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Yang HJ, Lim S, Lee DH, Yun CI, Kim YJ. Validation and measurement uncertainty of analytical methods for various azo dye adulterants in Curcuma longa L. J Food Sci 2024. [PMID: 39042457 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.17251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Food adulteration involving the illegal addition of dyes to foodstuffs has become an alarming issue in recent years. This study developed and validated a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-DAD (diode array detector) method for the simultaneous determination of nine azo dyes (Butter Yellow, Sudan Orange G, Para Red, Sudan I, Sudan II, Sudan III, Sudan IV, Sudan Red 7B, and Scarlet 808). Moreover, a qualitative analysis method using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was developed to more accurately identify peaks detected in HPLC-DAD. The calibration curve represented good linearity (r2 ≥ 0.9998) over the measured concentration range of 0.5-25 mg/kg. limit of detection and limit of quantification were 0.01-0.04 and 0.04-0.12 mg/kg, respectively. Accuracy and precision were 96.0-102.6 and 0.16-2.01 (relative standard deviation%), respectively. Additionally, the measurement uncertainty and HorRat value were estimated. Several Curcuma longa L. distributed in Korea were collected and monitored for azo dye contaminants. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The proposed HPLC-DAD method represents a significant advancement in the field, offering a reliable means of quantifying azo dyes and identifying their presence even at trace levels in adulterated turmeric. This not only contributes to ensuring the safety and integrity of turmeric products but also establishes precedent for robust analytical techniques in addressing food safety challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Jin Yang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Suji Lim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Doo-Hee Lee
- National Instrumentation Center for Environmental Management, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Choong-In Yun
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
- Research Institute of Food and Biotechnology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young-Jun Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
- Research Institute of Food and Biotechnology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
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Millbern Z, Trettin A, Wu R, Demmler M, Vinueza NR. Synthetic dyes: A mass spectrometry approach and applications. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024; 43:327-344. [PMID: 36353972 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic dyes are found in a wide variety of applications today, including but not limited to textiles, foods, and medicine. The analysis of these molecules is pertinent to several fields such as forensics, environmental monitoring, and quality control, all of which require the sensitivity and selectivity of analysis provided by mass spectrometry (MS). Recently, there has been an increase in the implementation of MS evaluation of synthetic dyes by various methods, with the majority of research thus far falling under electrospray ionization and moving toward direct ionization methods. This review covers an overview of the chemistry of synthetic dyes needed for the understanding of MS sample preparation and spectral results, current fields of application, ionization methods, and fragmentation trends and works that have been reported in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Millbern
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry, and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alison Trettin
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rachel Wu
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry, and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Morgan Demmler
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry, and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nelson R Vinueza
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry, and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Sadef Y, Shakil S, Majeed D, Zahra N, Ben Abdallah F, Ben Ali M. Evaluating aflatoxins and Sudan dyes contamination in red chili and turmeric and its health impacts on consumer safety of Lahore, Pakistan. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 182:114116. [PMID: 37923193 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Spices are contaminated with aflatoxins (AFs) and Sudan dyes which are classified as class Group 1 and Group 3 human carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) respectively and their prolonged exposure may raise a human health concern. A total of 474 samples of red chili and turmeric were collected from Lahore city and were subjected to quantitative and qualitative AFs and Sudan dyes analysis by thin layer chromatography (TLC) respectively. The number of red chili and turmeric samples with ≥10 μg/kg of total AFs (European Union standard limit) were 70% and 33% respectively and considered unfit for human consumption. The presence of Sudan dyes in red chili and turmeric samples was 67% and 27% respectively. The mean estimated daily intake (EDI) among females and males was 0.0019 μg/kg bw/day, 0.0012 μg/kg bw/day for red chili, and 0.0008 μg/kg bw/day, 0.0006 μg/kg bw/day for turmeric respectively. The mean value of margin of exposure (MOE) among females and males for ingestion of AFs-contaminated red chili and turmeric was 210.25, 332.13, 501.02, and 699.31 respectively. Therefore, the current study demands a continuous monitoring plan and the implementation of novel techniques to enhance the product's quality and protect public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumna Sadef
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Sidra Shakil
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Dania Majeed
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Naseem Zahra
- Food and Biotechnology Research Centre, PCSIR Laboratories Complex, Ferozepur Road, Lahore, 54600, Pakistan
| | - Fethi Ben Abdallah
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manel Ben Ali
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
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Qi P, Zhou Q, Chen G, Lin Z, Zhao J, Xu H, Gao H, Liu D, Mao X. Simultaneous qualitative and quantitative determination of 104 fat-soluble synthetic dyes in foods using disperse solid-phase extraction and UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS analysis. Food Chem 2023; 427:136665. [PMID: 37437404 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Public exposure to synthetic dyes through foods has attracted ongoing and serious attention. Here we developed and validated a simultaneous screening and quantitation method for the analysis of fat-soluble synthetic dyes that most frequently found in foods, using C18 d-SPE clean-up and UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS on Full-MS/dd-MS2 mode. During a single run, 104 dyes including 6 pairs of isomers were distinguished based on chromatographic separation and unique product ions. The method showed satisfactory linearity (R > 0.99), recoveries (61.3 %-118.8 %), precision (<20 %) and limit of quantification (0.05-0.5 mg/kg). For 98 % of test dyes, screening detection limits ranged from 2.5 to 25 μg/kg. The validated method was successfully applied to real commercial foodstuffs revealing the presence of two selected illegal dyes in three samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Qi
- Guangzhou Institute for Food Inspection, Guangzhou 511410, China.
| | - Qingqiong Zhou
- Guangzhou Institute for Food Inspection, Guangzhou 511410, China.
| | - Guiyun Chen
- Guangzhou Institute for Food Inspection, Guangzhou 511410, China.
| | - Zihao Lin
- Guangzhou Institute for Food Inspection, Guangzhou 511410, China.
| | - Jinli Zhao
- Guangzhou Institute for Food Inspection, Guangzhou 511410, China.
| | - Huiying Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China.
| | - Hui Gao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China.
| | - Donghao Liu
- Guangzhou Institute for Food Inspection, Guangzhou 511410, China.
| | - Xinwu Mao
- Guangzhou Institute for Food Inspection, Guangzhou 511410, China.
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A dilute-and-shoot based SWATH-MS approach for rapid analysis of 23 synthetic dyes in spices. J Food Compost Anal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Shi T, Cheng Z, Liu T, Ye Z, Zhang Y. An up-conversion test paper based on "switch-off" of fluorescence is constructed to sensitively and selectively detect cancer-causing dye Sudan III in lipstick. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 280:121515. [PMID: 35728403 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cancer-causing dye Sudan III is banned adding to cosmetics, so a method for detecting trace Sudan III in cosmetics is established. A single dispersed up-conversion molecularly imprinted fluorescent nanoprobe is constructed and coated on the filter paper. The mechanism for detecting Sudan III by this composite fluorescent nanoprobes-paper is systematically analyzed. The fluorescent response (max emission peak is at 541 nm) is linearly related to 10-1000 nM Sudan III, and Sudan III can be selectively recognized (imprinting factor increased to 4.1). The limit of detection and quantitation are further reduced to 2.89 nM and 9.63 nM, respectively. The recoveries of Sudan III in lipstick samples are between 93.18 and 108.3%, and relative standard deviation is less than or equal to 4.6%. Trace Sudan III in cosmetics are detected accurately and sensitively by this method due to up-conversion nanoparticles with little interference of background fluorescence and molecularly imprinted polymers with selective enrichment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhiyuan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Tong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhiqi Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yueli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Yu DX, Guo S, Zhang X, Yan H, Zhang ZY, Chen X, Chen JY, Jin SJ, Yang J, Duan JA. Rapid detection of adulteration in powder of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) by FT-NIR spectroscopy combined with chemometrics. Food Chem X 2022; 15:100450. [PMID: 36211746 PMCID: PMC9532869 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid detection of adulteration in GP was realized by NIR spectroscopy. PCA and PLS-DA models were successfully explored to identify adulterants in GP. Three algorithms achieved satisfactory results for discrimination of adulteration. Adulteration levels in GP can be predicted by PLSR model. The optimal pretreatment methods were compared and selected for modeling.
Ginger powder (GP) is a popular spice in the world. Duo to its nutritional value, GP is regarded as an attractive target for adulteration, which is not easily detected. In this study, chromaticity analysis and Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy combined with chemometrics were developed to identify and quantify of GP and its adulterants. The result showed that GPs and adulterated GPs cannot be completely distinguished by chromaticity analysis. While, the optimized NIR spectra could accurately distinguish the authentic GPs from those adulterated samples. Random forest and gradient boosting algorithms exhibited the highest accuracies (100%) in classification. Moreover, a quantitative model was successfully established to predict the adulteration level in GP. The optimal parameters of prediction to deviation were 8.92, 13.68, 14.61, and 4.30, for pure and adulterated GPs. Overall, FT-NIR spectroscopy is a promising tool, which can quickly identify potential adulteration in GP and track the types of adulterants.
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Wu Q, Ji C, Zhang L, Shi Q, Wu Y, Tao H. A simple sensing platform based on a 1T@2H-MoS 2/cMWCNTs composite modified electrode for ultrasensitive detection of illegal Sudan I dye in food samples. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:549-559. [PMID: 35048913 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay01775f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The work presented here describes a highly sensitive and simple electrochemical sensor for the detection of Sudan I dye based on a nanocomposite made of MoS2 heterogeneous nanosheets (1T@2H-MoS2) and carboxylated carbon nanotubes (cMWCNTs) (1T@2H-MoS2/cMWCNTs). XPS results indicate that the content of 1T phase MoS2 was estimated to be 72% in 1T@2H-MoS2. Electron microscopy results show that the tubular cMWCNTs are uniformly interwoven in MoS2 nanosheets to form a three-dimensional network structure. Due to the synergistic electrocatalytic ability and high electroactive surface area, the 1T@2H-MoS2/cMWCNTs modified electrode demonstrated excellent analytical performance for Sudan I, including simple operation, good stability and a wide linear range from 5.00 × 10-9 to 2.00 × 10-6 mol L-1 and 2.00 × 10-6 to 1.00 × 10-4 mol L-1 with an ultra-low detection limit of 1.56 × 10-9 mol L-1. The recoveries of Sudan I from spiked real samples (chilli powder and ketchup) were in the range of 95.60% to 106.10% with low RSD (<5%), indicating that the 1T@2H-MoS2/cMWCNTs modified electrode is a promising tool for the analysis of illegal Sudan I in food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoling Wu
- School of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering and Biopharmacy of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Chun Ji
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Lingli Zhang
- School of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering and Biopharmacy of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Qili Shi
- School of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering and Biopharmacy of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yuangen Wu
- School of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering and Biopharmacy of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Han Tao
- School of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering and Biopharmacy of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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