerprint, great variability was identified between samples, although only the differences in 2-phenylethanol and benzyl alcohol concentration in the grape skins and benzyl alcohol and a terpenoid in grape juice were significantly different according to ANOVA. The correlation between VOC content and the sensory profile highlights the role played by 2-methyl-1-butanol and 2-phenylethanol in increasing wine sensory complexity.
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Welke JE, Hernandes KC, Nicolli KP, Barbará JA, Biasoto ACT, Zini CA. Role of gas chromatography and olfactometry to understand the wine aroma: Achievements denoted by multidimensional analysis. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:135-168. [PMID: 33245848 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The human nose has been used as a detector in gas chromatography analysis to evaluate odoriferous compounds related to aroma and quality of wine. Several olfactometric techniques are available to access the description, intensity, and/or duration of the odor of each compound. Olfactometry can be associated with one-dimensional gas chromatography or multidimensional gas chromatography, including heart-cut gas chromatography and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. Multidimensional gas chromatography may help to resolve coeluted compounds and detect important trace components for the aroma. The identification of odor-active compounds may help to differentiate wines according to terroir, grapes cultivars used in winemaking or types of aging, understand the role of fungal infection of grapes for wine quality, find the best management practices in vineyard and vinification to obtain the greatest quality. In addition, when the instrumental techniques are combined with sensory analysis, even more accurate information may be obtained regarding the overall wine aroma. This review discloses the state of the art of olfactometric methods and the analytical techniques used to investigate odor-active compounds such as one-dimensional gas chromatography, multidimensional gas chromatography, and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. The advances in knowledge of wine aroma achieved with the use of these techniques in the target and profiling approaches were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Elisa Welke
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Karolina Cardoso Hernandes
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Karine Primieri Nicolli
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Janaína Aith Barbará
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Claudia Alcaraz Zini
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Abstract
Wine sensory experience includes flavor, aroma, color, and (for some) even acoustic traits, which impact consumer acceptance. The quality of the wine can be negatively impacted by the presence of off-flavors and aromas, or dubious colors, or sediments present in the bottle or glass, after pouring (coloring matter that precipitates or calcium bitartrate crystals). Flavor profiles of wines are the result of a vast number of variations in vineyard and winery production, including grape selection, winemaker’s knowledge and technique, and tools used to produce wines with a specific flavor. Wine color, besides being provided by the grape varieties, can also be manipulated during the winemaking. One of the most important “tools” for modulating flavor and color in wines is the choice of the yeasts. During alcoholic fermentation, the wine yeasts extract and metabolize compounds from the grape must by modifying grape-derived molecules, producing flavor-active compounds, and promoting the formation of stable pigments by the production and release of fermentative metabolites that affect the formation of vitisin A and B type pyranoanthocyanins. This review covers the role of Saccharomyces and non-Saccharomyces yeasts, as well as lactic acid bacteria, on the perceived flavor and color of wines and the choice that winemakers can make by choosing to perform co-inoculation or sequential inoculation, a choice that will help them to achieve the best performance in enhancing these wine sensory qualities, avoiding spoilage and the production of defective flavor or color compounds.
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Hernandes KC, Souza-Silva ÉA, Assumpção CF, Zini CA, Welke JE. Carbonyl compounds and furan derivatives with toxic potential evaluated in the brewing stages of craft beer. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 37:61-68. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1675911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karolina C. Hernandes
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos (ICTA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Érica A. Souza-Silva
- Instituto de Química, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Diadema, Brazil
| | - Carolina F. Assumpção
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos (ICTA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Juliane E. Welke
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos (ICTA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Hernandes KC, Souza-Silva ÉA, Assumpção CF, Zini CA, Welke JE. Validation of an analytical method using HS-SPME-GC/MS-SIM to assess the exposure risk to carbonyl compounds and furan derivatives through beer consumption. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 36:1808-1821. [PMID: 31596176 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1672897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Compounds with toxic potential may occur in beer, such as carbonyl compounds (acetaldehyde, acrolein, ethyl carbamate [EC] and formaldehyde) and furan derivatives [furfural and furfuryl alcohol (FA)]. The objective of this study was, for the first time, to validate a method based on headspace-solid phase microextraction using a PDMS-overcoated fibre and gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection in selected ion monitoring mode (HS-SPME-GC/MS-SIM) to investigate target carbonyl compounds and furan derivatives in beers. Analytical curves showed proper linearity with r2 ranging from 0.9731 to 0.9960 for acetaldehyde and EC, respectively. The lowest LOD was found for acetaldehyde (0.03 µg L-1), while the lowest LOQ value (1.0 µg L-1) was found for acetaldehyde and EC, formaldehyde and furfural. Recovery (90% to 105%), intermediate precision and repeatability (lower than 13%), limits of detection and quantification (values below 2.5 μg L-1) showed that the method is suitable to simultaneously quantify these compounds. EC was detected in only two samples (1 lager and 1 ale). Furfural was found in 37% and 82% of ale and lager beers, respectively. Acetaldehyde, acrolein, formaldehyde and FA were detected in all samples. However, acrolein was the only compound found in the commercial samples at a concentration capable of causing health risk. Besides furfural and FA, four other furan-containing compounds (5-methyl-2-furan methanethiol, acetylfuran, 5-methylfurfural and γ-nonalactone) were also found in beers, however, at levels low enough not to impose potential health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina C Hernandes
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos (ICTA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Érica A Souza-Silva
- Instituto de Química, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Diadema, Brazil
| | - Carolina F Assumpção
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos (ICTA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Juliane E Welke
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos (ICTA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Ferreira DC, Nicolli KP, Souza-Silva ÉA, Manfroi V, Zini CA, Welke JE. Carbonyl compounds in different stages of vinification and exposure risk assessment through Merlot wine consumption. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:2315-2331. [PMID: 30427283 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1539530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this research was to estimate for the first time the transformations that the free form of some target carbonyl compounds may undergo during winemaking and assess the exposure risk to these compounds through the consumption of the Merlot commercial wines under study. Acrolein and furfural were found in grapes and the respective wines, although levels were observed to decline throughout the winemaking process. Formaldehyde was found in all stages of wine production in levels lower than the limit of quantification of the method and ethyl carbamate was not found in samples. Acetaldehyde seems to be a precursor of acetoin and 2,3-butanediol, since the levels of this aldehyde decreased along winemaking and the formation of the ester and alcohol was verified. Furfural levels decreased, while the occurrence of furan-containing compounds increased during winemaking. The formation of acetaldehyde during alcoholic fermentation and the potential environmental contamination of grapes with acrolein and furfural are considered as the critical points related to the presence of toxic carbonyl compounds in the wine. Acrolein was found in the samples under study in sufficient quantities to present risk to human health, while other potentially toxic carbonyl compounds did not result in risk. This study indicated for the first time the presence of acrolein in grapes suggesting that environmental pollution can play an important role in the levels of this aldehyde detected in wines. Reduction of the emission of this aldehyde to the environment may be achieved by replacing wood burning by another heat source in fireplaces or wood stones, and abandoning the practice of burning garbage and vegetation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiani Cecchin Ferreira
- a Departamento de Ciências dos Alimentos, Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos (ICTA) , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre , Brazil
| | | | - Érica A Souza-Silva
- b Departamento de Química Inorgânica, Instituto de Química , UFRGS , Porto Alegre , Brazil.,c Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas , Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) , Diadema , Brazil
| | - Vitor Manfroi
- a Departamento de Ciências dos Alimentos, Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos (ICTA) , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre , Brazil
| | - Claudia Alcaraz Zini
- b Departamento de Química Inorgânica, Instituto de Química , UFRGS , Porto Alegre , Brazil
| | - Juliane Elisa Welke
- a Departamento de Ciências dos Alimentos, Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos (ICTA) , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre , Brazil
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