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Lee H, Molomjamts M, Roehrich H, Gudvangen S, Asuncion C, Georgieff MK, Tran P, McLoon LK, Ingolfsland EC. Differences in Oxygen-Induced Retinopathy Susceptibility Between Two Sprague Dawley Rat Vendors: A Comparison of Retinal Transcriptomes. Curr Eye Res 2024; 49:425-436. [PMID: 38152854 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2023.2297346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the retinal transcriptomic differences underlying the oxygen-induced retinopathy phenotypes between Sprague Dawley rat pups from two commonly used commercial vendors. This will allow us to discover genes and pathways that may be related to differences in disease severity in similarly aged premature babies and suggest possible new treatment approaches. METHODS We analyzed retinal vascular morphometry and transcriptomes from Sprague Dawley rat pups from Charles River Laboratories and Envigo (previously Harlan). Room air control and oxygen-induced retinopathy groups were compared. Oxygen-induced retinopathy was induced with the rat 50/10 model. RESULTS Pups from Charles River Laboratories developed a more severe oxygen-induced retinopathy phenotype, with 3.6-fold larger percent avascular area at P15 and twofold larger % neovascular area at P20 than pups from Envigo. Changes in retinal transcriptomes of rat pups from both vendors were substantial at baseline and in response to oxygen-induced retinopathy. Baseline differences centered on activated pathways of neuronal development in Charles River Laboratories pups. In response to oxygen-induced retinopathy, during the neovascular phase, retinas from Charles River Laboratories pups exhibited activation of pathways regulating necrosis, neuroinflammation, and interferon signaling, supporting the observed increase of neovascularization. Conversely, retinas from Envigo pups showed decreased necrosis and increased focal adhesion kinase signaling, supporting more normal vascular development. Comparing oxygen-induced retinopathy transcriptomes at P15 to those at P20, canonical pathways such as phosphate and tensin homolog, interferon, and coordinated lysosomal expression and regulation element signaling were identified, highlighting potential novel mechanistic targets for future research. CONCLUSION Transcriptomic profiles differ substantially between rat pup retinas from Charles River Laboratories and Envigo at baseline and in response to oxygen-induced retinopathy, providing insight into vascular morphologic differences. Comparing transcriptomes identified new pathways for further research in oxygen-induced retinopathy pathogenesis and increased scientific rigor of this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haeyeon Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Mandkhai Molomjamts
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Heidi Roehrich
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sydney Gudvangen
- University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Chanel Asuncion
- University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Michael K Georgieff
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Phu Tran
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Linda K McLoon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ellen C Ingolfsland
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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2
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Han L, Chen C, Lu X, Song Y, Zhang Z, Zeng C, Chiu R, Li L, Xu M, He C, Zhang W, Duan S. Alterations of 5-hydroxymethylcytosines in circulating cell-free DNA reflect retinopathy in type 2 diabetes. Genomics 2020; 113:79-87. [PMID: 33221518 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common microvascular complication that may cause severe visual impairment and blindness in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Early detection of DR will expand the range of potential treatment options and enable better control of disease progression. Epigenetic dysregulation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of microvascular complications in patients with T2DM. We sought to explore the diagnostic value of 5-hydroxymethylcytosines (5hmC) in circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) for DR, taking advantage of a highly sensitive technique, the 5hmC-Seal. The genome-wide 5hmC profiles in cfDNA samples from 35 patients diagnosed with DR and 35 age-, gender-, diabetic duration-matched T2DM controls were obtained using the 5hmC-Seal, followed by a case-control analysis and external validation. The genomic distribution of 5hmC in cfDNA from patients with DR reflected potential gene regulatory relevance, showing co-localization with histone modification marks for active expression (e.g., H3K4me1). A three-gene signature (MESP1, LY6G6D, LINC01556) associated with DR was detected using the elastic net regularization on the multivariable logistic regression model, showing high accuracy to distinguish patients with DR from T2DM controls (AUC [area under curve] = 91.4%; 95% CI [confidence interval], 84.3- 98.5%), achieving a sensitivity of 88.6% and a specificity of 91.4%. In an external testing set, the 5hmC model detected 5 out of 6 DR patients and predicted 7 out of 8 non-DR patients with other microvascular complications. Circulating cfDNA from patients with DR contained 5hmC information that could be exploited for DR detection. As a novel non-invasive approach, the 5hmC-Seal holds the promise to be an integrated part of patient care and surveillance tool for T2DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Han
- Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China; Department of Global Health, Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chang Chen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Xingyu Lu
- Shanghai Epican Genetech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqun Song
- Shanghai Epican Genetech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Zhou Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chang Zeng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rudyard Chiu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Li Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Miao Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chuan He
- Department of Chemistry; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Institute for Biophysical Dynamics; and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Insititute of Precision Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China.
| | - Shiwei Duan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.
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3
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Tong DL, Kempsell KE, Szakmany T, Ball G. Development of a Bioinformatics Framework for Identification and Validation of Genomic Biomarkers and Key Immunopathology Processes and Controllers in Infectious and Non-infectious Severe Inflammatory Response Syndrome. Front Immunol 2020; 11:380. [PMID: 32318053 PMCID: PMC7147506 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is defined as dysregulated host response caused by systemic infection, leading to organ failure. It is a life-threatening condition, often requiring admission to an intensive care unit (ICU). The causative agents and processes involved are multifactorial but are characterized by an overarching inflammatory response, sharing elements in common with severe inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) of non-infectious origin. Sepsis presents with a range of pathophysiological and genetic features which make clinical differentiation from SIRS very challenging. This may reflect a poor understanding of the key gene inter-activities and/or pathway associations underlying these disease processes. Improved understanding is critical for early differential recognition of sepsis and SIRS and to improve patient management and clinical outcomes. Judicious selection of gene biomarkers suitable for development of diagnostic tests/testing could make differentiation of sepsis and SIRS feasible. Here we describe a methodologic framework for the identification and validation of biomarkers in SIRS, sepsis and septic shock patients, using a 2-tier gene screening, artificial neural network (ANN) data mining technique, using previously published gene expression datasets. Eight key hub markers have been identified which may delineate distinct, core disease processes and which show potential for informing underlying immunological and pathological processes and thus patient stratification and treatment. These do not show sufficient fold change differences between the different disease states to be useful as primary diagnostic biomarkers, but are instrumental in identifying candidate pathways and other associated biomarkers for further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Ling Tong
- Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Computing, First City University College, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia.,School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Karen E Kempsell
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Tamas Szakmany
- Department of Anaesthesia Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Division of Population Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Ball
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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4
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Kato S, Ochiai N, Takano H, Io F, Takayama N, Koretsune H, Kunioka EI, Uchida S, Yamamoto K. TP0463518, a Novel Prolyl Hydroxylase Inhibitor, Specifically Induces Erythropoietin Production in the Liver. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 371:675-683. [PMID: 31585986 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.258731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolyl hydroxylase (PHD) 1/2/3 pan inhibitors are known to potentially induce erythropoietin (EPO) production in both the kidney and liver. The 2-[[1-[[6-(4-chlorophenoxy)pyridin-3-yl]methyl]-4-hydroxy-6-oxo-2,3-dihydropyridine-5-carbonyl]amino]acetic acid (TP0463518) is a novel PHD 1/2/3 pan inhibitor; however, the main source of EPO production after TP0463518 administration remained to be investigated. We examined the effect of TP0463518 in inducing EPO production in the kidney and liver by measuring the hypoxia-inducible factor 2α (HIF-2α), EPO mRNA, and serum EPO levels in normal and bilaterally nephrectomized rats. Furthermore, we examined whether liver-derived EPO improved anemia in 5/6 nephrectomized (5/6 Nx) rats. TP0463518 scarcely increased the HIF-2α and EPO mRNA expression levels in the kidney cortex, whereas oral administration of TP0463518 at 40 mg/kg dramatically increased the HIF-2α level from 0.27 to 1.53 fmol/mg and the EPO mRNA expression level by 1300-fold in the livers of healthy rats. After administration of TP0463518 at 20 mg/kg, the total EPO mRNA expression level in the whole liver was 22-fold that in the whole kidney. In bilaterally nephrectomized rats, TP0463518 raised the serum EPO concentration from 0 to 180 pg/ml at 20 mg/kg. Furthermore, repeated administration of TP0463518 at 10 mg/kg increased the reticulocyte count in 5/6 Nx rats on day 7 and raised the hemoglobin level on day 14. The present study revealed that TP0463518 specifically induced EPO production in the liver and improved anemia. The characteristic feature of TP0463518 would lead to not only a more detailed understanding of the PHD-HIF2α-EPO pathway in erythropoiesis, but a new therapeutic alternative for renal anemia. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Prolyl hydroxylase (PHD) 1/2/3 pan inhibitors are known to potentially induce erythropoietin (EPO) production in both the kidney and liver; however, their effects on renal EPO production have been shown to vary depending on the experimental conditions. The authors found that 2-[[1-[[6-(4-chlorophenoxy)pyridin-3-yl]methyl]-4-hydroxy-6-oxo-2,3-dihydropyridine-5-carbonyl]amino]acetic acid (TP0463518), a PHD 1/2/3 pan inhibitor, specifically induced EPO production in the liver and that the liver-derived EPO was pharmacologically effective. Investigation of the effects of TP0463518 may pave the way for the development of a new therapeutic alternative for renal anemia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sota Kato
- Pharmacology Laboratories (S.K., N.O., F.I., N.T., H.K., E.-i.K., S.U., K.Y.) and Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories (H.T.), Taisho Pharmaceutical, Saitama, Japan
| | - Nagahiro Ochiai
- Pharmacology Laboratories (S.K., N.O., F.I., N.T., H.K., E.-i.K., S.U., K.Y.) and Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories (H.T.), Taisho Pharmaceutical, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroki Takano
- Pharmacology Laboratories (S.K., N.O., F.I., N.T., H.K., E.-i.K., S.U., K.Y.) and Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories (H.T.), Taisho Pharmaceutical, Saitama, Japan
| | - Fusayo Io
- Pharmacology Laboratories (S.K., N.O., F.I., N.T., H.K., E.-i.K., S.U., K.Y.) and Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories (H.T.), Taisho Pharmaceutical, Saitama, Japan
| | - Noriko Takayama
- Pharmacology Laboratories (S.K., N.O., F.I., N.T., H.K., E.-i.K., S.U., K.Y.) and Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories (H.T.), Taisho Pharmaceutical, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroko Koretsune
- Pharmacology Laboratories (S.K., N.O., F.I., N.T., H.K., E.-i.K., S.U., K.Y.) and Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories (H.T.), Taisho Pharmaceutical, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ei-Ichi Kunioka
- Pharmacology Laboratories (S.K., N.O., F.I., N.T., H.K., E.-i.K., S.U., K.Y.) and Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories (H.T.), Taisho Pharmaceutical, Saitama, Japan
| | - Saeko Uchida
- Pharmacology Laboratories (S.K., N.O., F.I., N.T., H.K., E.-i.K., S.U., K.Y.) and Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories (H.T.), Taisho Pharmaceutical, Saitama, Japan
| | - Koji Yamamoto
- Pharmacology Laboratories (S.K., N.O., F.I., N.T., H.K., E.-i.K., S.U., K.Y.) and Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories (H.T.), Taisho Pharmaceutical, Saitama, Japan
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5
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Irani YD, Pulford E, Mortimer L, Irani S, Butler L, Klebe S, Williams KA. Sex differences in corneal neovascularization in response to superficial corneal cautery in the rat. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221566. [PMID: 31479468 PMCID: PMC6719872 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex-based differences in susceptibility have been reported for a number of neovascular ocular diseases. We quantified corneal neovascularization, induced by superficial silver nitrate cautery, in male and female inbred albino Sprague-Dawley, inbred albino Fischer 344, outbred pigmented Hooded Wistar and inbred pigmented Dark Agouti rats of a range of ages. Corneal neovascular area was quantified on haematoxylin-stained corneal flatmounts by image analysis. Pro-and anti-angiogenic gene expression was measured early in the neovascular response by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Androgen and estrogen receptor expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Male rats from all strains, with or without ocular pigmentation, exhibited significantly greater corneal neovascular area than females: Sprague-Dawley males 43±12% (n = 8), females 25±5% (n = 12), p = 0.001; Fischer 344 males 38±10% (n = 12) females 27±8% (n = 8) p = 0.043; Hooded Wistar males 32±6% (n = 8) females 22±5% (n = 12) p = 0.002; Dark Agouti males 37±11% (n = 9) females 26±7% (n = 9) p = 0.015. Corneal vascular endothelial cells expressed neither androgen nor estrogen receptor. The expression in cornea post-cautery of Cox-2, Vegf-a and Vegf-r2 was significantly higher in males compared with females and Vegf-r1 was significantly lower in the cornea of males compared to females, p<0.001 for each comparison. These data suggest that male corneas are primed for angiogenesis through a signalling nexus involving Cox-2, Vegf-a, and Vegf receptors 1 and 2. Our findings re-enforce that pre-clinical animal models of human diseases should account for sex-based differences in their design and highlight the need for well characterized and reproducible pre-clinical studies that include both male and female animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazad D. Irani
- Discipline of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Emily Pulford
- Discipline of Anatomical Pathology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Lauren Mortimer
- Discipline of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
- Discipline of Anatomical Pathology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Swati Irani
- Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Lisa Butler
- Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Sonja Klebe
- Discipline of Anatomical Pathology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Keryn A. Williams
- Discipline of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
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6
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Mazzaferri J, Larrivée B, Cakir B, Sapieha P, Costantino S. A machine learning approach for automated assessment of retinal vasculature in the oxygen induced retinopathy model. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3916. [PMID: 29500375 PMCID: PMC5834630 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22251-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical studies of vascular retinal diseases rely on the assessment of developmental dystrophies in the oxygen induced retinopathy rodent model. The quantification of vessel tufts and avascular regions is typically computed manually from flat mounted retinas imaged using fluorescent probes that highlight the vascular network. Such manual measurements are time-consuming and hampered by user variability and bias, thus a rapid and objective method is needed. Here, we introduce a machine learning approach to segment and characterize vascular tufts, delineate the whole vasculature network, and identify and analyze avascular regions. Our quantitative retinal vascular assessment (QuRVA) technique uses a simple machine learning method and morphological analysis to provide reliable computations of vascular density and pathological vascular tuft regions, devoid of user intervention within seconds. We demonstrate the high degree of error and variability of manual segmentations, and designed, coded, and implemented a set of algorithms to perform this task in a fully automated manner. We benchmark and validate the results of our analysis pipeline using the consensus of several manually curated segmentations using commonly used computer tools. The source code of our implementation is released under version 3 of the GNU General Public License (https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/65699-javimazzaf-qurva).
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Mazzaferri
- Research Center of the Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bruno Larrivée
- Research Center of the Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bertan Cakir
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Przemyslaw Sapieha
- Research Center of the Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Santiago Costantino
- Research Center of the Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. .,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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7
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Next-generation sequencing analysis of gene regulation in the rat model of retinopathy of prematurity. Doc Ophthalmol 2013; 127:13-31. [PMID: 23775346 DOI: 10.1007/s10633-013-9396-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to identify the genes, biochemical signaling pathways, and biological themes involved in the pathogenesis of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). METHODS Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was performed on the RNA transcriptome of rats with the Penn et al. (Pediatr Res 36:724-731, 1994) oxygen-induced retinopathy model of ROP at the height of vascular abnormality, postnatal day (P) 19, and normalized to age-matched, room-air-reared littermate controls. Eight custom-developed pathways with potential relevance to known ROP sequelae were evaluated for significant regulation in ROP: The three major Wnt signaling pathways, canonical, planar cell polarity (PCP), and Wnt/Ca(2+); two signaling pathways mediated by the Rho GTPases RhoA and Cdc42, which are, respectively, thought to intersect with canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling; nitric oxide signaling pathways mediated by two nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzymes, neuronal (nNOS) and endothelial (eNOS); and the retinoic acid (RA) signaling pathway. Regulation of other biological pathways and themes was detected by gene ontology using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and the NIH's Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery's GO terms databases. RESULTS Canonical Wnt signaling was found to be regulated, but the non-canonical PCP and Wnt/Ca(2+) pathways were not. Nitric oxide signaling, as measured by the activation of nNOS and eNOS, was also regulated, as was RA signaling. Biological themes related to protein translation (ribosomes), neural signaling, inflammation and immunity, cell cycle, and cell death were (among others) highly regulated in ROP rats. CONCLUSIONS These several genes and pathways identified by NGS might provide novel targets for intervention in ROP.
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8
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Tea M, Michael MZ, Brereton HM, Williams KA. Stability of small non-coding RNA reference gene expression in the rat retina during exposure to cyclic hyperoxia. Mol Vis 2013; 19:501-8. [PMID: 23441123 PMCID: PMC3580969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) is a robust animal model of human retinopathy of prematurity that readily allows changes in retinal gene and microRNA (miRNA) expression in response to fluctuations in oxygen levels to be studied. We sought to identify small non-coding RNA (ncRNA) genes that showed stable expression upon exposure to varying levels of oxygen, with different developmental stages and in different rat strains, to act as reference genes for normalizing miRNA expression in a rat model of OIR. METHODS Expression of five small ncRNAs (U6 snRNA, miR-16, U87, 4.5S RNA (H) "Variant 1", and 5S ribosomal RNA [rRNA]) were tested on a standard RNA pool and representative retinal samples from P5, P6, P9, and P14 from room air- and cyclic hyperoxia-exposed rats using reverse transcription (RT)-qPCR, to assess the effect of developmental stage and exposure to fluctuations in oxygen levels, respectively. Two strains of inbred albino rats, Fischer 344 (F344, resistant to OIR) and Sprague-Dawley rats (SD, susceptible to OIR), were used to assess the effect of rat strain on the stability of the small ncRNAs. RESULTS In this rat model of OIR, 5S rRNA expression was variable with strain, fluctuations in oxygen levels, and developmental stage. U6 snRNA was stably expressed with changes in oxygen levels, and minimal variation was observed with strain and developmental stage. MiR-16 showed less stable expression with changes in oxygen levels and between strains compared to U6 snRNA. Some variation in expression in response to developmental stage was also observed. The PCR amplification efficiencies of the U6 snRNA and miR-16 TaqMan assays were 56% and 78%, respectively. U87 and 4.5S RNA (H) "Variant 1" expression varied with strain, exposure to cyclic hyperoxia, and in particular developmental stage, and was at low levels in the neonatal rat retina. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that U6 snRNA and miR-16 are the most suitable reference RNAs for normalizing miRNA expression, as they are relatively stable with strain, exposure to cyclic hyperoxia, and developmental stage in a rat model of OIR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Tea
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Michael Zenon Michael
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Helen Mary Brereton
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Keryn Anne Williams
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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9
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Jain MV, Paczulla AM, Klonisch T, Dimgba FN, Rao SB, Roberg K, Schweizer F, Lengerke C, Davoodpour P, Palicharla VR, Maddika S, Łos M. Interconnections between apoptotic, autophagic and necrotic pathways: implications for cancer therapy development. J Cell Mol Med 2013; 17:12-29. [PMID: 23301705 PMCID: PMC3823134 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid accumulation of knowledge on apoptosis regulation in the 1990s was followed by the development of several experimental anticancer- and anti-ischaemia (stroke or myocardial infarction) drugs. Activation of apoptotic pathways or the removal of cellular apoptotic inhibitors has been suggested to aid cancer therapy and the inhibition of apoptosis was thought to limit ischaemia-induced damage. However, initial clinical studies on apoptosis-modulating drugs led to unexpected results in different clinical conditions and this may have been due to co-effects on non-apoptotic interconnected cell death mechanisms and the ‘yin-yang’ role of autophagy in survival versus cell death. In this review, we extend the analysis of cell death beyond apoptosis. Upon introduction of molecular pathways governing autophagy and necrosis (also called necroptosis or programmed necrosis), we focus on the interconnected character of cell death signals and on the shared cell death processes involving mitochondria (e.g. mitophagy and mitoptosis) and molecular signals playing prominent roles in multiple pathways (e.g. Bcl2-family members and p53). We also briefly highlight stress-induced cell senescence that plays a role not only in organismal ageing but also offers the development of novel anticancer strategies. Finally, we briefly illustrate the interconnected character of cell death forms in clinical settings while discussing irradiation-induced mitotic catastrophe. The signalling pathways are discussed in their relation to cancer biology and treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayur V Jain
- Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, Integrative Regenerative Medicine Center (IGEN), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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10
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Tiwari A, Saxena S, Srivastava P. Bioinformatics in Retina. ASIA-PACIFIC JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY (PHILADELPHIA, PA.) 2013; 2:64-8. [PMID: 26107869 DOI: 10.1097/apo.0b013e318274c464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bioinformatics, a word coined for the applications of computer science in biology, is now promising as a major constituent in modern biology and biomedical research. Bioinformatics plays an important role for the integration of broad disciplines of biology to understand the complex mechanisms of the cell. Bioinformatics also aids the way in which biomedical investigators use the information in their testing. Development and implementation of this novel field enable efficient access and management of different types of biological information including those at the genomic, proteomic, and metabolomic level to understand about disease mechanisms and identify new molecular targets for drug discovery. Bioinformatics has expanded its wings in exploring out different important contributions in relation with medical sciences such as neurology, parasitology, hematology, and pathology including ophthalmology. Many bioinformatics-oriented studies have contributed a lot in ophthalmology and given birth to new avenues of occuloinformatics, hence, a new coined term, occuloinformatics: a new approach of research and diagnostics related to ocular disorders with significant inputs of bioinformatics. In this current review, we tried to focus on current avenues and significant contributions of bioinformatics with special reference to retinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshul Tiwari
- From the *Department of Ophthalmology, King George Medical University; and †Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Colella AD, Chegenii N, Tea MN, Gibbins IL, Williams KA, Chataway TK. Comparison of Stain-Free gels with traditional immunoblot loading control methodology. Anal Biochem 2012; 430:108-10. [PMID: 22929699 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2012.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Loading controls are necessary for semiquantitative Western blotting to compensate for loading errors. Loading control methods include the reprobing of membranes with an antibody against a constitutively expressed protein or staining the membrane with a total protein stain. We compared the loading control performance of recently released Stain-Free (SF) gels with Sypro Ruby (SR) and reprobing using β-actin. SF gels demonstrated superior performance in that they were faster, required fewer steps and consumables, and allowed the quality of electrophoresis and Western transfer to be assessed before committing to costly and time-consuming Western blots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex D Colella
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia.
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Fullston T, Mitchell M, Wakefield S, Lane M. Mitochondrial inhibition during preimplantation embryogenesis shifts the transcriptional profile of fetal mouse brain. Reprod Fertil Dev 2011; 23:691-701. [DOI: 10.1071/rd10292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental stress results in perturbations to mitochondrial function in the preimplantation embryo and hinders subsequent embryo and possibly offspring development. Global gene expression in fetal mouse brain was investigated following targeted mitochondrial inhibition by amino-oxyacetate (AOA) from the 2-cell to the blastocyst stage. Blastocysts were transferred to pseudopregnant recipients and RNA extracted from Day 18 fetal brains for microarray interrogation. Exposure to 5 μM AOA during preimplantation embryo development induced differential expression of 166 genes (>1.25 fold) in the fetal brain, relative to control medium-cultured embryos. Altered expression pathways included carbohydrate metabolism, neurological development, cellular proliferation and death, DNA replication, recombination and repair. Of 28 genes exhibiting the greatest change in expression, qPCR confirmed that 16 were significantly altered. Targeted qPCR assessment of a further 20 genes associated with methylation, acetylation and mitochondrial dysfunction revealed that three were significantly altered (Immp1l, Nars2, Sat2) and Dmap1 exhibited a sex-specific response to AOA exposure. Only 2/48 genes had significantly altered expression by qPCR (Nola3, Timm8b) in fetal brains exposed to 50 μM AOA embryo culture, excluding an AOA dose-dependent response. It was concluded that perturbation of mitochondrial function induced by 5 μM AOA during preimplantation embryo development alters gene expression in the neonatal brain in a manner that suggests that proper brain development may be compromised.
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