1
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Nair KA, Liu B. Navigating the landscape of the unfolded protein response in CD8 + T cells. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1427859. [PMID: 39026685 PMCID: PMC11254671 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1427859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum stress occurs due to large amounts of misfolded proteins, hypoxia, nutrient deprivation, and more. The unfolded protein is a complex intracellular signaling network designed to operate under this stress. Composed of three individual arms, inositol-requiring enzyme 1, protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase, and activating transcription factor-6, the unfolded protein response looks to resolve stress and return to proteostasis. The CD8+ T cell is a critical cell type for the adaptive immune system. The unfolded protein response has been shown to have a wide-ranging spectrum of effects on CD8+ T cells. CD8+ T cells undergo cellular stress during activation and due to environmental insults. However, the magnitude of the effects this response has on CD8+ T cells is still understudied. Thus, studying these pathways is important to unraveling the inner machinations of these powerful cells. In this review, we will highlight the recent literature in this field, summarize the three pathways of the unfolded protein response, and discuss their roles in CD8+ T cell biology and functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Alan Nair
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, United States
- The Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Bei Liu
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, United States
- The Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, United States
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2
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Di Conza G, Ho PC, Cubillos-Ruiz JR, Huang SCC. Control of immune cell function by the unfolded protein response. Nat Rev Immunol 2023; 23:546-562. [PMID: 36755160 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00838-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Initiating and maintaining optimal immune responses requires high levels of protein synthesis, folding, modification and trafficking in leukocytes, which are processes orchestrated by the endoplasmic reticulum. Importantly, diverse extracellular and intracellular conditions can compromise the protein-handling capacity of this organelle, inducing a state of 'endoplasmic reticulum stress' that activates the unfolded protein response (UPR). Emerging evidence shows that physiological or pathological activation of the UPR can have effects on immune cell survival, metabolism, function and fate. In this Review, we discuss the canonical role of the adaptive UPR in immune cells and how dysregulation of this pathway in leukocytes contributes to diverse pathologies such as cancer, autoimmunity and metabolic disorders. Furthermore, we provide an overview as to how pharmacological approaches that modulate the UPR could be harnessed to control or activate immune cell function in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giusy Di Conza
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Ping-Chih Ho
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland.
| | - Juan R Cubillos-Ruiz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Stanley Ching-Cheng Huang
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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3
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Santos MF, Rappa G, Karbanová J, Diana P, Cirrincione G, Carbone D, Manna D, Aalam F, Wang D, Vanier C, Corbeil D, Lorico A. HIV-1-induced nuclear invaginations mediated by VAP-A, ORP3, and Rab7 complex explain infection of activated T cells. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4588. [PMID: 37563144 PMCID: PMC10415338 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40227-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) nuclear entry, required for productive infection, is not fully understood. Here, we report that in HeLa cells and activated CD4+ T cells infected with HIV-1 pseudotyped with VSV-G and native Env protein, respectively, Rab7+ late endosomes containing endocytosed HIV-1 promote the formation of nuclear envelope invaginations (NEIs) by a molecular mechanism involving the VOR complex, composed of the outer nuclear membrane protein VAP-A, hyperphosphorylated ORP3 and Rab7. Silencing VAP-A or ORP3 and drug-mediated impairment of Rab7 binding to ORP3-VAP-A inhibited the nuclear transfer of the HIV-1 components and productive infection. In HIV-1-resistant quiescent CD4+ T cells, ORP3 was not hyperphosphorylated and neither VOR complex nor NEIs were formed. This new cellular pathway and its molecular players are potential therapeutic targets, perhaps shared by other viruses that require nuclear entry to complete their life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark F Santos
- Touro University Nevada College of Osteopathic Medicine, Henderson, NV, USA
| | - Germana Rappa
- Touro University Nevada College of Osteopathic Medicine, Henderson, NV, USA
| | - Jana Karbanová
- Biotechnology Center (BIOTEC) and Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Patrizia Diana
- Department of Biological, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Girolamo Cirrincione
- Department of Biological, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Daniela Carbone
- Department of Biological, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - David Manna
- Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine, Middletown, New York, NY, USA
| | - Feryal Aalam
- Touro University Nevada College of Osteopathic Medicine, Henderson, NV, USA
| | - David Wang
- Touro University Nevada College of Osteopathic Medicine, Henderson, NV, USA
| | - Cheryl Vanier
- Touro University Nevada College of Osteopathic Medicine, Henderson, NV, USA
- Imgen Research, LLC, 5495 South Rainbow #201, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Denis Corbeil
- Biotechnology Center (BIOTEC) and Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Aurelio Lorico
- Touro University Nevada College of Osteopathic Medicine, Henderson, NV, USA.
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4
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Masenga SK, Mweene BC, Luwaya E, Muchaili L, Chona M, Kirabo A. HIV-Host Cell Interactions. Cells 2023; 12:1351. [PMID: 37408185 DOI: 10.3390/cells12101351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) was a great milestone in the management of HIV infection. ARVs suppress viral activity in the host cell, thus minimizing injury to the cells and prolonging life. However, an effective treatment has remained elusive for four decades due to the successful immune evasion mechanisms of the virus. A thorough understanding of the molecular interaction of HIV with the host cell is essential in the development of both preventive and curative therapies for HIV infection. This review highlights several inherent mechanisms of HIV that promote its survival and propagation, such as the targeting of CD4+ lymphocytes, the downregulation of MHC class I and II, antigenic variation and an envelope complex that minimizes antibody access, and how they collaboratively render the immune system unable to mount an effective response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepiso K Masenga
- HAND Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mulungushi University, Livingstone Campus, Livingstone 10101, Zambia
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Room 536 Robinson Research Building, Nashville, TN 37232-6602, USA
| | - Bislom C Mweene
- HAND Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mulungushi University, Livingstone Campus, Livingstone 10101, Zambia
| | - Emmanuel Luwaya
- HAND Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mulungushi University, Livingstone Campus, Livingstone 10101, Zambia
| | - Lweendo Muchaili
- HAND Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mulungushi University, Livingstone Campus, Livingstone 10101, Zambia
| | - Makondo Chona
- HAND Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mulungushi University, Livingstone Campus, Livingstone 10101, Zambia
| | - Annet Kirabo
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Room 536 Robinson Research Building, Nashville, TN 37232-6602, USA
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5
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Manjili MH. The Adaptation Model of Immunity: Signal IV Matters Most in Determining the Functional Outcomes of Immune Responses. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 210:521-530. [PMID: 36881868 PMCID: PMC10000300 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Current research in immunology and immunotherapy is fully influenced by the self-nonself model of immunity. This theoretical model suggests that alloreactivity results in graft rejection, whereas tolerance toward self-antigens expressed by malignant cells facilitates cancer development. Similarly, breakage of immunological tolerance toward self-antigens results in autoimmune diseases. Accordingly, immune suppression is recommended for the management of autoimmune diseases, allergy, and organ transplantation, whereas immune inducers are used for the treatment of cancers. Although the danger model, the discontinuity model, and the adaptation model are proposed for a better understanding of the immune system, the self-nonself model continues to dominate the field. Nevertheless, a cure for these human diseases remains elusive. This essay discusses current theoretical models of immunity, as well as their impacts and limitations, and expands on the adaptation model of immunity to galvanize a new direction for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, organ transplantation, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud H. Manjili
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, VCU School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
- VCU Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA, USA
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6
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Manjili MH. The adaptation model of immunity: is the goal of central tolerance to eliminate defective T cells or self‐reactive T cells? Scand J Immunol 2022; 96:e13209. [PMID: 36239215 PMCID: PMC9539632 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The self‐non‐self model and the danger model are designed to understand how an immune response is induced. These models are not meant to predict if an immune response may succeed or fail in destroying/controlling its target. However, these immunological models rely on either self‐antigens or self‐dendritic cells for understanding of central tolerance, which have been discussed by Fuchs and Matzinger in response to Al‐Yassin. In an attempt to address some questions that these models are facing when it comes to understanding central tolerance, I propose that the goal of negative selection in the thymus is to eliminate defective T cells but not self‐reactive T cells. Therefore, any escape from negative selection could increase lymphopenia because of the depletion of defective naïve T cells outside the thymus, as seen in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud H. Manjili
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology VCU School of Medicine, VCU Massey Cancer Center Richmond VA USA
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7
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Abstract
Quorum sensing (QS) is one of the most studied cell-cell communication mechanisms in fungi. Research in the last 20 years has explored various fungal QS systems that are involved in a wide range of biological processes, especially eukaryote- or fungus-specific behaviors, mirroring the significant contribution of QS regulation to fungal biology and evolution. Based on recent progress, we summarize in this review fungal QS regulation, with an emphasis on its functional role in behaviors unique to fungi or eukaryotes. We suggest that using fungi as genetically amenable eukaryotic model systems to address why and how QS regulation is integrated into eukaryotic reproductive strategies and molecular or cellular processes could be an important direction for QS research. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Microbiology, Volume 75 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Hao Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Weixin Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Linqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
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8
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Kerr SR, Katz SG. Activation of the Unfolded Protein Response Pathway in Cytotoxic T Cells: A Comparison Between in vitro Stimulation, Infection, and the Tumor Microenvironment. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2019; 92:675-685. [PMID: 31866782 PMCID: PMC6913815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IRE1α is an extremely conserved intracellular receptor that regulates one branch of the unfolded protein response (UPR). Homologs of IRE1α are found virtually throughout all eukaryotes. This receptor plays a pivotal role in a cell's reaction to stress, determining whether to take compensatory measures and survive or undergo apoptosis and die. While the role of the unfolded protein response in lower organisms and secretory cells has been comprehensively studied, the precise role of IRE1α in the context of cytotoxic T cells has only begun to be elucidated within the past decade. This review discusses what is known about IRE1α and the unfolded protein response in cytotoxic T cells within the context of development, pathogen response, and cancer cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel G. Katz
- To whom all correspondence should be addressed: Samuel G. Katz, M.D., Ph.D., Yale University School of Medicine, 310 Cedar Street, LH315B, New Haven, CT, 06520; Tel: 203-785-2757, Fax: 203-785-6127,
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9
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Stressed: The Unfolded Protein Response in T Cell Development, Activation, and Function. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071792. [PMID: 30978945 PMCID: PMC6479341 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a highly conserved pathway that allows cells to respond to stress in the endoplasmic reticulum caused by an accumulation of misfolded and unfolded protein. This is of great importance to secretory cells because, in order for proteins to traffic from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), they need to be folded appropriately. While a wealth of literature has implicated UPR in immune responses, less attention has been given to the role of UPR in T cell development and function. This review discusses the importance of UPR in T cell development, homeostasis, activation, and effector functions. We also speculate about how UPR may be manipulated in T cells to ameliorate pathologies.
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10
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ER stress-induced mediator C/EBP homologous protein thwarts effector T cell activity in tumors through T-bet repression. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1280. [PMID: 30894532 PMCID: PMC6426975 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09263-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the intrinsic mediators that render CD8+ T cells dysfunctional in the tumor microenvironment is a requirement to develop more effective cancer immunotherapies. Here, we report that C/EBP homologous protein (Chop), a downstream sensor of severe endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, is a major negative regulator of the effector function of tumor-reactive CD8+ T cells. Chop expression is increased in tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells, which correlates with poor clinical outcome in ovarian cancer patients. Deletion of Chop in T cells improves spontaneous antitumor CD8+ T cell immunity and boosts the efficacy of T cell-based immunotherapy. Mechanistically, Chop in CD8+ T cells is elevated primarily through the ER stress-associated kinase Perk and a subsequent induction of Atf4; and directly represses the expression of T-bet, a master regulator of effector T cell function. These findings demonstrate the primary role of Chop in tumor-induced CD8+ T cell dysfunction and the therapeutic potential of blocking Chop or ER stress to unleash T cell-mediated antitumor immunity.
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11
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Wu J, Chen YJ, Dobbs N, Sakai T, Liou J, Miner JJ, Yan N. STING-mediated disruption of calcium homeostasis chronically activates ER stress and primes T cell death. J Exp Med 2019; 216:867-883. [PMID: 30886058 PMCID: PMC6446864 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20182192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
STING gain-of-function mutations cause lung disease and T cell cytopenia through unknown mechanisms. Here, we found that these mutants induce chronic activation of ER stress and unfolded protein response (UPR), leading to T cell death by apoptosis in the StingN153S/+ mouse and in human T cells. Mechanistically, STING-N154S disrupts calcium homeostasis in T cells, thus intrinsically primes T cells to become hyperresponsive to T cell receptor signaling-induced ER stress and the UPR, leading to cell death. This intrinsic priming effect is mediated through a novel region of STING that we name "the UPR motif," which is distinct from known domains required for type I IFN signaling. Pharmacological inhibition of ER stress prevented StingN153S/+ T cell death in vivo. By crossing StingN153S/+ to the OT-1 mouse, we fully restored CD8+ T cells and drastically ameliorated STING-associated lung disease. Together, our data uncover a critical IFN-independent function of STING that regulates calcium homeostasis, ER stress, and T cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Wu
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.,Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Yu-Ju Chen
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Nicole Dobbs
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.,Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Tomomi Sakai
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.,Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Jen Liou
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Jonathan J Miner
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.,Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Nan Yan
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX .,Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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12
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Govindarajan S, Gaublomme D, Van der Cruyssen R, Verheugen E, Van Gassen S, Saeys Y, Tavernier S, Iwawaki T, Bloch Y, Savvides SN, Lambrecht BN, Janssens S, Elewaut D, Drennan MB. Stabilization of cytokine mRNAs in iNKT cells requires the serine-threonine kinase IRE1alpha. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5340. [PMID: 30559399 PMCID: PMC6297233 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07758-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Activated invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells rapidly produce large amounts of cytokines, but how cytokine mRNAs are induced, stabilized and mobilized following iNKT activation is still unclear. Here we show that an endoplasmic reticulum stress sensor, inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α), links key cellular processes required for iNKT cell effector functions in specific iNKT subsets, in which TCR-dependent activation of IRE1α is associated with downstream activation of p38 MAPK and the stabilization of preformed cytokine mRNAs. Importantly, genetic deletion of IRE1α in iNKT cells reduces cytokine production and protects mice from oxazolone colitis. We therefore propose that an IRE1α-dependent signaling cascade couples constitutive cytokine mRNA expression to the rapid induction of cytokine secretion and effector functions in activated iNKT cells. Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells rapidly enhance cytokine secretion and effector function following activation, but the underlying mechanism is still unclear. Here the authors show that an endoplasmic reticulum stress sensor, inositol-requiring enzyme 1α, activates the p38 kinase to stabilize cytokine mRNA for enhanced iNKT functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinath Govindarajan
- Unit for Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Zwijnaarde (Ghent), Belgium.,Department of Rheumatology, Ghent University, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Djoere Gaublomme
- Unit for Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Zwijnaarde (Ghent), Belgium.,Department of Rheumatology, Ghent University, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Renée Van der Cruyssen
- Unit for Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Zwijnaarde (Ghent), Belgium.,Department of Rheumatology, Ghent University, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Eveline Verheugen
- Unit for Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Zwijnaarde (Ghent), Belgium.,Department of Rheumatology, Ghent University, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Sofie Van Gassen
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium.,Data Mining and Modeling for Biomedicine, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Zwijnaarde (Ghent), Belgium
| | - Yvan Saeys
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium.,Data Mining and Modeling for Biomedicine, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Zwijnaarde (Ghent), Belgium
| | - Simon Tavernier
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Zwijnaarde (Ghent), Belgium.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent University Hospital, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Takao Iwawaki
- Division of Cell Medicine, Department of Life Science, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Kanazawa, 920-0856, Japan
| | - Yehudi Bloch
- Unit for Structural Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Zwijnaarde (Ghent), Belgium.,Unit for Structural Biology, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Zwijnaarde, (Ghent), Belgium
| | - Savvas N Savvides
- Unit for Structural Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Zwijnaarde (Ghent), Belgium.,Unit for Structural Biology, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Zwijnaarde, (Ghent), Belgium
| | - Bart N Lambrecht
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Zwijnaarde (Ghent), Belgium.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent University Hospital, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Ghent University, ErasmusMC, Rotterdam, 2040, Netherlands
| | - Sophie Janssens
- Laboratory of ER Stress and Inflammation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Zwijnaarde (Ghent), Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Dirk Elewaut
- Unit for Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Zwijnaarde (Ghent), Belgium. .,Department of Rheumatology, Ghent University, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, 9000, Belgium.
| | - Michael B Drennan
- Unit for Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Zwijnaarde (Ghent), Belgium.,Department of Rheumatology, Ghent University, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
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13
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Abstract
Regulatory T cells are central mediators of immune regulation and play an essential role in the maintenance of immune homeostasis in the steady state and under pathophysiological conditions. Disruption of CD8 Treg-dependent recognition of Qa-1-restricted self-antigens can result in dysregulated immune responses, tissue damage, autoimmune disease and cancer. Recent progress in studies on regulatory T cells of the CD8 lineage has provided new biological insight into this specialized regulatory T cell subpopulation. Identification of the Helios transcription factor as an essential control element for the differentiation and function of CD8 regulatory T cells has led to a better understanding of the unique genetic program of these cells. Recent analyses of T-cell receptor usage and antigen recognition by Qa-1-restricted CD8 Treg have provided additional insight into the unusual biological function of this regulatory CD8 lineage. Here we summarize recent advances in our understanding of CD8 regulatory T cells with emphasis on lineage commitment, differentiation and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetoshi Nakagawa
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Harvey Cantor
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Hye-Jung Kim
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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14
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Zhu X, Li S, Zhang Q, Zhu D, Xu Y, Zhang P, Han J, Duan Z, Gao J, Ou Y. Correlation of increased Th17/Treg cell ratio with endoplasmic reticulum stress in chronic kidney disease. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e10748. [PMID: 29768353 PMCID: PMC5976317 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000010748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the relationship between the regulatory immune network and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) in patients with different stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD).A total of 91 patients diagnosed with CKD were divided into different groups according to the stage of disease and treatment with hemodialysis (HD) or peritoneal dialysis (PD). Routine blood and biochemical tests were performed in patients in the different CKD groups and in healthy controls (n = 20). The frequencies of T helper type 17 (Th17) and regulatory T (Treg) cells in the overall T cell population were measured by flow cytometric analysis. Levels of Th17 cell (IL-17) and Treg cell (IL-10) cytokines and the ERS markers CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) and glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in serum samples collected from controls and patients. Correlations between each parameter and serum creatinine were analyzed by Spearman rank correlation and regression test.CKD stage showed a positive correlation with serum creatinine level, and increased and decreased percentages of Th17 and Treg cells, respectively, reflected in an increased Th17/Treg cell ratio. Consistent with this, CKD stage was positively correlated with serum concentrations of IL-17 and negatively correlated with serum IL-10 levels. Moreover, serum levels of CHOP and GRP78 increased with advancing CKD stage. These correlations were most pronounced in patients in the CKD5 group, who also had the poorest response to HD and PD treatment, compared with CKD5 patients in the nondialysis group. Correlation analysis showed that serum levels of CHOP and GRP78 were independently and positively correlated with the ratio of Th17/Treg cells.We have found that an increased Th17/Treg cell ratio and increased serum levels of ERS markers correlate with the progression of CKD. Our results indicate that the interplay between regulation of the immune network and management of ERS is closely associated with the pathogenesis of CKD. Although HD and PD treatment manage chronic kidney conditions and prevent further deterioration of renal function, they have limited effects on improving the immune disorder and relieving ERS. Our study suggests a potential new direction for development of therapeutic strategies in CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University
- Department of Nephrology, Xi’an No. 4 Hospital
| | - Shuiqin Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Medical College, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qiaona Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University
| | - Dan Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University
| | - Pengqian Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University
| | - Jin Han
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University
| | - Zhaoyang Duan
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University
| | - Jie Gao
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University
| | - Yan Ou
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University
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Ko JS, Koh JM, So JS, Jeon YK, Kim HY, Chung DH. Palmitate inhibits arthritis by inducing t-bet and gata-3 mRNA degradation in iNKT cells via IRE1α-dependent decay. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14940. [PMID: 29097726 PMCID: PMC5668299 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14780-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Long chain fatty acids (LCFAs) exert pro-inflammatory effects in vivo. However, little is known regarding the effect of LCFAs on invariant (i) NKT cell functions. Here, we report an inhibitory effect of saturated LCFAs on transcription factors in iNKT cells. Among the saturated LCFAs, palmitic acid (PA) specifically inhibited IL-4 and IFN-γ production and reduced gata-3 and t-bet transcript levels in iNKT cells during TCR-mediated activation. In iNKT cells, PA was localized and induced dilation in the endoplasmic reticulum and increased the mRNA levels of downstream molecules of IRE1α RNase. Moreover, PA increased the degradation rates of gata-3 and t-bet mRNA, which was restored by IRE1α inhibition or transfection with mutant gata-3 or t-bet, indicating that gata-3 and t-bet are cleaved via regulated IRE1α-dependent decay (RIDD). A PA-rich diet and PA injection suppressed IL-4 and IFN-γ production by iNKT cells in C57BL/6, but not Jα18 knockout mice, which was restored by injection of STF083010, an IRE1α-specific inhibitor. Furthermore, a PA-rich diet and PA injection attenuated arthritis in an iNKT cell-dependent manner. Taken together, our experiments demonstrate that a saturated LCFA induced RIDD-mediated t-bet and gata-3 mRNA degradation in iNKT cells, thereby suppressing arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Sung Ko
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation in Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Moon Koh
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Seon So
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Gyeongju, Gyeongju, Korea
| | - Yoon Kyung Jeon
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Young Kim
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology in Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Doo Hyun Chung
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. .,Laboratory of Immune Regulation in Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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16
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Mohamed E, Cao Y, Rodriguez PC. Endoplasmic reticulum stress regulates tumor growth and anti-tumor immunity: a promising opportunity for cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2017; 66:1069-1078. [PMID: 28577085 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-017-2019-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a cellular process that occurs as a consequence of several stress circumstances, such as the accumulation of unfolded proteins in the lumen of the ER or distinct insults that disturb the ER normal function. Different conditions in the tumor microenvironment (TME), including hypoxia, nutrient deprivation, and the elevated production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species destabilize the loading and dispatching of the newly synthesized proteins, triggering ER stress in cancer cells and tumor-infiltrating leukocytes. In order to cope with TME-induced ER stress, tumor and stromal cells initiate an adaptive response process that aims to resolve ER stress and to restore cellular homeostasis, which is referred as the unfolded protein responses (UPR). Paradoxically, the UPR can also induce cell death under severe and/or permanent ER stress. The UPR is started through three mediators, the activation of the inositol-requiring enzyme-1α, the pancreatic ER kinase-like ER kinase, and the activating transcription factor 6. In this minireview, we will discuss the pro- and anti-tumorigenic role of the UPR in cancer cells. In addition, we will describe the effects of the TME-induced ER stress in the immunosuppressive activity of tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells. Also, we will review the results of emerging therapeutic interventions that target ER stress and the UPR mediators in cancer. We postulate that the inhibition of ER stress or the UPR-related elements could represent a significant approach to increase the efficacy of various forms of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eslam Mohamed
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd, Room CN-4125A, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
| | - Yu Cao
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd, Room CN-4125A, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Paulo C Rodriguez
- Department of Medicine, Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd, Room CN-4114, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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17
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The Unfolded Protein Response in the Immune Cell Development: Putting the Caretaker in the Driving Seat. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2017; 414:45-72. [PMID: 28702709 DOI: 10.1007/82_2017_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the primary site for the folding of proteins destined for the membranous compartment and the extracellular space. This elaborate function is coordinated by the unfolded protein response (UPR), a stress-activated cellular program that governs proteostasis. In multicellular organisms, cells have adopted specialized functions, which required functional adaptations of the ER and its UPR. Recently, it has become clear that in immune cells, the UPR has acquired functions that stretch far beyond its original scope. In this review, we will discuss the role of the UPR in the immune system and highlight the plasticity of this signaling cascade throughout immune cell development .
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18
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HUANG RONGRONG, HU WEN, YIN YANYAN, WANG YUCHAN, LI WEIPING, LI WEIZU. Chronic restraint stress promotes learning and memory impairment due to enhanced neuronal endoplasmic reticulum stress in the frontal cortex and hippocampus in male mice. Int J Mol Med 2014; 35:553-9. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.2026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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19
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Park YJ, Yoo SA, Kim WU. Role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in rheumatoid arthritis pathogenesis. J Korean Med Sci 2014; 29:2-11. [PMID: 24431899 PMCID: PMC3890471 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2014.29.1.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by abnormal proliferation of synoviocytes, leukocyte infiltration, and angiogenesis. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the site of biosynthesis for all secreted and membrane proteins. The accumulation of unfolded proteins in the ER leads to a condition known as ER stress. Failure of the ER's adaptive capacity results in abnormal activation of the unfolded protein response. Recently, we have demonstrated that ER stress-associated gene signatures are highly expressed in RA synovium and synovial cells. Mice with Grp78 haploinsufficiency exhibit the suppression of experimentally induced arthritis, suggesting that the ER chaperone GRP78 is crucial for RA pathogenesis. Moreover, increasing evidence has suggested that GRP78 participates in antibody generation, T cell proliferation, and pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and is therefore one of the potential therapeutic targets for RA. In this review, we discuss the putative, pathophysiological roles of ER stress and GRP78 in RA pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yune-Jung Park
- Divsion of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Ah Yoo
- Divsion of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wan-Uk Kim
- Divsion of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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20
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Schmeits PCJ, Katika MR, Peijnenburg AACM, van Loveren H, Hendriksen PJM. DON shares a similar mode of action as the ribotoxic stress inducer anisomycin while TBTO shares ER stress patterns with the ER stress inducer thapsigargin based on comparative gene expression profiling in Jurkat T cells. Toxicol Lett 2013; 224:395-406. [PMID: 24247028 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we studied the effects of deoxynivalenol (DON) and tributyltin oxide (TBTO) on whole genome mRNA expression profiles of human T lymphocyte Jurkat cells. These studies indicated that DON induces ribotoxic stress and both DON and TBTO induced ER stress which resulted into T-cell activation and apoptosis. The first goal of the present study was to provide final proof for these mode of actions by comparing the effects of 6 h exposure to DON and TBTO on mRNA expression to those of positive controls of ribotoxic stress (anisomycin), ER stress (thapsigargin) and T cell activation (ionomycin). Genes affected by anisomycin and the majority of genes affected by thapsigargin were affected in the same direction by DON and TBTO, respectively, confirming the expected modes of action. Pathway analysis further sustained that DON induces ribotoxic stress and both DON and TBTO induce unfolded protein response (UPR), ER stress, T cell activation and apoptosis. The second goal was to assess whether DON and/or TBTO affect other pathways above those detected before. TBTO induced groups of genes that are involved in DNA packaging and heat shock response that were not affected by thapsigargin. DON did not affect other genes than anisomycin indicating the effect of DON to be restricted to ribotoxic stress. This study also demonstrates that comparative gene expression analysis is a very promising tool for the identification of modes of action of immunotoxic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C J Schmeits
- RIKILT-Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands; Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Madhumohan R Katika
- RIKILT-Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands; Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Ad A C M Peijnenburg
- RIKILT-Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Henk van Loveren
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Peter J M Hendriksen
- RIKILT-Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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21
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Kemp KL, Lin Z, Zhao F, Gao B, Song J, Zhang K, Fang D. The serine-threonine kinase inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α) promotes IL-4 production in T helper cells. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:33272-82. [PMID: 24100031 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.493171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α) is a serine-threonine kinase that plays crucial roles in activating the unfolded protein response. Studies suggest that IRE1α is activated during thymic T cell development and in effector CD8(+) T cells. However, its role in regulating T helper cell differentiation remains unknown. We find that IRE1α is up-regulated and activated upon CD4(+) T cell activation and plays an important role in promoting cytokine IL-4 production. CD4(+) T cells from IRE1α KO mice have reduced IL-4 protein expression, and this impaired IL-4 production is not due to the altered expression of Th2 lineage-specific transcription factors, such as GATA3. Instead, IL-4 mRNA stability is reduced in IRE1α KO T cells. Furthermore, treatment of T cells with an IRE1α-specific inhibitor, 4μ8C, leads to a block in IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 production, confirming the role of IRE1α in the regulation of IL-4. This study identifies a regulatory function for IRE1α in the promotion of IL-4 in T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeorda L Kemp
- From the Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611
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22
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Liu YP, Zeng L, Tian A, Bomkamp A, Rivera D, Gutman D, Barber GN, Olson JK, Smith JA. Endoplasmic reticulum stress regulates the innate immunity critical transcription factor IRF3. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:4630-9. [PMID: 23028052 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) regulates early type I IFNs and other genes involved in innate immunity. We have previously shown that cells undergoing an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response called the unfolded protein response produce synergistically augmented IFN-β when stimulated with pattern recognition receptor agonists such as LPS. Concomitant ER stress and LPS stimulation resulted in greater recruitment of the IRF3 transcription factor to ifnb1 gene regulatory elements. In this study, we used murine cells to demonstrate that both oxygen-glucose deprivation and pharmacologic unfolded protein response inducers trigger phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of IRF3, even in the absence of exogenous LPS. Different ER stressors used distinct mechanisms to activate IRF3: IRF3 phosphorylation due to calcium-mobilizing ER stress (thapsigargin treatment, oxygen-glucose deprivation) critically depended upon stimulator of IFN gene, an ER-resident nucleic acid-responsive molecule. However, calcium mobilization alone by ionomycin was insufficient for IRF3 phosphorylation. In contrast, other forms of ER stress (e.g., tunicamycin treatment) promote IRF3 phosphorylation independently of stimulator of IFN gene and TANK-binding kinase 1. Rather, IRF3 activation by tunicamycin and 2-deoxyglucose was inhibited by 4-(2-aminoethyl)-benzenesulfonyl fluoride hydrochloride, a serine protease inhibitor that blocks activating transcription factor 6 processing. Interfering with ER stress-induced IRF3 activation abrogated IFN-β synergy. Together, these data suggest ER stress primes cells to respond to innate immune stimuli by activating the IRF3 transcription factor. Our results also suggest certain types of ER stress accomplish IRF3 phosphorylation by co-opting existing innate immune pathogen response pathways. These data have implications for diseases involving ER stress and type I IFN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ping Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA
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23
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Chang JS, Ocvirk S, Berger E, Kisling S, Binder U, Skerra A, Lee AS, Haller D. Endoplasmic reticulum stress response promotes cytotoxic phenotype of CD8αβ+ intraepithelial lymphocytes in a mouse model for Crohn's disease-like ileitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:1510-20. [PMID: 22753943 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) unfolded protein responses (UPR) are implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Cytotoxic CD8αβ(+) intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) contribute to the development of Crohn's disease-like ileitis in TNF(ΔARE/+) mice. In this study, we characterized the role of ER-UPR mechanisms in contributing to the disease-associated phenotype of cytotoxic IEL under conditions of chronic inflammation. Inflamed TNF(ΔARE/+) mice exhibited increased expression of Grp78, ATF6, ATF4, and spliced XBP1 in CD8αβ(+) IEL but not in CD8αα(+) IEL or in lamina propria lymphocytes. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis in CD8αβ(+) T cells showed selective recruitment of ER-UPR transducers to the granzyme B gene promoter. Heterozygous Grp78(-/+) mice exhibited an attenuated granzyme B-dependent cytotoxicity of CD8αβ(+) T cells against intestinal epithelial cells, suggesting a critical activity of this ER-associated chaperone in maintaining a cytotoxic T cell phenotype. Granzyme B-deficient CD8αβ(+) T cells showed a defect in IL-2-mediated proliferation in Grp78(-/+) mice. Adoptively transferred Grp78(-/+) CD8αβ(+) T cells had a decreased frequency of accumulation in the intestine of RAG2(-/-) recipient mice. The tissue pathology in TNF(ΔARE/+) × Grp78(-/+) mice was similar to TNF(ΔARE/+) mice, even though the cytotoxic effector functions of CD8αβ(+) T cells were significantly reduced. In conclusion, ER stress-associated UPR mechanisms promote the development and maintenance of the pathogenic cytotoxic CD8αβ(+) IEL phenotype in the mouse model of Crohn's disease-like ileitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Su Chang
- Chair for Biofunctionality, Research Centre for Nutrition and Food Science, Centre for Diet and Disease, Technical University of Munich, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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Liu YM, Wang X, Nawaz A, Kong ZH, Hong Y, Wang CH, Zhang JJ. Wogonin ameliorates lipotoxicity-induced apoptosis of cultured vascular smooth muscle cells via interfering with DAG-PKC pathway. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2011; 32:1475-82. [PMID: 21986573 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2011.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effects of wogonin (5,7-dihydroxy-8-methoxyflavone) extracted from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (S baicalensis) on lipotoxicity-induced apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and the underlying mechanisms. METHODS Cultured VSMCs were used. Apoptosis of VSMCs was induced by palmitate (0.75 mmol/L), and detected using TUNEL assay. The expression levels of protein and phosphorylated protein were measured using Western blot analysis. RESULTS Treatment of VSMCs with wogonin (10, 25 and 50 μmol/L) significantly attenuated the apoptosis and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induced by palmitate in concentration- and time-dependent manners. Wogonin (50 μmol/L) decreased palmitate-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. The ER stress inhibitor 4-phenyl butyric acid (5 mmol/L) significantly decreased palmitate-induced apoptotic cells, and occluded the anti-apoptotic effect of wogonin (25 μmol/L). Wogonin (10, 25 and 50 μmol/L) significantly reduced the intracellular diacylglycerol (DAG) accumulation and expression levels of phosphorylated PKCs in palmitate-treated VSMCs. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that wogonin inhibits lipotoxicity-induced apoptosis of VSMCs via suppressing the intracellular DAG accumulation and subsequent inhibition of PKC phosphorylation. Wogonin has therapeutic potential for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis.
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25
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Cwiklinska H, Mycko MP, Szymanska B, Matysiak M, Selmaj KW. Aberrant stress-induced Hsp70 expression in immune cells in multiple sclerosis. J Neurosci Res 2011; 88:3102-10. [PMID: 20806409 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70), a prominent member of the heat shock protein family, is a stress-induced chaperone, contributing to the "protein triage" mechanism. However, we and others have previously shown that chaperonin activity of Hsp70 also promotes immune recognition of protein/peptide antigens, including myelin autoantigens. Hsp70 has been strikingly elevated in multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions. In a search for the mechanism of Hsp70 up-regulation in MS, we analyzed Hsp70 expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from MS patients (n = 49), healthy controls (n = 40), and patients with rheumatoid arthritis, (RA; n = 13). Hsp70 was detected by Western blot, and Hsp70 levels were quantified by ELISA. We found that Hsp70 was expressed at low levels in ex vivo PBMCs. However, after heat shock, Hsp70 was up-regulated significantly more (up to sixfold) in MS patients compared with healthy controls. This significant overproduction of Hsp70 was also seen following another stress condition, LPS stimulation. Hsp70 is a product of several independent genes, and we found the HSPA1B gene product to be the major form responsible for Hsp70 protein overexpression in PBMCs. Hsp70 overexpression was preceded by increased nuclear presence of heat shock factor 1 (HSF1). HSF1 activation depends on phosphorylation, and we found that inhibition of the A group of protein kinase C isoenzymes significantly reduced inducible Hsp70 production. These results indicate that immune cells from MS patients are more prone to Hsp70 induction under stress conditions, suggesting a possible link between Hsp70 overexpression and development of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Cwiklinska
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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26
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Yang C, Zhou JY, Zhong HJ, Wang HY, Yan J, Liu Q, Huang SN, Jiang JX. Exogenous Norepinephrine Correlates with Macrophage Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response in Association with XBP-1. J Surg Res 2011; 168:262-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2009.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2009] [Revised: 09/10/2009] [Accepted: 10/01/2009] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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27
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Zhou JY, Zhong HJ, Yang C, Yan J, Wang HY, Jiang JX. Corticosterone exerts immunostimulatory effects on macrophages via endoplasmic reticulum stress. Br J Surg 2010; 97:281-93. [PMID: 20069608 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.6820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND : Glucocorticoids are the central effector hormones for the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. However, the effects of endogenous glucocorticoids on the immune system are not understood completely. METHODS : Macrophage function (adherence, chemotaxis and cytokine production) was assessed in the presence of increasing concentrations of corticosterone. The role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in corticosterone immunoregulation was determined with thapsigargin and plasmid pGCL-GFP-siXBP1. Mifepristone was used to determine the role of glucocorticoid receptor in the corticosterone-induced ER stress response. RESULTS : Corticosterone exerted immunostimulatory effects on macrophage function at low concentrations. No effects were observed at high concentrations in the absence of immunological stimulation. Low-dose corticosterone induced ER stress, which was correlated to the corticosterone immunostimulatory activities. Expression of X box-binding protein (XBP) 1, but not activating transcription factor 6, was significantly increased at both mRNA and protein levels only in the presence of low-dose corticosterone. Inhibition of XBP1 expression with small interfering RNA significantly inhibited the corticosterone immunostimulatory effects. In addition, pretreatment of macrophages with mifepristone significantly inhibited the expression of glucose response protein 78 and XBP1 in macrophages by low-dose corticosterone. CONCLUSION : At low concentrations, endogenous glucocorticoids exert immunostimulatory actions on macrophages. The underlying mechanisms may be correlated to ER stress via the glucocorticoid receptor, in which XBP1 plays an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-Y Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Pino SC, O'Sullivan-Murphy B, Lidstone EA, Yang C, Lipson KL, Jurczyk A, diIorio P, Brehm MA, Mordes JP, Greiner DL, Rossini AA, Bortell R. CHOP mediates endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis in Gimap5-deficient T cells. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5468. [PMID: 19424493 PMCID: PMC2674944 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2009] [Accepted: 04/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gimap5 (GTPase of the immunity-associated protein 5) has been linked to the regulation of T cell survival, and polymorphisms in the human GIMAP5 gene associate with autoimmune disorders. The BioBreeding diabetes-prone (BBDP) rat has a mutation in the Gimap5 gene that leads to spontaneous apoptosis of peripheral T cells by an unknown mechanism. Because Gimap5 localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), we hypothesized that absence of functional Gimap5 protein initiates T cell death through disruptions in ER homeostasis. We observed increases in ER stress-associated chaperones in T cells but not thymocytes or B cells from Gimap5−/− BBDP rats. We then discovered that ER stress-induced apoptotic signaling through C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP) occurs in Gimap5−/− T cells. Knockdown of CHOP by siRNA protected Gimap5−/− T cells from ER stress-induced apoptosis, thereby identifying a role for this cellular pathway in the T cell lymphopenia of the BBDP rat. These findings indicate a direct relationship between Gimap5 and the maintenance of ER homeostasis in the survival of T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C. Pino
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bryan O'Sullivan-Murphy
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Erich A. Lidstone
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Chaoxing Yang
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kathryn L. Lipson
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Agata Jurczyk
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Philip diIorio
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Brehm
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John P. Mordes
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Dale L. Greiner
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Aldo A. Rossini
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rita Bortell
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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