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Hurkul MM, Cetinkaya A, Kaya SI, Yayla S, Ozkan SA. Investigation of Health Effects of Major Phenolic Compounds in Foods: Extraction Processes, Analytical Approaches and Applications. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2024:1-35. [PMID: 38650305 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2024.2336981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The escalating costs of healthcare services and a growing awareness of personal health responsibilities have led individuals to explore natural methods alongside conventional medicines for health improvement and disease prevention. The aging global population is experiencing increased health needs, notably related to conditions like diabetes, heart disease, and hypertension. Lifestyle-related diseases, poor dietary habits, and sedentary lifestyles underscore the importance of foods containing nutrients that can aid in preventing and managing these diseases. Phenolic compounds, a fundamental group of phytochemicals, are prominent in the chemical diversity of the natural world and are abundant in functional foods. Widely distributed in various plant parts, these compounds exhibit important functional and sensory properties, including color, taste, and aroma. Their diverse functionalities, particularly antioxidant activity, play a crucial role in mitigating cellular oxidative stress, potentially reducing damage associated with serious health issues such as cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disea23ses, and cancer. Phenolic compounds exist in different forms, some combined with glycosides, impacting their biological effects and absorption. Approximately 8000 polyphenols isolated from plants offer significant potential for natural medicines and nutritional supplements. Therefore, their extraction process and selective and sensitive food determination are very important. This review focuses on the extraction processes, analytical methods, and health effects of major phenolic compounds in foods. The examination encompasses a comprehensive analysis of analytical approaches and their applications in elucidating the presence and impact of these compounds on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mesud Hurkul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Cetinkaya
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - S Irem Kaya
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Gulhane Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Seyda Yayla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sibel A Ozkan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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Qingyang L, Ruohui W, Shiman S, Danyu S, Runhong M, Yihua L. Comparison of different drying technologies for walnut ( Juglans regia L.) pellicles: Changes from phenolic composition, antioxidant activity to potential application. Food Chem X 2023; 20:101037. [PMID: 38144737 PMCID: PMC10739750 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.101037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The analysis of the phenolic profile in the walnut pellicle (WP) and its exploitability can help to promote the valorization of the industrial waste from walnut production. Three forms of 33 monomeric phenols in WPs were quantified based on our previously established LC-MS/MS method. The levels of protocatechuic acid and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid in the WPs were the highest, exceeding 400 μg/g. Antioxidant tests revealed that all three phenolic forms of WPs were effective antioxidants (IC50: 2.12-35.05 µg/mL). The findings also revealed that drying temperature had a substantial type-dependent effect on phenolics and their antioxidant ability in WPs. KEGG enrichment analysis found that drying method has the greatest impact on WPs phenols in six metabolic pathways. Besides, 11 active substances in WPs were identified by a compound-targeted activity screening approach, indicating that WPs could be used as a natural antioxidant source in the development of medical and nutraceutical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qingyang
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Fuyang 311400, PR China
| | - Wang Ruohui
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Fuyang 311400, PR China
| | - Sun Shiman
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Fuyang 311400, PR China
| | - Shen Danyu
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Fuyang 311400, PR China
| | - Mo Runhong
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Fuyang 311400, PR China
| | - Liu Yihua
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Fuyang 311400, PR China
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Simon G, Bujdosó G, Cvetkovic M, Tevfik Alp O, Kithi L, Oláh R, Ficzek G, Végvári G. Responses of Persian walnut on foliar applications of different biostimulants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1263396. [PMID: 37915506 PMCID: PMC10616974 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1263396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Biostimulants have different effects on plants. The aim of this paper is to determine responses of the 'Alsószentiváni 117' walnut cultivar on foliar applications of different biostimulants (Wuxal Ascofol, Kondisol, Alga K Plus). The nut traits (nut length, nut diameter, nut weight, kernel weight) and some phenolic compounds of the kernel were measured and detected. In 2020, during warmer early spring weather conditions under pistillate flowering receptivity, chlorogenic acid and quercetin content of kernels treated with Kondisol were higher than in control. All biostimulants influenced positive effects on catechin and rutin content, as well as treatments made with Wuxal Ascofol and Kondisol increased the juglon content of the kernel. In 2021, when the spring weather was typical for that period, only the Kondisol treatments had increasing effects on the catechin and chlorogenic acid content, than the control. The rutin and quercetin concentrations reached the highest value in this trial by Alga K Plus applications. The juglon content decreased in this year compared to the control. The pirocathecin, cinnamic acid, and gallic acid (except Wuxal Ascofol treatment in 2021) content decreased in all treatments in both observed years. Responses of woody fruit species on biostimulants applications depend on the weather conditions. Biostimulants had positive effects on the nut size characteristics in both observed years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Simon
- Department of Fruit Growing, Institute of Horticultural Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Géza Bujdosó
- Research Center of Fruit Growing, Institute of Horticultural Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miljan Cvetkovic
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Ozan Tevfik Alp
- Department of Fruit Growing, Institute of Horticultural Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Laurine Kithi
- Research Center of Fruit Growing, Institute of Horticultural Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Gitta Ficzek
- Department of Fruit Growing, Institute of Horticultural Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - György Végvári
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Viticulture and Oenology, Eszterházy Károly Catholic University, Eger, Hungary
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Ventura G, Mesto D, Blasi D, Cataldi TRI, Calvano CD. The Effect of Milling on the Ethanolic Extract Composition of Dried Walnut ( Juglans regia L.) Shells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13059. [PMID: 37685864 PMCID: PMC10487924 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the ethanolic extract of dried walnut (Juglans regia L.) shells upon hammer milling (HM) and ball milling (BM) grinding processes. Marked differences were observed in the attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectra. The two extracts were investigated by reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization and high-resolution mass spectrometry (RPLC-ESI-HRMS). Following enzymatic digestion, the fatty acids (FAs) were examined, and tandem MS of epoxidized species was applied to establish the C-C double bond position; the most abundant species were FA 18:2 Δ9,12, FA 18:1 Δ9, and FA 18:3 Δ9,12,15. However, no significant qualitative differences were observed between FAs in the two samples. Thus, the presence of potential active secondary metabolites was explored, and more than 30 phenolic compounds, including phenols, ellagic acid derivatives, and flavonoids, were found. Interestingly, the HM samples showed a high concentration of ellagitannins and hydrolyzable tannins, which were absent in the BM sample. These findings corroborate the greater phenolic content in the HM sample, as evaluated by the Folin-Ciocalteu test. Among the others, the occurrence of lanceoloside A at m/z 391.1037 [C19H20O9-H]-, and a closely related benzoyl derivate at m/z 405.1190 (C20H22O9-H]-), was ascertained. The study provides valuable information that highlights the significance of physical pre-treatments, such as mill grinding, in shaping the composition of extracts, with potential applications in the biorefinery or pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Ventura
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; (D.M.); (T.R.I.C.); (C.D.C.)
- Interdepartmental Research Center SMART, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Davide Mesto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; (D.M.); (T.R.I.C.); (C.D.C.)
| | - Davide Blasi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; (D.M.); (T.R.I.C.); (C.D.C.)
| | - Tommaso R. I. Cataldi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; (D.M.); (T.R.I.C.); (C.D.C.)
- Interdepartmental Research Center SMART, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Cosima Damiana Calvano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; (D.M.); (T.R.I.C.); (C.D.C.)
- Interdepartmental Research Center SMART, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
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Wang Y, Tan B, Chen C, Zhang X, Sun X. The phenolic profile of walnut meal protein isolate and interaction of phenolics with walnut protein. Food Res Int 2023; 170:113042. [PMID: 37316028 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to interpret the interaction of phenolics with walnut protein and determine their effects on protein functional properties. The phenolic profiles of walnut meal (WM) and walnut meal protein isolate (WMPI) were established using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS. A total of 132 phenolic compounds were detected, including 104 phenolic acids and 28 flavonoids. Phenolic compounds bound to protein via hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonds, and ionic bonds were identified in WMPI. They were also present as free forms, but the hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds were the main non-covalent binding forces between phenolics and walnut proteins. The interaction mechanisms were further supported by the fluorescence spectra of WMPI with ellagic acid and quercitrin. In addition, changes in the functional properties of WMPI after removal of phenolic compounds were evaluated. Dephenolization significantly increased water holding capacity, oil absorptive capacity, foaming capacity, foaming stability, emulsifying stability index, and the in vitro gastric digestibility. However, in vitro gastric-intestinal digestibility was not significantly affected. These results provide insights into the interactions between walnut protein and phenolics, which indicates potential strategies for removing phenolics from walnut protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Wang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Bing Tan
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Chi Chen
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Xudong Zhang
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, PR China; Yunnan Morre Garden Biotechnology Development CO., LTD., Chuxiong 675000, PR China
| | - Xiangjun Sun
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China.
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Wang R, Tian X, Li Q, Liao L, Wu S, Tang F, Shen D, Liu Y. Walnut pellicle color affects its phenolic composition: free, esterified and bound phenolic compounds in various colored-pellicle walnuts. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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