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Joharinia N, Bonneil É, Grandvaux N, Thibault P, Lippé R. Comprehensive proteomic analysis of HCoV-OC43 virions and virus-modulated extracellular vesicles. J Virol 2024; 98:e0085024. [PMID: 38953378 PMCID: PMC11265355 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00850-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Viruses are obligate parasites that depend on the cellular machinery for their propagation. Several viruses also incorporate cellular proteins that facilitate viral spread. Defining these cellular proteins is critical to decipher viral life cycles and delineate novel therapeutic strategies. While numerous studies have explored the importance of host proteins in coronavirus spread, information about their presence in mature virions is limited. In this study, we developed a protocol to highly enrich mature HCoV-OC43 virions and characterize them by proteomics. Recognizing that cells release extracellular vesicles whose content is modulated by viruses, and given our ability to separate virions from these vesicles, we also analyzed their protein content in both uninfected and infected cells. We uncovered 69 unique cellular proteins associated with virions including 31 high-confidence hits. These proteins primarily regulate RNA metabolism, enzymatic activities, vesicular transport, cell adhesion, metabolite interconversion, and translation. We further discovered that the virus had a profound impact on exosome composition, incorporating 47 novel cellular proteins (11 high confidence) and excluding 92 others (61 high confidence) in virus-associated extracellular vesicles compared to uninfected cells. Moreover, a dsiRNA screen revealed that 11 of 18 select targets significantly impacted viral yields, including proteins found in virions or extracellular vesicles. Overall, this study provides new and important insights into the incorporation of numerous host proteins into HCoV-OC43 virions, their biological significance, and the ability of the virus to modulate extracellular vesicles. IMPORTANCE In recent years, coronaviruses have dominated global attention, making it crucial to develop methods to control them and prevent future pandemics. Besides viral proteins, host proteins play a significant role in viral propagation and offer potential therapeutic targets. Targeting host proteins is advantageous because they are less likely to mutate and develop resistance compared to viral proteins, a common issue with many antiviral treatments. In this study, we examined the protein content of the less virulent biosafety level 2 HCoV-OC43 virus as a stand-in for the more virulent SARS-CoV-2. Our findings reveal that several cellular proteins incorporated into the virion regulate viral spread. In addition, we report that the virus extensively modulates the content of extracellular vesicles, enhancing viral dissemination. This underscores the critical interplay between the virus, host proteins, and extracellular vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Joharinia
- Azrieli Research center of the CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Éric Bonneil
- IRIC, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nathalie Grandvaux
- Research center of the CHUM (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pierre Thibault
- IRIC, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Roger Lippé
- Azrieli Research center of the CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Cell biology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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2
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Liu Y, Lu S, Yang J, Yang Y, Jiao L, Hu J, Li Y, Yang F, Pang Y, Zhao Y, Gao Y, Liu W, Shu P, Ge W, He Z, Peng X. Analysis of the aging-related biomarker in a nonhuman primate model using multilayer omics. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:639. [PMID: 38926642 PMCID: PMC11209966 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10556-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aging is a prominent risk factor for diverse diseases; therefore, an in-depth understanding of its physiological mechanisms is required. Nonhuman primates, which share the closest genetic relationship with humans, serve as an ideal model for exploring the complex aging process. However, the potential of the nonhuman primate animal model in the screening of human aging markers is still not fully exploited. Multiomics analysis of nonhuman primate peripheral blood offers a promising approach to evaluate new therapies and biomarkers. This study explores aging-related biomarker through multilayer omics, including transcriptomics (mRNA, lncRNA, and circRNA) and proteomics (serum and serum-derived exosomes) in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). RESULTS Our findings reveal that, unlike mRNAs and circRNAs, highly expressed lncRNAs are abundant during the key aging period and are associated with cancer pathways. Comparative analysis highlighted exosomal proteins contain more types of proteins than serum proteins, indicating that serum-derived exosomes primarily regulate aging through metabolic pathways. Finally, eight candidate aging biomarkers were identified, which may serve as blood-based indicators for detecting age-related brain changes. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide a comprehensive understanding of nonhuman primate blood transcriptomes and proteomes, offering novel insights into the aging mechanisms for preventing or treating age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, National Center of Technology Innovation for Animal Model, National Human Diseases Animal Model Resource Center, NHC Key Laboratory of Comparative Medicine, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, CAMS & PUMC, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Shuaiyao Lu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650031, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650031, China
| | - Yun Yang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650031, China
| | - Li Jiao
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650031, China
| | - Jingwen Hu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650031, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650031, China
| | - Fengmei Yang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650031, China
| | - Yunli Pang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650031, China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650031, China
| | - Yanpan Gao
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical Primate Research Center, Neuroscience Center, CAMS & PUMC, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical Primate Research Center, Neuroscience Center, CAMS & PUMC, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Pengcheng Shu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical Primate Research Center, Neuroscience Center, CAMS & PUMC, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Wei Ge
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical Primate Research Center, Neuroscience Center, CAMS & PUMC, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Zhanlong He
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650031, China.
| | - Xiaozhong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, National Center of Technology Innovation for Animal Model, National Human Diseases Animal Model Resource Center, NHC Key Laboratory of Comparative Medicine, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, CAMS & PUMC, Beijing, 100021, China.
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650031, China.
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical Primate Research Center, Neuroscience Center, CAMS & PUMC, Beijing, 100005, China.
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Gharib E, Veilleux V, Boudreau LH, Pichaud N, Robichaud GA. Platelet-derived microparticles provoke chronic lymphocytic leukemia malignancy through metabolic reprogramming. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1207631. [PMID: 37441073 PMCID: PMC10333545 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1207631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background It is well established that inflammation and platelets promote multiple processes of cancer malignancy. Recently, platelets have received attention for their role in carcinogenesis through the production of microvesicles or platelet-derived microparticles (PMPs), which transfer their biological content to cancer cells. We have previously characterized a new subpopulation of these microparticles (termed mito-microparticles), which package functional mitochondria. The potential of mitochondria transfer to cancer cells is particularly impactful as many aspects of mitochondrial biology (i.e., cell growth, apoptosis inhibition, and drug resistance) coincide with cancer hallmarks and disease progression. These metabolic aspects are particularly notable in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), which is characterized by a relentless accumulation of proliferating, immunologically dysfunctional, mature B-lymphocytes that fail to undergo apoptosis. The present study aimed to investigate the role of PMPs on CLL metabolic plasticity leading to cancer cell phenotypic changes. Methods CLL cell lines were co-incubated with different concentrations of human PMPs, and their impact on cell proliferation, mitochondrial DNA copy number, OCR level, ATP production, and ROS content was evaluated. Essential genes involved in metabolic-reprogramming were identified using the bioinformatics tools, examined between patients with early and advanced CLL stages, and then validated in PMP-recipient CLLs. Finally, the impact of the induced metabolic reprogramming on CLLs' growth, survival, mobility, and invasiveness was tested against anti-cancer drugs Cytarabine, Venetoclax, and Plumbagin. Results The data demonstrated the potency of PMPs in inducing tumoral growth and invasiveness in CLLs through mitochondrial internalization and OXPHOS stimulation which was in line with metabolic shift reported in CLL patients from early to advanced stages. This metabolic rewiring also improved CLL cells' resistance to Cytarabine, Venetoclax, and Plumbagin chemo drugs. Conclusion Altogether, these findings depict a new platelet-mediated pathway of cancer pathogenesis. We also highlight the impact of PMPs in CLL metabolic reprogramming and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Gharib
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada
- Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, NB, Canada
- New Brunswick Center for Precision Medicine, Moncton, NB, Canada
| | - Vanessa Veilleux
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada
- Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, NB, Canada
- New Brunswick Center for Precision Medicine, Moncton, NB, Canada
| | - Luc H Boudreau
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada
- New Brunswick Center for Precision Medicine, Moncton, NB, Canada
| | - Nicolas Pichaud
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada
- New Brunswick Center for Precision Medicine, Moncton, NB, Canada
| | - Gilles A Robichaud
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada
- Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, NB, Canada
- New Brunswick Center for Precision Medicine, Moncton, NB, Canada
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Nomura S, Shouzu A, Taniura T, Okuda Y, Omoto S, Suzuki M, Ito T, Toyoda N. Effects of Tofogliflozin and Anagliptin Alone or in Combination on Glucose Metabolism and Atherosclerosis-Related Markers in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Clin Pharmacol 2023; 15:41-55. [PMID: 37255963 PMCID: PMC10226515 DOI: 10.2147/cpaa.s409786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose In people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), both glucose metabolism abnormalities and atherosclerosis risk are significant concerns. This study aims to investigate the effects of the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor tofogliflozin (TOFO) and the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor anagliptin (ANA) on markers of glucose metabolism and atherosclerosis when administered individually or in combination. Methods Fifty T2DM patients were divided into two groups (receiving either TOFO or ANA monotherapy) and observed for 12 weeks (observation points: 0 and 12 weeks). The TOFO and ANA groups were then further treated with ANA and TOFO, respectively, and the patients were observed for an additional 36 weeks (observation points: 24 and 48 weeks). Therapeutic effects and various biomarkers were compared between the two groups at the observation points. Results Combination therapy led to significant improvements in HbA1c levels and atherosclerosis markers. Additionally, the TOFO pretreatment group exhibited significant reductions in sLOX-1 and IL-6 levels. Conclusion The increase in sLOX-1 and IL-6 levels, which indicates the response of scavenger receptors to oxidized low-density lipoproteins in people with T2DM, is mitigated following TOFO and ANA combination therapy. TOFO alone or in combination with ANA may be beneficial for preventing atherosclerosis development in people with T2DM, in addition to its effect on improving HbA1c levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shosaku Nomura
- Center of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Kansai Medical University Medical Center, Moriguchi, Japan
| | - Akira Shouzu
- Division of Diabetes, Saiseikai Izuo Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Yoshinori Okuda
- Division of Internal Medicine, Meisai Kinen Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Seitaro Omoto
- Division of Internal Medicine, Yukeikai Hospital, Neyagawa, Japan
| | - Masahiko Suzuki
- Division of Internal Medicine, Katano Hospital, Katano, Japan
| | - Tomoki Ito
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Nagaoki Toyoda
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
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5
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Lim YJ, Jung GN, Park WT, Seo MS, Lee GW. Therapeutic potential of small extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stem cells for spinal cord and nerve injury. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1151357. [PMID: 37035240 PMCID: PMC10073723 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1151357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural diseases such as compressive, congenital, and traumatic injuries have diverse consequences, from benign mild sequelae to severe life-threatening conditions with associated losses of motor, sensory, and autonomic functions. Several approaches have been adopted to control neuroinflammatory cascades. Traditionally, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been regarded as therapeutic agents, as they possess growth factors and cytokines with potential anti-inflammatory and regenerative effects. However, several animal model studies have reported conflicting outcomes, and therefore, the role of MSCs as a regenerative source for the treatment of neural pathologies remains debatable. In addition, issues such as heterogeneity and ethical issues limited their use as therapeutic agents. To overcome the obstacles associated with the use of traditional agents, we explored the therapeutic potentials of extracellular vesicles (EVs), which contain nucleic acids, functional proteins, and bioactive lipids, and play crucial roles in immune response regulation, inflammation reduction, and cell-to-cell communication. EVs may surpass MSCs in size issue, immunogenicity, and response to the host environment. However, a comprehensive review is required on the therapeutic potential of EVs for the treatment of neural pathologies. In this review, we discuss the action mechanism of EVs, their potential for treating neural pathologies, and future perspectives regarding their clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Ju Lim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Yeungnam University Medical Center, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong Na Jung
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Yeungnam University Medical Center, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Wook-Tae Park
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Yeungnam University Medical Center, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Soo Seo
- Department of Veterinary Tissue Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Gun Woo Lee
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Yeungnam University Medical Center, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- *Correspondence: Gun Woo Lee,
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Gholami Farashah MS, Javadi M, Mohammadi A, Soleimani Rad J, Shakouri SK, Roshangar L. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell's exosomes as key nanoparticles in osteogenesis and bone regeneration: specific capacity based on cell type. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:12203-12218. [PMID: 36224447 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07807-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Today, communities and their health systems are facing with several challenges associated with the population ageing. Growing number of bone disorders is one of the most serious consequences of aging. According to the reports bone disorders won't just affect the elderly population. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells that could be derived from a variety of tissues including bone marrow, Wharton's Jelly, adipose tissue, and others. MSCs have been utilized in different researches in the field of regenerative medicine because of their immunosuppression and anti-inflammatory mechanisms (like: inhibiting the activity of antigen presenting cells, and suppressing the activity of T lymphocyte cells, macrophages, and so on.), migration to injured areas, and participation in healing processes. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) are a type of these cells which can be commonly used in bone research with the promising results. These cells function by releasing a large number of extracellular vesicles (EVs). Exosomes are the most major EVs products produced by BMMSCs. They have the same contents and properties as their parent cells; however, these structures don't have the defects of cell therapy. Proteins (annexins, tetraspannins, etc.), lipids (cholesterol, phosphoglycerides, etc.), nucleic acids (micro-RNAs, and etc.) and other substances are found in exosomes. Exosomes affect target cells, causing them to change their function. The features of BMMSC exosomes' mechanism in osteogenesis and bone regeneration (like: effects on other MSCs, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and angiogenesis) and also the effects of their micro-RNAs on osteogenesis are the subject of the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sadegh Gholami Farashah
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Research Center, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Javadi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Mohammadi
- Stem cell and regenerative medicine research center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jafar Soleimani Rad
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Seyed Kazem Shakouri
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Research Center, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Leila Roshangar
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Research Center, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. .,Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. .,Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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7
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Liao HJ, Chang CH, Huang CYF, Chen HT. Potential of Using Infrapatellar–Fat–Pad–Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Therapy in Degenerative Arthritis: Chondrogenesis, Exosomes, and Transcription Regulation. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12030386. [PMID: 35327578 PMCID: PMC8945217 DOI: 10.3390/biom12030386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Infrapatellar fat pad–derived mesenchymal stem cells (IPFP-MSCs) are a type of adipose-derived stem cell (ADSC). They potentially contribute to cartilage regeneration and modulation of the immune microenvironment in patients with osteoarthritis (OA). The ability of IPFP-MSCs to increase chondrogenic capacity has been reported to be greater, less age dependent, and less affected by inflammatory changes than that of other MSCs. Transcription-regulatory factors strictly regulate the cartilage differentiation of MSCs. However, few studies have explored the effect of transcriptional factors on IPFP-MSC-based neocartilage formation, cartilage engineering, and tissue functionality during and after chondrogenesis. Instead of intact MSCs, MSC-derived extracellular vesicles could be used for the treatment of OA. Furthermore, exosomes are increasingly being considered the principal therapeutic agent in MSC secretions that is responsible for the regenerative and immunomodulatory functions of MSCs in cartilage repair. The present study provides an overview of advancements in enhancement strategies for IPFP-MSC chondrogenic differentiation, including the effects of transcriptional factors, the modulation of released exosomes, delivery mechanisms for MSCs, and ethical and regulatory points concerning the development of MSC products. This review will contribute to the understanding of the IPFP-MSC chondrogenic differentiation process and enable the improvement of IPFP-MSC-based cartilage tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiu-Jung Liao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 220216, Taiwan;
| | - Chih-Hung Chang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 220216, Taiwan;
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan City 320315, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-H.C.); (H.-T.C.)
| | - Chi-Ying F. Huang
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan;
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ting Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-H.C.); (H.-T.C.)
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Martin-Ventura JL, Roncal C, Orbe J, Blanco-Colio LM. Role of Extracellular Vesicles as Potential Diagnostic and/or Therapeutic Biomarkers in Chronic Cardiovascular Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:813885. [PMID: 35155428 PMCID: PMC8827403 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.813885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the first cause of death worldwide. In recent years, there has been great interest in the analysis of extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and microparticles, as potential mediators of biological communication between circulating cells/plasma and cells of the vasculature. Besides their activity as biological effectors, EVs have been also investigated as circulating/systemic biomarkers in different acute and chronic CVDs. In this review, the role of EVs as potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in chronic cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis (mainly, peripheral arterial disease, PAD), aortic stenosis (AS) and aortic aneurysms (AAs), will be described. Mechanistically, we will analyze the implication of EVs in pathological processes associated to cardiovascular remodeling, with special emphasis in their role in vascular and valvular calcification. Specifically, we will focus on the participation of EVs in calcium accumulation in the pathological vascular wall and aortic valves, involving the phenotypic change of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) or valvular interstitial cells (IC) to osteoblast-like cells. The knowledge of the implication of EVs in the pathogenic mechanisms of cardiovascular remodeling is still to be completely deciphered but there are promising results supporting their potential translational application to the diagnosis and therapy of different CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Luis Martin-Ventura
- Vascular Research Laboratory, IIS-Fundación Jiménez-Díaz, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Jose Luis Martin-Ventura, ; Carmen Roncal,
| | - Carmen Roncal
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
- Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, Program of Cardiovascular Diseases, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Jose Luis Martin-Ventura, ; Carmen Roncal,
| | - Josune Orbe
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
- Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, Program of Cardiovascular Diseases, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Luis Miguel Blanco-Colio
- Vascular Research Laboratory, IIS-Fundación Jiménez-Díaz, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
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9
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Mirfakhraie R, Noorazar L, Mohammadian M, Hajifathali A, Gholizadeh M, Salimi M, Sankanian G, Roshandel E, Mehdizadeh M. Treatment Failure in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Focus on the Role of Extracellular Vesicles. Leuk Res 2021; 112:106751. [PMID: 34808592 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2021.106751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) is one of the most common types of blood malignancies that results in an AML-associated high mortality rate each year. Several causes have been reported as prognostic factors for AML in children and adults, the most important of which are cytogenetic abnormalities and environmental risk factors. Following the discovery of numerous drugs for AML treatment, leukemic cells sought a way to escape from the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapy drugs, leading to treatment failure. Nowadays, comprehensive studies have looked at the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by AML blasts and how the microenvironment of the tumor changes in favor of cancer progression and survival to discover the mechanisms of treatment failure to choose the well-advised treatment. Reports show that malignant cells secrete EVs that transmit messages to adjacent cells and the tumor's microenvironment. By secreting EVs, containing immune-inhibiting cytokines, AML cells inactivate the immune system against malignant cells, thus ensuring their survival. Also, increased secretion of EVs in various malignancies indicates an unfavorable prognostic factor and the possibility of drug resistance. In this study, we briefly reviewed the challenges of treating AML with a glance at the EVs' role in this process. It is hoped that with a deeper understanding of EVs, new therapies will be developed to eliminate the relapse of leukemic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Mirfakhraie
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Noorazar
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mozhdeh Mohammadian
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Abbas Hajifathali
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Majid Gholizadeh
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maryam Salimi
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ghazaleh Sankanian
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Elham Roshandel
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mahshid Mehdizadeh
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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10
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Li D, Luo H, Ruan H, Chen Z, Chen S, Wang B, Xie Y. Isolation and identification of exosomes from feline plasma, urine and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:272. [PMID: 34384449 PMCID: PMC8359027 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02960-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exosomes, internal proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids coated by phospholipid bilayer membranes, are one type of small extracellular vesicles, which can mediate cell-cell communication. In recent years, exosomes have gained considerable scientific interest due to their widely applied prospect in the diagnosis and therapeutics of human and animal diseases. In this study, we describe for the first time a feasible method designed to isolate and characterize exosomes from feline plasma, urine and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. RESULTS Exosomes from feline plasma, urine and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells were successfully isolated by differential centrifugation. Quantification and sizing of exosomes were assessed by transmission electron microscopy, flow nano analysis and western blotting. Detected particles showed the normal size (30-100 nm) and morphology described for exosomes, as well as presence of the transmembrane protein (TSG101, CD9, CD63, and CD81) known as exosomal marker. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that differential centrifugation is a feasible method for isolation of exosomes from different types of feline samples. Moreover, these exosomes can be used to further diagnosis and therapeutics in veterinary pre-clinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Li
- VetCell Biotechnology Company Limited, Foshan, 528225, China
| | - Huina Luo
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528225, China
| | - Huimin Ruan
- VetCell Biotechnology Company Limited, Foshan, 528225, China
| | - Zhisheng Chen
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528225, China
| | - Shengfeng Chen
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528225, China
| | - Bingyun Wang
- VetCell Biotechnology Company Limited, Foshan, 528225, China. .,School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528225, China.
| | - Yong Xie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, 528000, China.
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11
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Găman MA, Cozma MA, Dobrică EC, Crețoiu SM, Găman AM, Diaconu CC. Liquid Biopsy and Potential Liquid Biopsy-Based Biomarkers in Philadelphia-Negative Classical Myeloproliferative Neoplasms: A Systematic Review. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11070677. [PMID: 34357048 PMCID: PMC8304270 DOI: 10.3390/life11070677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are rare, clonal disorders of the hematopoietic stem cell in which an uncontrolled proliferation of terminally differentiated myeloid cells is noted. Polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET) and primary myelofibrosis (PMF) are included in the category of Philadelphia-negative, so-called classical MPNs. The potential applications of liquid biopsy and liquid biopsy-based biomarkers have not been explored in MPNs until now. Thus, a systematic search was computed in PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science and The Cochrane Library and, in total, 198 potentially relevant papers were detected. Following the removal of duplicates (n = 85), 113 records were screened. After the exclusion of irrelevant manuscripts based on the screening of their titles and abstracts (n = 81), we examined the full texts of 33 manuscripts. Finally, after we applied the exclusion and inclusion criteria, 27 original articles were included in this review. Overall, the data analyzed in this review point out that liquid biopsy and liquid biopsy-based biomarkers (cell-free DNA, extracellular vesicles, microparticles, circulating endothelial cells) could be used in MPNs for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. Future research is needed to clarify whether this technique can be employed to differentiate between MPN subtypes and secondary causes of erythrocytosis, thrombocytosis and myelofibrosis, as well as to predict the development of thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihnea-Alexandru Găman
- Faculty of Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
- Department of Hematology, Center of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Fundeni Clinical Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: (M.-A.G.); (S.M.C.)
| | - Matei-Alexandru Cozma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Elena-Codruța Dobrică
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (E.-C.D.); (A.M.G.)
- Department of Dermatology, “Elias” University Emergency Hospital, 011461 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sanda Maria Crețoiu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Histology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: (M.-A.G.); (S.M.C.)
| | - Amelia Maria Găman
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (E.-C.D.); (A.M.G.)
- Clinic of Hematology, Filantropia City Hospital, 200143 Craiova, Romania
| | - Camelia Cristina Diaconu
- Faculty of Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, 105402 Bucharest, Romania
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12
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Sugimoto K, Toume K. Amphibian thrombocyte-derived extracellular vesicles, including microRNAs, induce angiogenesis-related genes in endothelial cells. Genes Cells 2021; 26:757-771. [PMID: 34224189 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Thrombocytes circulate in the blood of nonmammalian vertebrates and are involved in hemostasis; however, many detailed characteristics of thrombocytes remain unclear. Recently, we established an amphibian thrombocyte cell line. Here, we report the finding that thrombocytes produce integrin alpha IIb (CD41)-positive extracellular vesicles (EVs), which include microRNAs (miRs). Flow cytometric analysis showed the expression of CD41+ and phosphatidylserine on the surface of EVs. Nanotracking analysis showed that these CD41+ EVs were approximately 100 nm in diameter. As CD41+ EVs were also observed from African clawed frogs, the production of CD41+ EVs might be common to amphibians. Microarray analysis showed that the CD41+ EVs contain many kinds of miRs. These CD41+ EVs were phagocytosed by endothelial cells and macrophages. qPCR analysis showed that many angiogenesis-related genes were up-regulated in CD41+ EV-treated endothelial cells. Over-expression of some miRs in the CD41+ EVs increased the proliferation of endothelial cells. These results indicated that thrombocytes produced CD41+ EVs, including miRs, that were received by endothelial cells to induce the expression of angiogenesis-related genes. These results indicated that the CD41+ EVs produced from thrombocytes act as signaling molecules to repair damaged blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenkichi Sugimoto
- Department of Cell Science, Faculty of the Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kayano Toume
- Department of Cell Science, Faculty of the Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
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13
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Jarczak D, Kluge S, Nierhaus A. Sepsis-Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Concepts. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:628302. [PMID: 34055825 PMCID: PMC8160230 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.628302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening condition and a global disease burden. Today, the heterogeneous syndrome is defined as severe organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection, with renewed emphasis on immune pathophysiology. Despite all efforts of experimental and clinical research during the last three decades, the ability to positively influence course and outcome of the syndrome remains limited. Evidence-based therapy still consists of basic causal and supportive measures, while adjuvant interventions such as blood purification or targeted immunotherapy largely remain without proof of effectiveness so far. With this review, we aim to provide an overview of sepsis immune pathophysiology, to update the choice of therapeutic approaches targeting different immunological mechanisms in the course of sepsis and septic shock, and to call for a paradigm shift from the pathogen to the host response as a potentially more promising angle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Jarczak
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Kluge
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Axel Nierhaus
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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14
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Behrens F, Holle J, Kuebler WM, Simmons S. Extracellular vesicles as regulators of kidney function and disease. Intensive Care Med Exp 2020; 8:22. [PMID: 33336297 PMCID: PMC7746786 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-020-00306-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small, lipid bilayer-delimited particles of cellular origin that recently gained increasing attention for their potential use as diagnostic biomarkers, and beyond that for their role in intercellular communication and as regulators of homeostatic and disease processes. In acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD), the potential use of EVs as diagnostic and prognostic markers has been evaluated in a series of clinical studies and contributions to pathophysiologic pathways have been investigated in experimental models. While EV concentrations in biofluids could not distinguish renal patients from healthy subjects or determine disease progression, specific EV subpopulations have been identified that may provide useful diagnostic and prognostic tools in AKI. Specific EV subpopulations are also associated with clinical complications in sepsis-induced AKI and in CKD. Beyond their role as biomarkers, pathophysiologic involvement of EVs has been shown in hemolytic uremic syndrome- and sepsis-induced AKI as well as in cardiovascular complications of CKD. On the other hand, some endogenously formed or therapeutically applied EVs demonstrate protective effects pointing toward their usefulness as emerging treatment strategy in kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Behrens
- Institute of Physiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nephrology and Metabolic Diseases, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Holle
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nephrology and Metabolic Diseases, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang M Kuebler
- Institute of Physiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany. .,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany. .,The Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science at St. Michael's, Toronto, Canada. .,Departments of Surgery and Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Szandor Simmons
- Institute of Physiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
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15
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Holcar M, Ferdin J, Sitar S, Tušek-Žnidarič M, Dolžan V, Plemenitaš A, Žagar E, Lenassi M. Enrichment of plasma extracellular vesicles for reliable quantification of their size and concentration for biomarker discovery. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21346. [PMID: 33288809 PMCID: PMC7721811 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78422-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human plasma is a complex fluid, increasingly used for extracellular vesicle (EV) biomarker studies. Our aim was to find a simple EV-enrichment method for reliable quantification of EVs in plasma to be used as biomarker of disease. Plasma of ten healthy subjects was processed using sedimentation rate- (sucrose cushion ultracentrifugation—sUC) and size- (size exclusion chromatography—SEC) based methods. According to nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation coupled to detectors (AF4-UV-MALS), miRNA quantification, transmission electron microscopy and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, enrichment of EVs from plasma with sUC method lead to high purity of EVs in the samples. High nanoparticle concentrations after SEC resulted from substantial contamination with lipoproteins and other aggregates of EV-like sizes that importantly affect downstream EV quantification. Additionally, sUC EV-enrichment method linked to quantification with NTA or AF4-UV-MALS is repeatable, as the relative standard deviation of EV size measured in independently processed samples from the same plasma source was 5.4% and 2.1% when analyzed by NTA or AF4-UV-MALS, respectively. In conclusion, the sUC EV-enrichment method is compatible with reliable measurement of concentration and size of EVs from plasma and should in the future be tested on larger cohorts in relation to different diseases. This is one of the first studies using AF4-UV-MALS to quantify EVs in blood plasma, which opens new possible clinical utility for the technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Holcar
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jana Ferdin
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Simona Sitar
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Magda Tušek-Žnidarič
- Department of Biotechnology and System Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vita Dolžan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ana Plemenitaš
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ema Žagar
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Metka Lenassi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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16
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Inaba T, Tsukamoto T, Fujita N, Kuroda J. Auer-bodies in cellular components other than typical myeloblasts. Int J Hematol 2020; 112:605-606. [PMID: 32951101 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-020-03003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Inaba
- Department of Infection Control and Laboratory Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan.
| | - Taku Tsukamoto
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Naohisa Fujita
- Department of Infection Control and Laboratory Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Junya Kuroda
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
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17
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Nomura S, Taniura T, Ito T. Extracellular Vesicle-Related Thrombosis in Viral Infection. Int J Gen Med 2020; 13:559-568. [PMID: 32904587 PMCID: PMC7457561 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s265865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the outcomes of viral infectious diseases are remarkably varied, most infections cause acute diseases after a short period. Novel coronavirus disease 2019, which recently spread worldwide, is no exception. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small circulating membrane-enclosed entities shed from the cell surface in response to cell activation or apoptosis. EVs transport various kinds of bioactive molecules between cells, including functional RNAs, such as viral RNAs and proteins. Therefore, when EVs are at high levels, changes in cell activation, inflammation, angioplasty and transportation suggest that EVs are associated with various diseases. Clinical research on EVs includes studies on the coagulatory system. In particular, abnormal enhancement of the coagulatory system through EVs can cause thrombosis. In this review, we address the functions of EVs, thrombosis, and their involvement in viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shosaku Nomura
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | | | - Tomoki Ito
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
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18
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Yu J, Dong W, Liang J. Extracellular Vesicle-Transported Long Non-Coding RNA (LncRNA) X Inactive-Specific Transcript (XIST) in Serum is a Potential Novel Biomarker for Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e924448. [PMID: 32843612 PMCID: PMC7448689 DOI: 10.12659/msm.924448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) contribute to tumor progression. Differentially expressed long non-coding (lnc)RNAs may serve as biomarkers for CRC diagnosis. This study aimed to discuss the diagnostic value of serum EV-derived lncRNA X inactive-specific transcript (XIST) in CRC. Material/Methods Serum EVs were extracted and identified. Microarray analysis was performed to screen out the differentially expressed lncRNAs in serum EVs. The expression and diagnostic efficacy of the most differentially expressed lncRNA were measured. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed to evaluate the association between survival time and XIST expression in EVs. The expression profile of serum EV-carried XIST in 94 CRC patients with different tumor-node-metastasis stages, lymph node metastasis, and differentiation was assessed. The serum contents of CEA, CA242, CA199, and CA153 were measured. Results XIST in serum EVs in CRC patients was upregulated, with greatest diagnostic value. CRC patients with higher expression of XIST in serum EVs had worse 5-year survival rates and shorter life cycles, lower differentiation, higher lymph node metastasis, and tumor-node-metastasis than patients with lower XIST expression. XIST expression in serum EVs was positively correlated with CRC marker contents. Conclusions XIST upregulation in serum EVs is related to CRC progression, which may be helpful to the clinical diagnosis and prognosis of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Yu
- Department of General Medicine, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Weiwei Dong
- Department of Medical, Jinan First People's Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Jianxiao Liang
- Department of Radiology, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, Shandong, China (mainland)
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19
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Alique M, Sánchez-López E, Bodega G, Giannarelli C, Carracedo J, Ramírez R. Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α: The Master Regulator of Endothelial Cell Senescence in Vascular Aging. Cells 2020; 9:cells9010195. [PMID: 31941032 PMCID: PMC7016968 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is one of the hottest topics in biomedical research. Advances in research and medicine have helped to preserve human health, leading to an extension of life expectancy. However, the extension of life is an irreversible process that is accompanied by the development of aging-related conditions such as weakness, slower metabolism, and stiffness of vessels. It also debated that aging can be considered an actual disease with aging-derived comorbidities, including cancer or cardiovascular disease. Currently, cardiovascular disorders, including atherosclerosis, are considered as premature aging and represent the first causes of death in developed countries, accounting for 31% of annual deaths globally. Emerging evidence has identified hypoxia-inducible factor-1α as a critical transcription factor with an essential role in aging-related pathology, in particular, regulating cellular senescence associated with cardiovascular aging. In this review, we will focus on the regulation of senescence mediated by hypoxia-inducible factor-1α in age-related pathologies, with particular emphasis on the crosstalk between endothelial and vascular cells in age-associated atherosclerotic lesions. More specifically, we will focus on the characteristics and mechanisms by which cells within the vascular wall, including endothelial and vascular cells, achieve a senescent phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Alique
- Departamento Biología de Sistemas, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud (IRYCIS), Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence: (M.A.); (J.C.); Tel.: +34-91-885-6436 (M.A.); +34-91-394-5005 (J.C.)
| | - Elsa Sánchez-López
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA;
| | - Guillermo Bodega
- Departamento de Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Facultad de Biología, Química y Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Chiara Giannarelli
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, New York, NY 10029, USA;
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Julia Carracedo
- Departamento de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.A.); (J.C.); Tel.: +34-91-885-6436 (M.A.); +34-91-394-5005 (J.C.)
| | - Rafael Ramírez
- Departamento Biología de Sistemas, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud (IRYCIS), Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain;
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20
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Yamanaka Y, Sawai Y, Nomura S. Platelet-Derived Microparticles are an Important Biomarker in Patients with Cancer-Associated Thrombosis. Int J Gen Med 2019; 12:491-497. [PMID: 32099444 PMCID: PMC6997194 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s236166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Platelet-derived microparticles (PDMPs) that ultimately cause vascular complications might be used as a tool to assess thrombotic areas. We identified PDMPs, high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) and soluble endothelial protein C receptor (sEPCR) as useful prognosis indicators for cancer-related thrombosis (CAT) to evaluate the utility of PDMPs in cancer patients. Methods We investigated 232 cancer patients: 24 (10.3%) had thrombotic complications within 6 months after their first examination. Levels of PDMP and biomarkers were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results The levels of PDMPs, HMGB1 and sEPCR were higher in cancer patients compared with controls. In particular, these levels were significantly elevated in lung cancer patients compared with controls, and all were higher in CAT-positive patients compared with CAT-negative patients. In particular, PDMP levels in CAT-positive patients were significantly elevated compared with CAT-negative patients. PDMP levels were significantly lower in patients who lived for more than 901 days after their first examination compared with previous data. PDMP levels were positively correlated with HMGB1, and caused the dose-dependent elevation of PDMPs in vitro using platelet-rich plasma from healthy persons. Conclusion The combined increase in PDMP and HMGB1 levels might be related to CAT in cancer patients. Therefore, coagulatory dysfunction may result from increased levels of these biomarkers and contribute to the poor prognosis of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Yamanaka
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sawai
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Shosaku Nomura
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
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21
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Exosomes: Biogenesis, Composition, Functions, and Their Role in Pre-metastatic Niche Formation. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-019-0170-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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22
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Moloudizargari M, Abdollahi M, Asghari MH, Zimta AA, Neagoe IB, Nabavi SM. The emerging role of exosomes in multiple myeloma. Blood Rev 2019; 38:100595. [PMID: 31445775 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2019.100595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM), one of the most prevalent hematological malignancies, accounts for approximately 10% of all blood cancers. In spite of the recent advancements in MM therapy, this malignancy of terminally differentiated plasma cells (PCs) continues to remain a hard-to-cure disease due to the emergence of drug resistance and frequent relapses. It is now well-established that the tumor-supportive involvement of the bone marrow microenvironment (BMM) including the cellular and non-cellular elements are the major causes behind treatment failures of MM as well as its main complications such as osteolytic bone loss. Exosomes (EXs) are membranous structures that carry signaling molecules and have recently received a great deal of attention as important mediators of inter-cellular communication in health and disease. EXs involve in the growth and drug resistance of many tumors via delivering their rich contents of bioactive molecules including miRNAs, growth factors, cytokines, signaling molecules, etc. With regard to MM, many studies have reported that EXs are among the main culprits playing key roles in the vicious network within the BMM of these patients. The main producers of EXs that largely contribute to MM pathogenesis are bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) as well as MM cells themselves. These cell types produce large amounts of EXs that affect a variety of target cells including natural killer (NK) cells, osteoclasts (OCs) and osteoblasts (OBs) to the advantage of tumor survival and progression. These EXs contain a different profile of proteins and miRNAs from that of EXs obtained from their counterparts in healthy individuals. MM patients exhibit distinguishable elevations in some of their contents such as miR-21, miR-146a, let-7b and miR-18a, while some molecules like miR-15a are markedly downregulated in EXs of MM patients compared to healthy individuals. These findings make EXs desirable biomarkers for early prediction of disease progression and drug resistance in the context of MM. On the other hand, due to the tumor-supportive role of EXs, targeting these structures in parallel to the conventional therapeutic regimens may be a promising approach to a successful anti-MM therapy. In the present work, an extensive review of the literature has been carried out to highlight the recent advances in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Moloudizargari
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- Toxicology and Diseases Group (TDG), Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), The institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Asghari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
| | - Alina Andreea Zimta
- MedFuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioana Berindan Neagoe
- MedFuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Seyed Mohammad Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Soluble CLEC-2 is generated independently of ADAM10 and is increased in plasma in acute coronary syndrome: comparison with soluble GPVI. Int J Hematol 2019; 110:285-294. [PMID: 31165998 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-019-02680-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Soluble forms of platelet membrane proteins are released upon platelet activation. We previously reported that soluble C-type lectin-like receptor 2 (sCLEC-2) is released as a shed fragment (Shed CLEC-2) or as a whole molecule associated with platelet microparticles (MP-CLEC-2). In contrast, soluble glycoprotein VI (sGPVI) is released as a shed fragment (Shed GPVI), but not as a microparticle-associated form (MP-GPVI). However, mechanism of sCLEC-2 generation or plasma sCLEC-2 has not been fully elucidated. Experiments using metalloproteinase inhibitors/stimulators revealed that ADAM10/17 induce GPVI shedding, but not CLEC-2 shedding, and that shed CLEC-2 was partially generated by MMP-2. Although MP-GPVI was not generated, it was generated in the presence of the ADAM10 inhibitor. Moreover, antibodies against the cytoplasmic or extracellular domain of GPVI revealed the presence of the GPVI cytoplasmic domain, but not the extracellular domain, in the microparticles. These findings suggest that most of the GPVI on microparticles are induced to shed by ADAM10; MP-GPVI is thus undetected. Plasma sCLEC-2 level was 1/32 of plasma sGPVI level in normal subjects, but both soluble proteins significantly increased in plasma of patients with acute coronary syndrome. Thus, sCLEC-2 and sGPVI are released by different mechanisms and released in vivo upon platelet activation.
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Notarangelo M, Zucal C, Modelska A, Pesce I, Scarduelli G, Potrich C, Lunelli L, Pederzolli C, Pavan P, la Marca G, Pasini L, Ulivi P, Beltran H, Demichelis F, Provenzani A, Quattrone A, D'Agostino VG. Ultrasensitive detection of cancer biomarkers by nickel-based isolation of polydisperse extracellular vesicles from blood. EBioMedicine 2019; 43:114-126. [PMID: 31047861 PMCID: PMC6558028 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are secreted membranous particles intensively studied for their potential cargo of diagnostic markers. Efficient and cost-effective isolation methods need to be established for the reproducible and high-throughput study of EVs in the clinical practice. METHODS We designed the nickel-based isolation (NBI) to rapidly isolate EVs and combined it with newly-designed amplified luminescent proximity homogeneous assay or digital PCR to detect biomarkers of clinical utility. FINDINGS From plasma of 46 healthy donors, we systematically recovered small EV (~250 nm of mean diameter; ~3 × 1010/ml) and large EV (~560 nm of mean diameter; ~5 × 108/ml) lineages ranging from 50 to 700 nm, which displayed hematopoietic/endothelial cell markers that were also used in spike-in experiments using EVs from tumor cell lines. In retrospective studies, we detected picomolar concentrations of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) in fractions of EVs isolated from the plasma of prostate cancer patients, discriminating them from control subjects. Directly from oil-encapsulated EVs for digital PCR, we identified somatic BRAF and KRAS mutations circulating in the plasma of metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, matching 100% of concordance with tissue diagnostics. Importantly, with higher sensitivity and specificity compared with immuno-isolated EVs, we revealed additional somatic alterations in 7% of wild-type CRC cases that were subsequently validated by further inspections in the matched tissue biopsies. INTERPRETATION We propose NBI-combined approaches as simple, fast, and robust strategies to probe the tumor heterogeneity and contribute to the development of EV-based liquid biopsy studies. FUND: Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro (AIRC), Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio Trento e Rovereto (CARITRO), and the Italian Ministero Istruzione, Università e Ricerca (Miur).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Notarangelo
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, Trento 38123, Italy
| | - Chiara Zucal
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, Trento 38123, Italy
| | - Angelika Modelska
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, Trento 38123, Italy
| | - Isabella Pesce
- Cell Analysis and Separation Core Facility (CIBIO), University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, Trento 38123, Italy
| | - Giorgina Scarduelli
- Advanced Imaging Core Facility (CIBIO), University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, Trento 38123, Italy
| | - Cristina Potrich
- Fondazione Bruno Kessler (FBK), Laboratory of Biomolecular Sequence and Structure Analysis for Health, Trento, Via Sommarive 14, Trento 38123, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Lunelli
- Fondazione Bruno Kessler (FBK), Laboratory of Biomolecular Sequence and Structure Analysis for Health, Trento, Via Sommarive 14, Trento 38123, Italy
| | - Cecilia Pederzolli
- Fondazione Bruno Kessler (FBK), Laboratory of Biomolecular Sequence and Structure Analysis for Health, Trento, Via Sommarive 14, Trento 38123, Italy
| | - Paola Pavan
- Immunohematology and Cell Factory Unit, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Viale Pieraccini 24, Florence 50139, Italy
| | - Giancarlo la Marca
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, Centro di Eccellenza Denothe, Aou Meyer University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Italy
| | - Luigi Pasini
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Via Piero Maroncelli 40, Meldola 47014, Italy
| | - Paola Ulivi
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Via Piero Maroncelli 40, Meldola 47014, Italy
| | - Himisha Beltran
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Francesca Demichelis
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, Trento 38123, Italy
| | - Alessandro Provenzani
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, Trento 38123, Italy
| | - Alessandro Quattrone
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, Trento 38123, Italy
| | - Vito G D'Agostino
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, Trento 38123, Italy.
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Ehsanpour A, Saki N, Bagheri M, Maleki Behzad M, Abroun S. The Expression of Microvesicles in Leukemia: Prognostic Approaches. CELL JOURNAL 2019; 21:115-123. [PMID: 30825284 PMCID: PMC6397602 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2019.5847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Microvesicles (MVs) are the smallest subclass of the extracellular vesicles (EVs) spontaneously secreted by the external
budding from the cell membranes in physiologic and pathologic conditions. The MVs derived from leukemic cells (LCs) can
be detected by the expression of specific cluster of differentiation (CD) markers indicating their cellular origin while they can
transfer different agents such as microRNAs, cytokines, and chemokines. The secretion of these agents from MVs can affect
the vital processes of LCs such as cell cycle, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. According to the effects of MVs
components on the vital processes of LCs, it has been postulated that a change in the expression of MVs might be involved
in the progression and prognosis of leukemia. However, further studies are needed to confirm the association between the
presence of MVs and their components with the prognosis of leukemia. It seems that the identification of the prognostic values
and the application of them for the detection of MVs in leukemia can provide new therapeutic targets for monitoring the status
of patients with leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ehsanpour
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Research Institute of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Najmaldin Saki
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Research Institute of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Marziye Bagheri
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Research Institute of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Masumeh Maleki Behzad
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Research Institute of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Saeid Abroun
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. Electronic Address:
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26
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Słomka A, Urban SK, Lukacs-Kornek V, Żekanowska E, Kornek M. Large Extracellular Vesicles: Have We Found the Holy Grail of Inflammation? Front Immunol 2018; 9:2723. [PMID: 30619239 PMCID: PMC6300519 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The terms microparticles (MPs) and microvesicles (MVs) refer to large extracellular vesicles (EVs) generated from a broad spectrum of cells upon its activation or death by apoptosis. The unique surface antigens of MPs/MVs allow for the identification of their cellular origin as well as its functional characterization. Two basic aspects of MP/MV functions in physiology and pathological conditions are widely considered. Firstly, it has become evident that large EVs have strong procoagulant properties. Secondly, experimental and clinical studies have shown that MPs/MVs play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of inflammation-associated disorders. A cardinal feature of these disorders is an enhanced generation of platelets-, endothelial-, and leukocyte-derived EVs. Nevertheless, anti-inflammatory effects of miscellaneous EV types have also been described, which provided important new insights into the large EV-inflammation axis. Advances in understanding the biology of MPs/MVs have led to the preparation of this review article aimed at discussing the association between large EVs and inflammation, depending on their cellular origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Słomka
- Department of Pathophysiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Sabine Katharina Urban
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Veronika Lukacs-Kornek
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Hospital of the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ewa Żekanowska
- Department of Pathophysiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Miroslaw Kornek
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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27
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Takao M, Nagai Y, Ito M, Ohba T. Flow cytometric quantitation of EpCAM-positive extracellular vesicles by immunomagnetic separation and phospholipid staining method. Genes Cells 2018; 23:963-973. [DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Takao
- Department of Project Programs, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer; Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
| | - Yutaka Nagai
- IVD Operations; Nihon Kohden Corporation; Tokyo Japan
- Ogino Memorial Laboratory, Development Department; Nihon Kohden Corporation; Tokyo Japan
| | - Masami Ito
- Ogino Memorial Laboratory, Development Department; Nihon Kohden Corporation; Tokyo Japan
| | - Tetsuhiko Ohba
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science and Faculty of Science; Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Platelets are anucleate blood cells that are involved in hemostasis and thrombosis. Although no longer able to generate ribonucleic acid (RNA) de novo, platelets contain messenger RNA (mRNA), YRNA fragments, and premature microRNAs (miRNAs) that they inherit from megakaryocytes. Recent Advances: Novel sequencing techniques have helped identify the unexpectedly large number of RNA species present in platelets. Throughout their life time, platelets can process the pre-existing pool of premature miRNA to give the fully functional miRNA that can regulate platelet protein expression and function. CRITICAL ISSUES Platelets make a major contribution to the circulating miRNA pool but platelet activation can have major consequences on Dicer levels and thus miRNA maturation, which has implications for studies that are focused on screening-stored platelets. FUTURE DIRECTIONS It will be important to determine the importance of platelets as donors for miRNA-containing microvesicles that can be taken up and processed by other (particularly vascular) cells, thus contributing to homeostasis as well as disease progression. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 29, 902-921.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amro Elgheznawy
- 1 Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University , Frankfurt am Main, Germany .,2 German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) , Partner site Rhein-Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ingrid Fleming
- 1 Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University , Frankfurt am Main, Germany .,2 German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) , Partner site Rhein-Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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29
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Bjørge IM, Kim SY, Mano JF, Kalionis B, Chrzanowski W. Extracellular vesicles, exosomes and shedding vesicles in regenerative medicine - a new paradigm for tissue repair. Biomater Sci 2018; 6:60-78. [PMID: 29184934 DOI: 10.1039/c7bm00479f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tissue regeneration by stem cells is driven by the paracrine activity of shedding vesicles and exosomes, which deliver specific cargoes to the recipient cells. Proteins, RNA, cytokines and subsequent gene expression, orchestrate the regeneration process by improving the microenvironment to promote cell survival, controlling inflammation, repairing injury and enhancing the healing process. The action of microRNA is widely accepted as an essential driver of the regenerative process through its impact on multiple downstream biological pathways, and its ability to regulate the host immune response. Here, we present an overview of the recent potential uses of exosomes for regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. We also highlight the differences in composition between shedding vesicles and exosomes that depend on the various types of stem cells from which they are derived. The conditions that affect the production of exosomes in different cell types are deliberated. This review also presents the current status of candidate exosomal microRNAs for potential therapeutic use in regenerative medicine, and in applications involving widely studied organs and tissues such as heart, lung, cartilage and bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Bjørge
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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30
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Dickhout A, Koenen RR. Extracellular Vesicles as Biomarkers in Cardiovascular Disease; Chances and Risks. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:113. [PMID: 30186839 PMCID: PMC6113364 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of extracellular vesicles (EV) is rapidly expanding, also within cardiovascular diseases. Besides their exciting roles in cell-to-cell communication, EV have the potential to serve as excellent biomarkers, since their counts, content, and origin might provide useful information about the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disorders. Various studies have already indicated associations of EV counts and content with cardiovascular diseases. However, EV research is complicated by several factors, most notably the small size of EV. In this review, the advantages and drawbacks of EV-related methods and applications as biomarkers are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemiek Dickhout
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Rory R Koenen
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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31
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Huang C, Han J, Wu Y, Li S, Wang Q, Lin W, Zhu J. Exosomal MALAT1 derived from oxidized low-density lipoprotein-treated endothelial cells promotes M2 macrophage polarization. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:509-515. [PMID: 29750307 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL)-induced injury and apoptosis of endothelial cells are important initial events in numerous cardiovascular diseases. Following activation by oxLDL, monocytes adhere to endothelial cells, migrate into the subendothelial spaces and then undergo differentiation into macrophages, which subsequently induces the formation of atherosclerotic lesions. However, the mechanisms underlying the activation of macrophage differentiation by oxLDL-treated endothelial cells remain unclear. In the present study, it was demonstrated that exosomal metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) was increased in oxLDL-treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells. When co-cultured with monocytes, exosomes extracted from oxLDL-treated HUVECs were endocytosed. Furthermore, exosomes derived from oxLDL-treated endothelial cells were revealed to promote M2 macrophage polarization, as reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blotting and ELISA analyses demonstrated increases in the expression of M2 macrophage markers, including macrophage mannose receptor 1 (also termed CD206), arginase-1 and interleukin (IL)-10, and decreases in the expression of the M1 macrophage marker, IL-12. Furthermore, the suppression of MALAT1 expression in monocytes was demonstrated to reverse exosome-mediated M2 macrophage polarization. In conclusion, the results of the present study revealed a novel mechanism underlying the onset of atherogenesis associated with endothelial cells and macrophages: Exosomal MALAT1 derived from oxLDL-treated endothelial cells promoted M2 macrophage polarization. This result may provide a novel scientific basis for the understanding of atherosclerosis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyang Huang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Jie Han
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Yutao Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Shan Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Qiwen Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Wenjuan Lin
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Jianhua Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
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32
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A characteristic flow cytometric pattern with broad forward scatter and narrowed side scatter helps diagnose immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). Int J Hematol 2018; 108:151-160. [PMID: 29663189 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-018-2454-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Various disorders cause severe thrombocytopenia, which can lead to critical hemorrhage. Procedures that rapidly support the diagnosis and risk factors for serious bleeding were explored, with a focus on immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). Twenty-five patients with thrombocytopenia, including 13 with newly diagnosed ITP, 3 with chronic ITP, 6 with aplastic anemia (AA), and 3 with other thrombocytopenia (one acute myeloid leukemia, one acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and one hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis), were reviewed. In addition to platelet-related parameters obtained by an automated hematology analyzer, flow cytometric analysis of platelets was performed. A characteristic flow cytometric pattern with broad forward scatter and narrowed side scatter, which is specific to ITP, but not other types of thrombocytopenia, was found. CD62P-positive platelets were increased in newly diagnosed ITP cases compared to control (P < 0.0001), AA (P = 0.0032). Moreover, detection of dramatic changes in these parameters on sequential monitoring may suggest internal hemorrhage, even absent skin or visible mucosal bleeding. The bleeding score for visible mucosae had a negative correlation with platelet count and a positive correlation with immature platelet fraction (%), forward scatter, and CD62P. This characteristic flow cytometric pattern makes it possible to distinguish ITP from other thrombocytopenic disorders.
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Schurgers LJ, Akbulut AC, Kaczor DM, Halder M, Koenen RR, Kramann R. Initiation and Propagation of Vascular Calcification Is Regulated by a Concert of Platelet- and Smooth Muscle Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:36. [PMID: 29682509 PMCID: PMC5897433 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ageing population continues to suffer from its primary killer, cardiovascular disease (CVD). Despite recent advances in interventional medicinal and surgical therapies towards the end of the 20th century, the epidemic of cardiovascular disease has not been halted. Yet, rather than receding globally, the burden of CVD has risen to become a top cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Most CVD arises from thrombotic rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque, the pathologic thickening of coronary and carotid artery segments and subsequent distal ischemia in heart or brain. In fact, one-fifth of deaths are directly attributable to thrombotic rupture of a vulnerable plaque. Atherosclerotic lesion formation is caused by a concert of interactions between circulating leukocytes and platelets, interacting with the endothelial barrier, signalling into the arterial wall by the release of cytokines and extracellular vesicles (EVs). Both platelet- and cell-derived EVs represent a novel mechanism of cellular communication, particularly by the transport and transfer of cargo and by reprogramming of the recipient cell. These interactions result in phenotypic switching of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) causing migration and proliferation, and subsequent secretion of EVs. Loss of VSMCs attracts perivascular Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) from the adventitia, which are a source of VSMCs and contribute to repair after vascular injury. However, continuous stress stimuli eventually switch phenotype of cells into osteochondrogenic VSMCs facilitating vascular calcification. Although Virchow’s triad is over 100 years old, it is a reality that is accurate today. It can be briefly summarised as changes in the composition of blood (platelet EVs), alterations in the vessel wall (VSMC phenotypic switching, MSC infiltration and EV release) and disruption of blood flow (atherothrombosis). In this paper, we review the latest relevant advances in the identification of extracellular vesicle pathways as well as VSMCs and pericyte/MSC phenotypic switching, underlying vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon J Schurgers
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Asim C Akbulut
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Dawid M Kaczor
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Maurice Halder
- Division of Nephrology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rory R Koenen
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Rafael Kramann
- Division of Nephrology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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Samanta S, Rajasingh S, Drosos N, Zhou Z, Dawn B, Rajasingh J. Exosomes: new molecular targets of diseases. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39:501-513. [PMID: 29219950 PMCID: PMC5888687 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2017.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) comprise apoptotic bodies, microvesicles and exosomes, and they perform as key regulators in cell-to-cell communication in normal as well as diseased states. EVs contain natural cargo molecules, such as miRNA, mRNA and proteins, and transfer these functional cargos to neighboring cells or more distant cells through circulation. These functionally active molecules then affect distinct signaling cascades. The message conveyed to the recipient cells is dependent upon the composition of the EV, which is determined by the parent cell and the EV biogenesis. Because of their properties such as increased stability in circulation, biocompatibility, low immunogenicity and toxicity, EVs have drawn attention as attractive delivery systems for therapeutics. This review focuses on the functional use of exosomes in therapy and the potential advantages and challenges in using exosomes for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saheli Samanta
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Sheeja Rajasingh
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Nicholas Drosos
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Zhigang Zhou
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Buddhadeb Dawn
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Johnson Rajasingh
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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35
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Abstract
Platelets play a vital role in normal hemostasis to stem blood loss at sites of vascular injury by tethering and adhering to sites of injury, recruiting other platelets and blood cells to the developing clot, releasing vasoactive small molecules and proteins, and assembling and activating plasma coagulation proteins in a tightly regulated temporal and spatial manner. In synchrony with specific end products of coagulation, primarily cross-linked fibrin, a stable thrombus quickly forms. Far beyond physiological hemostasis and pathological thrombosis, emerging evidence supports platelets playing a pivotal role in vascular homeostasis, inflammation, cellular repair, regeneration, and wide range of autocrine and paracrine functions. In essence, platelets play both structural and functional roles as reporters, messengers, and active transporters surveying the vasculature for cues of environmental or developmental stimuli and participating as first responders.1 In this review, we will provide a contemporary perspective of platelet physiology, including fundamental, translational, and clinical constructs that apply directly to human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C Becker
- From the Heart, Lung and Vascular Institute, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH (R.C.B.); and Gill Heart and Vascular Institute (T.S., S.S.S.) and Lexington VA Medical Center (T.S., S.S.S.), University of Kentucky School of Medicine.
| | - Travis Sexton
- From the Heart, Lung and Vascular Institute, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH (R.C.B.); and Gill Heart and Vascular Institute (T.S., S.S.S.) and Lexington VA Medical Center (T.S., S.S.S.), University of Kentucky School of Medicine
| | - Susan S Smyth
- From the Heart, Lung and Vascular Institute, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH (R.C.B.); and Gill Heart and Vascular Institute (T.S., S.S.S.) and Lexington VA Medical Center (T.S., S.S.S.), University of Kentucky School of Medicine
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Umu SU, Langseth H, Bucher-Johannessen C, Fromm B, Keller A, Meese E, Lauritzen M, Leithaug M, Lyle R, Rounge TB. A comprehensive profile of circulating RNAs in human serum. RNA Biol 2017; 15:242-250. [PMID: 29219730 PMCID: PMC5798962 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2017.1403003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecules have fundamental roles in cells and many are also stable in body fluids as extracellular RNAs. In this study, we used RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to investigate the profile of small non-coding RNA (sncRNA) in human serum. We analyzed 10 billion Illumina reads from 477 serum samples, included in the Norwegian population-based Janus Serum Bank (JSB). We found that the core serum RNA repertoire includes 258 micro RNAs (miRNA), 441 piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNA), 411 transfer RNAs (tRNA), 24 small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNA), 125 small nuclear RNAs (snRNA) and 123 miscellaneous RNAs (misc-RNA). We also investigated biological and technical variation in expression, and the results suggest that many RNA molecules identified in serum contain signs of biological variation. They are therefore unlikely to be random degradation by-products. In addition, the presence of specific fragments of tRNA, snoRNA, Vault RNA and Y_RNA indicates protection from degradation. Our results suggest that many circulating RNAs in serum can be potential biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinan Uğur Umu
- a Department of Research , Cancer Registry of Norway , Oslo , Norway
| | - Hilde Langseth
- a Department of Research , Cancer Registry of Norway , Oslo , Norway
| | | | - Bastian Fromm
- b Department of Tumor Biology , Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital , Nydalen, Oslo , Norway
| | - Andreas Keller
- c Department of Clinical Bioinformatics , Saarland University , Saarbruecken , Germany
| | - Eckart Meese
- d Department of Human Genetics , Saarland University , Homburg/Saar , Germany
| | | | - Magnus Leithaug
- e Department of Medical Genetics , Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Robert Lyle
- e Department of Medical Genetics , Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway.,f PharmaTox Strategic Research Initiative, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Trine B Rounge
- a Department of Research , Cancer Registry of Norway , Oslo , Norway
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Sánchez-Gómez MC, García-Mejía KA, Pérez-Díaz Conti M, Díaz-Rosas G, Palma-Lara I, Sánchez-Urbina R, Klünder-Klünder M, Botello-Flores JA, Balderrábano-Saucedo NA, Contreras-Ramos A. MicroRNAs Association in the Cardiac Hypertrophy Secondary to Complex Congenital Heart Disease in Children. Pediatr Cardiol 2017; 38:991-1003. [PMID: 28382463 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-017-1607-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Complex congenital heart disease (CHD) affects cardiac blood flow, generating a pressure overload in the compromised ventricles and provoking hypertrophy that over time will induce myocardial dysfunction and cause a potential risk of imminent death. Therefore, the early diagnosis of complex CHD is paramount during the first year of life, with surgical treatment of patients favoring survival. In the present study, we analyzed cardiac tissue and plasma of children with cardiac hypertrophy (CH) secondary to CHD for the expression of 11 miRNAs specific to CH in adults. The results were compared with the miRNA expression patterns in tissue and blood of healthy children. In this way, we determined that miRNAs 1, 18b, 21, 23b, 133a, 195, and 208b constitute the expression profile of the cardiac tissue of children with CHD. Meanwhile, miRNAs 21, 23a, 23b, and 24 can be considered specific biomarkers for the diagnosis of CH in infants with CHD. These results suggest that CH secondary to CHD in children differs in its mechanism from that described for adult hypertrophy, offering a new perspective to study the development of this pathology and to determine the potential of hypertrophic miRNAs to be biomarkers for early CH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma C Sánchez-Gómez
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology Research and Experimental Teratogenicity, Children's Hospital of Mexico Federico Gomez (HIMFG), CP 06720, Mexico City, Mexico.,School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - K A García-Mejía
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology Research and Experimental Teratogenicity, Children's Hospital of Mexico Federico Gomez (HIMFG), CP 06720, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - G Díaz-Rosas
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology Research and Experimental Teratogenicity, Children's Hospital of Mexico Federico Gomez (HIMFG), CP 06720, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - I Palma-Lara
- School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - R Sánchez-Urbina
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology Research and Experimental Teratogenicity, Children's Hospital of Mexico Federico Gomez (HIMFG), CP 06720, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - J A Botello-Flores
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology Research and Experimental Teratogenicity, Children's Hospital of Mexico Federico Gomez (HIMFG), CP 06720, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - A Contreras-Ramos
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology Research and Experimental Teratogenicity, Children's Hospital of Mexico Federico Gomez (HIMFG), CP 06720, Mexico City, Mexico.
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