Attenuated Total Reflectance–Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR–FTIR) Spectroscopy Combined with Chemometrics for Rapid Determination of Cold-Pressed Wheat Germ Oil Adulteration

Trends in authentication of edible oils using vibrational spectroscopic techniques

The authentication of edible oils has become increasingly important for ensuring product quality, safety, and compliance with regulatory standards. Some prevalent authenticity issues found in edible oils include blending expensive oils with cheaper substitutes or lower-grade oils, incorrect labeling regarding the oil's source or type, and falsely stating the oil's origin. Vibrational spectroscopy techniques, such as infrared (IR) and Raman spectroscopy, have emerged as effective tools for rapidly and non-destructively analyzing edible oils. This review paper offers a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in using vibrational spectroscopy for authenticating edible oils. The fundamental principles underlying vibrational spectroscopy are introduced and chemometric approaches that enhance the accuracy and reliability of edible oil authentication are summarized. Recent research trends highlighted in the review include authenticating newly introduced oils, identifying oils based on their specific origins, adopting handheld/portable spectrometers and hyperspectral imaging, and integrating modern data handling techniques into the use of vibrational spectroscopic techniques for edible oil authentication. Overall, this review provides insights into the current state-of-the-art techniques and prospects for utilizing vibrational spectroscopy in the authentication of edible oils, thereby facilitating quality control and consumer protection in the food industry.

A biospectroscopic approach toward colorectal cancer diagnosis from bodily fluid samples via ATR-MIR spectroscopy combined with multivariate data analysis

In this study, a biospectroscopic approach was reported for the detection of spectral changes and biomarkers for the diagnosis of colorectal cancer (CC) cases from different bodily fluids (blood plasma, blood serum, saliva and colonoscopy disinfection/wash fluids) by using attenuated total reflection-mid infrared (ATR-MIR) spectroscopy. To recognize the molecular level changes in the spectral characteristics of CC and their healthy/control (CH) groups, different multivariate data analyses (HCA, LDA, PCA and SIMCA) were successfully performed over the data of ATR-MIR spectroscopy. Two hundred specimens were characterized in detail over the data of spectral regions (4000-650 cm-1 and regions V-XXII). The findings revealed that significant changes were clearly observed in the concentrations of lipid, protein, nucleic acid and carbohydrate biomolecules for cancer cases based upon their necessity to overcome energy requirements. Supervised multivariate data methodology SIMCA, presented an excellent classification for the studied groups; similarly 100% of the specimens from different bodily fluids were correctly classified by supervised methodology LDA. As a result, the developed ATR-MIR methodology for the classification of CC and their healthy groups highlighted a rapid cancer diagnosis approach from different bodily fluids; therefore, it could be guide to make well decision before histopathological assessment and to screen CC populations existing in society.

A Review of Advanced Methods for the Quantitative Analysis of Single Component Oil in Edible Oil Blends

Edible oil blends are composed of two or more edible oils in varying proportions, which can ensure nutritional balance compared to oils comprising a single component oil. In view of their economical and nutritional benefits, quantitative analysis of the component oils in edible oil blends is necessary to ensure the rights and interests of consumers and maintain fairness in the edible oil market. Chemometrics combined with modern analytical instruments has become a main analytical technology for the quantitative analysis of edible oil blends. This review summarizes the different oil blend design methods, instrumental techniques and chemometric methods for conducting single component oil quantification in edible oil blends. The aim is to classify and compare the existing analytical techniques to highlight suitable and promising determination methods in this field.

Detection of chicken and fat adulteration in minced lamb meat by VIS/NIR spectroscopy and chemometrics methods

Meat fraud has been changed to an important challenge to both industry and governments because of the public health issue. The main purpose of this research was to inspect the possibility of using VIS/NIR spectroscopy, combined with chemometric techniques to detect the adulteration of chicken meat and fat in minced lamb meat. 180 samples of pure lamb, chicken and fat and adulterated samples at different levels: 5, 10, 15 and 20% (w/w) were prepared and analyzed after pre-processing techniques. In order to remove additive and multiplicative effects in spectral data, derivatives and scatter-correction preprocessing methods were applied. Principle Component Analysis (PCA) as unsupervised method was applied to compress data. Moreover, Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Soft Independent Modeling Class Analogies (SIMCA) as supervised methods was applied to estimate the discrimination power of these models for nine and three class datasets. The best classification results were 56.15 and 80.70% for classification of nine class and three class datasets respectively with SVM model. This study shows the applicability of VIS/NIR combined with chemometrics to detect the type of fraud in minced lamb meat.

A rapid diagnostic approach for gastric and colon cancers via Fourier transform mid-infrared spectroscopy coupled with chemometrics from paraffin-embedded tissues

This paper describes the feasibility of Attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform mid-infrared (ATR-MIR) spectroscopy method coupled with chemometrics for the rapid diagnostic approach and screening spectral changes for gastric and colon cancers from paraffin-embedded tissues. A total number of 82 tissue samples were analyzed by a simple ATR-MIR method combined with PCA, HCA, SIMCA and LDA methodologies. Spectral analyses showed significant differences for the molecular contents particularly about the lipid, nucleic acid, protein and other biomolecules in the samples of gastric cancer (GC) and colon cancer (CC) groups from their control/healthy groups. Significant changes in the characteristic of these molecules were only observed for cancer groups based upon the increment in their biosynthesis, and they could be utilized as diagnostic spectral biomarkers. Under the optimum conditions, SIMCA provided excellent classification for diseased and control groups, with 5% significance level. As well, 97.75% of the studied tissue samples were correctly discriminated on the basis of their origin by LDA. Consequently, the findings of this study highlighted the rapid diagnosis of gastric and colon cancer cases from paraffin-embedded tissues via ATR-MIR spectroscopy complemented with chemometrics.

Monitoring of frying process in canola oil blend using fourier transform infrared and chemometrics techniques

The production of trans-fats and chemical changes during the process of frying are serious public health concerns and must be monitored efficiently. For this purpose, the canola oil was formulated with different ratio of extra virgin olive oil and palm olein using D-optimal mixture design, and the best formulation (67:22:11) based on free fatty acid (FFA) content, peroxide value (PV), and iodine value (IV) as responses was selected for multiple frying process. The data on FFA, PV, and IV along with Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectra were taken after each frying up to ten frying. The spectral data were preprocessed with standard normal variate followed by principal component analysis which is clearly showing the differentiation for various frying. Similarly, partial least square regression was applied to predict the FFA (0.37%-1.63%), PV (4.47-13.85 meqO2/kg), and IV (111.51-51.39 I2/100 g) which demonstrated high coefficient of determination (R2) 0.84, 0.83, and 0.81, respectively. It can be summarized that FT-IR can be used as a novel tool for fast and noninvasive quality determination of frying oils.

Wheat authentication：An overview on different techniques and chemometric methods

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important cereal crops and is consumed as a staple food around the globe. Wheat authentication has become a crucial issue over the last decades. Recently, many techniques have been applied in wheat authentication including the authentication of wheat geographical origin, wheat variety, organic wheat, and wheat flour from other cereals. This paper collected related literature in the last ten years, and attempted to highlight the recent studies on the discrimination and authentication of wheat using different determination techniques and chemometric methods. The stable isotope analysis and elemental profile of wheat are promising tools to obtain information regarding the origin, and variety, and to differentiate organic from conventional farming of wheat. Image analysis, genetic parameters, and omics analysis can provide solutions for wheat variety, organic wheat, and wheat adulteration. Vibrational spectroscopy analyses, such as NIR, FTIR, and HIS, in combination with multivariate data analysis methods, such as PCA, LDA, and PLS-DA, show great potential in wheat authenticity and offer many advantages such as user-friendly, cost-effective, time-saving, and environment friendly. In conclusion, analytical techniques combining with appropriate multivariate analysis are very effective to discriminate geographical origin, cultivar classification, and adulterant detection of wheat.

Production of wheat germ oil containing multilayer hydrogel dressing

A composite wound dressing has been developed by combining different layers consisting of polymers and textiles. Wheat germ oil (WGO) loaded hydrogels have successfully formed on textile nonwovens by cross-linking sodium alginate (SA) with poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether (PEGDGE). Following freeze-drying, textile-hydrogel composites have been examined according to their physical properties, pH, fluid handling capacity, water vapour permeability, morphology, chemical structure, and cytotoxicity. Hydrogels containing WGO swelled less than pristine hydrogels. Samples with 1% WGO and no WGO showed swelling of 5.9 and 10.5 g/g after 8 h. WGO inclusion resulted in reduced, but more stable fluid handling properties, with more uniform pore distribution (100-200 μm). Moreover, the proliferation of NIH/3T3 cells significantly improved with 1% WGO contained hydrogels. Also, commercial self-adhesive dressings that secure the hydrogels to the wound area were investigated regarding transfer properties. The proposed product demonstrated 8.05 cm³/cm²/s and 541.37 g/m²/day air and water vapour permeability.

An overview of recent advances and applications of FT-IR spectroscopy for quality, authenticity, and adulteration detection in edible oils

Authenticity and adulteration detection are primary concerns of various stakeholders, such as researchers, consumers, manufacturers, traders, and regulatory agencies. Traditional approaches for authenticity and adulteration detection in edible oils are time-consuming, complicated, laborious, and expensive; they require technical skills when interpreting the data. Over the last several years, much effort has been spent in academia and industry on developing vibrational spectroscopic techniques for quality, authenticity, and adulteration detection in edible oils. Among them, Fourier transforms infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy has gained enormous attention as a green analytical technique for the rapid monitoring quality of edible oils at all stages of production and for detecting and quantifying adulteration and authenticity in edible oils. The technique has several benefits such as rapid, precise, inexpensive, and multi-analytical; hence, several parameters can be predicted simultaneously from the same spectrum. Associated with chemometrics, the technique has been successfully implemented for the rapid detection of adulteration and authenticity in edible oils. After presenting the fundamentals, the latest research outcomes in the last 10 years on quality, authenticity, and adulteration detection in edible oils using FT-IR spectroscopy will be highlighted and described in this review. Additionally, opportunities, challenges, and future trends of FT-IR spectroscopy will also be discussed.

Sesame Oil (Sesamum Indicum L.) as a New Challenge for Reinforcement of Conventional Glass Ionomer Cement, Could It Be?

Purpose

Despite the advantages of glass ionomer cement (GIC) including chemical bonding to the tooth structure and fluoride release, its low-grade mechanical properties make it a topic for research. Accordingly, this study was conducted to assess the ability of sesame oil as a natural bioactive additive to reinforce conventional glass ionomer cement.

Materials and Methods

Sesame oil was blended into the liquid component of the cement in ratios of 3 and 5 (v/v%). One control and two experimental groups were enrolled in the study; I: unmodified GIC (control), II: 3 (v/v%) sesame oil-modified GICs, and III: 5(v/v%) sesame oil-modified GICs. Compressive strength, shear bond strength, diametral tensile strength, surface microhardness, surface roughness, and color stability were the parameters assessed. A representative specimen of each group was analyzed for its chemical structure by Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy. One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey test was used to analyze the collected data of all evaluated parameters except the color stability results, which were analyzed by Student t-test at p < 0.05.

Results

Three and 5 (v/v%) sesame oil-modified GICs exhibited significant increase in their compressive strength, shear bond strength, diametral strength, and surface microhardness. Concurrently, there was a significant decrease in surface roughness (p < 0.05) in both formulations of the modified cement. Both 3 and 5 (v/v%) sesame oil-modified GICs showed a clinically acceptable color change.

Conclusions

Sesame oil seems to be a promising natural bioactive product for reinforcement of conventional GIC with a clinically agreeable esthetic.

Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) Coupled with Chemometrics, to Control the Botanical Authenticity and Quality of Cold-Pressed Functional Oils Commercialized in Romania

Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared ppectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) proved to be a reliable, rapid, and easy-to-use technique to evaluate vegetable oils quality and authenticity. The spectral range of the middle infrared region (MIR) of FTIR spectra, from 4000 to 600 cm−1, has been commonly used to fingerprint specific functional groups of lipids and their modified forms induced by oxidation of thermal treatment. The applicability of FTIR-MIR spectroscopy in assessing oil fingerprinting and quality parameters is crucially dependent on the chemometric methods, including calibrations with authentic samples. We report here the evaluation of seven types of cold-pressed functional oils (sunflower, pumpkin, hempseed, soybean, walnut, linseed, sea buckthorn) produced in Romania, provided directly from small enterprises (as genuine, process-controlled authentic samples) comparative to commercialized samples. Concomitantly, olive oils of similar claimed quality were investigated. The ATR-FTIR-MIR data were complemented by UV–Vis spectral fingerprints and multivariate analysis using Unscrambler X.10.4 and Metaboanalyst 4.0 software (e.g., PCA, PLSDA, cluster analysis, heatmap, Random forest analysis) and ANOVA post-hoc analysis using Fischer’s least significant difference. The integration of spectral and chemometric analysis proved to offer valuable criteria for their botanical group recognition, individual authenticity, and quality, easy to be applied for large cohorts of commercialized oils.

Comprehensive Review on Application of FTIR Spectroscopy Coupled with Chemometrics for Authentication Analysis of Fats and Oils in the Food Products

Currently, the authentication analysis of edible fats and oils is an emerging issue not only by producers but also by food industries, regulators, and consumers. The adulteration of high quality and expensive edible fats and oils as well as food products containing fats and oils with lower ones are typically motivated by economic reasons. Some analytical methods have been used for authentication analysis of food products, but some of them are complex in sampling preparation and involving sophisticated instruments. Therefore, simple and reliable methods are proposed and developed for these authentication purposes. This review highlighted the comprehensive reports on the application of infrared spectroscopy combined with chemometrics for authentication of fats and oils. New findings of this review included (1) FTIR spectroscopy combined with chemometrics, which has been used to authenticate fats and oils; (2) due to as fingerprint analytical tools, FTIR spectra have emerged as the most reported analytical techniques applied for authentication analysis of fats and oils; (3) the use of chemometrics as analytical data treatment is a must to extract the information from FTIR spectra to be understandable data. Next, the combination of FTIR spectroscopy with chemometrics must be proposed, developed, and standardized for authentication and assuring the quality of fats and oils.

An indirect analytical approach based on ATR-FTIR spectroscopy for determining the FFA content in vegetable oils

In this study, we developed a novel approach for determining a free fatty acid (FFA) in vegetable oils using attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. FFA was converted to carboxylate species by a reaction with phthalimide potassium salt, and the linear relationship between FFA content and ATR-FTIR peak areas at 1541–1616 cm⁻¹ (1595 cm⁻¹ as baseline) was established. Results showed that the R² values obtained during calibration and validation were more than 0.99. The calibration method concurred to within ±0.035% over the range of 0.4% to 4.0% (quantitative determination of the percentage of FFA in oils, expressed as the percentage of oleic acid). In the calibration model, the root mean square error of prediction was 0.0104, the relative error was less than 0.246% and the relative average deviation was 0.386%, respectively. These indexes demonstrated that the calibration model has great accuracy, high precision and good stability. The indirect method established using ATR-FTIR has the advantages of excellent reproducibility, high exactitude, independent of oil type, simple operation and easy cleaning of the instrument surface. The slope of the verification equation between FFA prediction values and American Oil Chemists' Society's (AOCS) titration method was close to 1, R² value was more than 0.99. These indicators suggested that the proposed method and the AOCS method have a good correlation through AOCS titration and ATR–FTIR spectroscopy to determine validation samples parallel. In addition, for comparison, when the AOCS titration and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy methods were used for sample validation, the results indicated that the latter method is more reproducible, highly sensitive and has strong anti-disturbance. Therefore, the ATR-FTIR technique can be applied as a simple, highly sensitive, convenient and timely method for the analysis of FFAs in oils.

In this study, we developed a novel approach for determining a free fatty acid (FFA) in vegetable oils using attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy.