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Immigration and Blood Lead Levels Among Asian Populations in the United States: NHANES 2011-2018. J Occup Environ Med 2023; 65:e113-e118. [PMID: 36729686 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000002767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to explore determinants of high BLLs among the Asian population in the United States. METHODS We used the US nationally representative National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2011-2018. We conducted stratified analyses to compare the BLLs of US-born and non-US-born Asians. We used adjusted linear regression to find predictors of high BLLs. RESULTS Among 12,563 participants in our analysis, the length of stay in the United States is a predictor of the gradual decrease in BLL among Asian immigrants ( P < 0.05). BLLs of immigrants who stayed in the United States for over 50 years were 0.36 μg/dL (95% confidence interval, 0.07 to 0.66) lower than new immigrants, but still higher than their US-born counterparts. SIGNIFICANCE Asian population in the US has the highest BLLs among all ethnic groups, and the exposure outside of the US among immigrants is likely the driver.
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No association between prenatal lead exposure and neurodevelopment during early childhood in the Japan Environment and Children's Study. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15305. [PMID: 36097036 PMCID: PMC9468004 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19509-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared with the relatively well-investigated effects of childhood exposure to lead on neurocognitive deficits, those of prenatal exposure remain relatively inconclusive. We aimed to investigate the association between prenatal blood lead levels and neurodevelopmental delay during the first three years of life. From a prospective cohort of the Japan Environment and Children’s Study, we analyzed a total of 80,759 children. The exposure factors were prenatal lead concentrations measured from maternal whole blood in the second/third trimesters and umbilical cord blood at birth. Neurodevelopment was assessed at 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, and 36 months old using a screening tool, the Ages and Stages Questionnaires, third edition (ASQ). The outcome measures were any suspected neurodevelopmental delay (sNDD) identified via the ASQ during the first (sNDD-1Y), second (sNDD-2Y), and third (sNDD-3Y) years of life. sNDD-1Y, 2Y, and 3Y were identified in 18.0%, 16.2%, and 17.2% of children, respectively. The geometric means of blood lead concentration in this study were much lower (0.62 μg/dL in maternal blood and 0.50 μg/dL in cord blood) than previously investigated levels. Multivariable regression models revealed that there were no associations between maternal blood lead and sNDD-1Y and 2Y and between cord blood lead and sNDD-1Y, 2Y, and 3Y. Although a higher maternal blood lead was associated with a reduced risk of sNDD-3Y (adjusted relative risk: 0.84, 95% confidence interval 0.75–0.94, per 1 increase in common logarithm of lead concentration), there were no dose–response relationships in the analysis using quintiles of lead concentrations. Using a large-scale data set, the present study demonstrated no convincing evidence for an inverse association between levels of prenatal blood lead and neurodevelopment in early childhood. Longitudinal measurements of prenatal and postnatal lead levels are needed to understand the relationship between lead exposure and neurocognitive development.
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Asami M, Furuhashi Y, Nakamura Y, Sasaki Y, Adachi Y, Maeda N, Matsui Y. A field survey on elution of lead and nickel from taps used in homes and analysis of product test results. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 771:144979. [PMID: 33736143 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.144979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The elution of lead, and nickel from water supply devices into water is a potential health concern. This study was performed to examine the actual concentrations of nickel and lead in the water from taps in homes and offices, focusing on the differences between first flush and fully flushed water. The water quality management target value and water quality standard in Japan specify nickel and lead concentrations in drinking water <20 and <10 μg/L, respectively. Nickel concentration in the first flush water (100 mL) from 110 household taps revealed 22 cases (20%) > 20 μg/L, while the fully flushed water satisfied the standard after running 5000 mL of water. The nickel concentration decreased gradually in sequential sampling of each 100 mL from the taps. Lead concentration in the first flush water exceeded the standard in 32 cases (29%), while the fully flushed water was below the target value. The concentration in the first flush water tended to decrease with time since the tap installation, and this was significant after 10 years for nickel but not significant for lead. It is important to flush retained water out of the tap after several hours without use. No significant correlation was found with the volume of the test faucet in the market, but bronze-based products showed higher nickel concentrations than brass and plastic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Asami
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Saitama, Japan.
| | | | - Yuji Nakamura
- Water Supply and Sewage Bureau, Mito City, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuki Sasaki
- Water Supply and Sewage Bureau, Morioka City, Aomori, Japan
| | - Yoshio Adachi
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Saitama, Japan
| | - Nobuko Maeda
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Saitama, Japan
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Liu M, Ding L, Liu J, Mao X, Na X, Shao Y. Fast and High Sensitive Analysis of Lead in Human Blood by Direct Sampling Hydride Generation Coupled with in situ Dielectric Barrier Discharge Trap. ANAL SCI 2021; 37:321-327. [PMID: 32921651 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.20p201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A direct sampling hydride generation (HG) system based on modified gas liquid separator (GLS) coupled with in situ dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) is first rendered to detect lead in blood samples. Herein, a triple-layer coaxial quartz tube was employed as DBD trap (DBDT) to replace the original atomizer of atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS) to satisfy the in situ preconcentration. After 40-fold dilution, foams generated from protein in a blood sample can be eliminated via the double-GLS set; and lead in a blood sample were generated as plumbane under 3.5% HNO3 (v:v) and 30 g/L NaOH with 8 g/L KBH4, 10 g/L H3BO3, and 5 g/L K3[Fe(CN)6]. Then, lead analyte was trapped on the DBD quartz surface by 9 kV discharging at 50 mL/min air; and subsequently released by 12 kV discharging at 110 mL/min H2. The absolute detection limit (LOD) for Pb was 8 pg (injection volume = 2 mL), and the linearity (R2 > 0.997) range was 0.05 - 50 μg/L. The results were in good agreement with that of blood certified reference materials (CRM), and spiked recoveries for real blood samples were 95 - 104% within a relative standard deviation of 5% (RSD). Via gas phase enrichment, the established method improved analytical sensitivity (peak height) by 8 times. The entire analysis time including blood sample preparation can be kept to within 10 min. The combination of modified GLS and DBDT can facilitate the quickness, accuracy, and sensitivity, revealing a promising future for monitoring lead in blood to protect humans, especially children's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meitong Liu
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University.,Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Agro-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs
| | - Lan Ding
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University
| | - Jixin Liu
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Agro-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs.,Beijing Ability Technology Company, Limited
| | - Xuefei Mao
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Agro-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs
| | - Xing Na
- Beijing Ability Technology Company, Limited
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Mise N, Ohtsu M, Ikegami A, Hosoi Y, Nakagi Y, Yoshida T, Kayama F. Concentration of folic acid (FA) in serum of Japanese pregnant women. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2020; 35:277-280. [PMID: 32651989 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2020-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Exposure to inorganic arsenic (iAs) is a world-wide health concern. We reported that Japanese children and pregnant women are exposed to moderate levels of iAs through food. Reducing iAs contamination from foods of high iAs is an important issue unique in Japan. Integrated iAs is methylated to less toxic organic forms, and S-adenosyl-L-methyonine (SAM), a common methyl-donor of DNA and histones, is utilized in this process. Chronic consumption of SAM by iAs metabolism due to exposure to iAs might alter the epigenetic modification of genome. The SAM biosynthesis pathway is dependent on folate cycle, and it is possible that ingestion of sufficient folic acid (FA) is protective to iAs induced toxicity. Methods In the course of our cross-sectional body burden analyses of Pb and iAs in Japanese children and pregnant women, termed "PbAs study", FA concentration in serum of 104 pregnant women was measured. Results Mean (±SEM) of serum FA concentration was 15.8 ± 1.3 (ng/mL). There are significant number of people showing very high FA (>30 ng/ mL), and large fraction of them were taking supplements daily. Conclusions These results suggested that level of FA ingestion of Japanese pregnant women is high for supporting normal fetal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Mise
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Mayumi Ohtsu
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Akihiko Ikegami
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yoko Hosoi
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Nakagi
- Department of Health Science, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka-higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takahiko Yoshida
- Department of Health Science, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka-higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Fujio Kayama
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
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Dehari-Zeka M, Letaj KR, Selimi QI, Elezaj IR. Blood lead level (BLL), δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity (ALAD), hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (hct) in primary school-children and adult residents living in smelter rural areas in Kosovo. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2020; 55:1179-1187. [PMID: 32567994 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2020.1780851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of chronic environmental lead (Pb) exposure in blood lead level (BLL), δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity, hemoglobin (Hb) amount and hematocrit (Hct) value in primary schoolchildren and adults. Blood was obtained for BLL, ALAD, Hb and Hct measurements in 23 primary schoolchildren (girls and boys) and 117 adult residents (women and men) living in three villages (Kelmend, Boletin and Zhazhë) defined by concentric circles 2, 3 and 5 km in radius drawn around from the smelter-refinery complex "Trepça"in Zveçan and in Koliq village 40 km away. As expected, BLLs were substantially higher in the schoolchildren from smelter area compared with control (11 ± 4.2 µg/L and 6.9 ± 1.6 µg/L respectively) and in adult residents from Kelmend, Boletin and Zhazhë (24 ± 11.8, 12 ± 4.5, 11 ± 5.4 and 8.0 ± 2.8 µg/L respectively). Blood ALAD activity of children in Zhazhë is 16% inhibited compared to control and blood ALAD activity in adults in villages from smelter area is 32, 3%, 48, 4% and 17, 8% inhibited compared to control. There is no difference of Hb and Hct values in schoolchildren from Zhazhë and in adult residents from Kelmend and Zhazhë compared with control. Results of this study provide evidence of moderate inverse correlation between BLL and ALAD activity in both examined cohorts from smelter area. The inhibition of ALAD activity in primary schoolchildren and adults occurred at blood lead levels < 24 µg/L; consequently it can cause an increase of δ- Aminolevulinic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirlinda Dehari-Zeka
- Deparment of Biology, Faculty of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Prishtina, Pristina, Republic of Kosovo
| | - Kasum Rr Letaj
- Deparment of Biology, Faculty of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Prishtina, Pristina, Republic of Kosovo
| | - Qerim I Selimi
- Faculty of Education, University of Mitrovica, Mitrovica, Republic of Kosovo
| | - Isa R Elezaj
- Deparment of Biology, Faculty of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Prishtina, Pristina, Republic of Kosovo
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Association between blood lead exposure and mental health in pregnant women: Results from the Japan environment and children's study. Neurotoxicology 2020; 79:191-199. [PMID: 32526257 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although environmental lead exposure has decreased, several studies have shown that low-level lead exposure can result in adverse psychological symptoms. However, few studies have examined lead neurotoxicity in pregnant women. We investigated the association between lead exposure and psychological symptoms in pregnant women, and between socio-economic status and blood lead levels. METHODS Blood lead levels were measured in 17,267 pregnant women in the Japan Environment and Children's Study. Odds ratios (ORs) for high blood lead levels were calculated using multinomial logistic regression. Psychological symptoms were assessed using the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K6). ORs for depression (K6 ≥ 13 or ≥5) were calculated using logistic regression with adjustment for potential confounders. RESULTS The geometric mean of whole blood lead levels was 0.58 μg/dl (range 0.14-6.75 μg/dl). Higher blood lead levels were associated with older age (OR 1.79, 9 5% confidence interval [CI] 1.46-2.19), unmarried status (OR 1.75, 95 % CI 1.31-2.33), lower household income (OR 1.76, 95 % CI 1.38-2.24), and lower educational attainment (OR 1.34, 95 % CI 1.20-1.48). The percentage of women with K6 scores ≥13 and ≥5 was 3 % and 28.2 %, respectively. There was no significant association between lead exposure and K6 score (K6 ≥ 13: OR 1.00, 95 % CI 0.76-1.32; K6 ≥ 5: OR 0.98, 95 % CI 0.88-1.09). CONCLUSION Our results indicate a small but significant association between higher blood lead levels and lower socio-economic status in a population with low blood lead levels, but no association between low-level lead exposure and psychological symptoms.
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Ohtsu M, Mise N, Ikegami A, Mizuno A, Kobayashi Y, Nakagi Y, Nohara K, Yoshida T, Kayama F. Oral exposure to lead for Japanese children and pregnant women, estimated using duplicate food portions and house dust analyses. Environ Health Prev Med 2019; 24:72. [PMID: 31805868 PMCID: PMC6896297 DOI: 10.1186/s12199-019-0818-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lead is a toxic metal abundant in the environment. Consumption of food contaminated at low levels of lead, especially by small children and pregnant women, raises a health concern. METHODS Duplicated food portions and drinking water were collected over 3 days from 88 children and 87 pregnant women in Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan. Participants were recruited in this study between January 2014 and October 2015. Dust was also collected from their homes. Lead concentrations were measured and consequent oral lead exposure levels were estimated for this population at high risk to environmental toxicants. Lead concentrations of peripheral and cord blood, taken from children and pregnant women, and were also analyzed. RESULTS Lead concentrations in food, drinking water, and house dust were low in general. Oral lead exposure to lead was higher for children (Mean ± SEM; 5.21 ± 0.30 μg/kg BW/week) than in pregnant women (1.47 ± 0.13 μg/kg BW/week). Food and house dust were main sources of lead contamination, but the contribution of house dust widely varied. Means ± SEM of peripheral and cord blood lead concentrations were 0.69 ± 0.04 μg/dL and 0.54 ± 0.05 μg/dL, respectively for pregnant women and 1.30 ± 0.07 μg/dL (peripheral only) in children. We detect no correlation between smoking situations and blood lead concentration in pregnant women. CONCLUSION We conclude that oral lead exposure levels for Japanese children and pregnant women were generally low, with higher concentrations and exposure for children than for pregnant women. More efforts are necessary to clarify the sources of lead contamination and reduce lead exposure of the population at high risk even in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Ohtsu
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Nathan Mise
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan.
| | - Akihiko Ikegami
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Atsuko Mizuno
- Department of Pharmacology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Yayoi Kobayashi
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2, Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Nakagi
- Department of Health Science, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka-higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8802, Japan
| | - Keiko Nohara
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2, Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Takahiko Yoshida
- Department of Health Science, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka-higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8802, Japan
| | - Fujio Kayama
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
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Estimating the Possibility of Surface Soil Pollution with Atmospheric Lead Deposits Using the ADMER Model. SUSTAINABILITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/su10030720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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10
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Tatsuta N, Nakai K, Iwai-Shimada M, Mizutani F, Murata K, Chisaki Y, Satoh H. A methodological consideration for blood lead concentrations obtained from the earlobe in Japanese adults occupationally unexposed to lead. Environ Health Prev Med 2017; 22:78. [PMID: 29228902 PMCID: PMC5725893 DOI: 10.1186/s12199-017-0685-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuropsychological effects of considerably low levels of lead exposure are observed in children, and a reliable and possibly painless technique that can detect such levels is required for the assessment of such exposure. We examined whether the blood lead (BPb) concentrations obtained from the earlobe were as valid and useful as those from the median cubital vein. Methods Paired blood samples were collected from the earlobe and cubital vein of 112 Japanese participants occupationally unexposed to lead, and the BPb levels were determined using ICP-MS. Results The limit of detection of BPb for the ICP-MS method was 0.015 μg/dL, and there was no participant with a BPb level below this limit. The median values of BPb concentrations were 0.91 (range, 0.41–2.48) μg/dL for earlobe blood using a 175-μL capillary tube and 0.85 (0.35–2.39) μg/dL for venous blood using a 5-mL vacuum tube. There was a significant correlation between the earlobe BPb levels and cubital vein BPb levels (Spearman rank correlation rS = 0.941), though the earlobe BPb levels were significantly higher than the cubital vein BPb levels. Most of the participants regarded earlobe puncture as a painless method. Conclusions These data suggest that earlobe BPb levels can be used to assess lead exposure in children. Blood collection using a capillary tube should be done carefully and promptly because slow withdrawal may lead to measurement bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Tatsuta
- Development and Environmental Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Nakai
- Development and Environmental Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Miyuki Iwai-Shimada
- Centre for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Futoshi Mizutani
- Institute of Environmental Ecology, IDEA Consultants, Inc., Yaizu, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Murata
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Yoichi Chisaki
- Institute of Environmental Ecology, IDEA Consultants, Inc., Yaizu, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Satoh
- Environmental Health Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Li Q, Zhang P, Yu X, Zhao Y, Li Q, Zhang Y, Yang Z, Xie Y, Xue P, Sun S, Jia X, Zhou Z, He M, Zhang Y. Lead Transiently Promotes Granulocyte-Macrophage Progenitor Differentiation and Subsequently Suppresses Common Myeloid Progenitor Differentiation. Toxicol Sci 2017; 160:268-283. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- School of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, MOE, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Huzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhejiang 313000, China
| | - Xinchun Yu
- School of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, MOE, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yifan Zhao
- School of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, MOE, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Putuo District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Yandong Zhang
- School of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, MOE, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhengli Yang
- School of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, MOE, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yunli Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Peng Xue
- School of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, MOE, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shuhui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaodong Jia
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Zhijun Zhou
- School of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, MOE, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Miao He
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yubin Zhang
- School of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, MOE, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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Olympio KPK, Gonçalves CG, Salles FJ, Ferreira APSDS, Soares AS, Buzalaf MAR, Cardoso MRA, Bechara EJH. What are the blood lead levels of children living in Latin America and the Caribbean? ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 101:46-58. [PMID: 28159393 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Information on the prevalence of lead exposure is essential to formulate efficient public health policies. Developed countries have implemented successful public policies for the prevention and control of lead poisoning. In the United States, Canada, Japan and the European Union, for instance, periodically repeated prevalence studies show that blood lead levels (BLLs) in children have decreased overall. Although BLL of Latino children in the U.S. have also dropped in recent years, the geometric mean remains higher than that of white children. Little is known about lead exposure in children in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). In this review, we responded to two questions: What is currently known about lead sources and levels in children in LAC? Are there public policies to prevent children's exposure to lead in LAC? METHOD We conducted a literature review covering the period from January 2000 to March 2014 in the PubMed and Lilacs databases to obtain English, Portuguese and Spanish language studies reporting the prevalence of BLLs in children aged 0-18years living in LAC countries. No specific analytical method was selected, and given the scarcity of data, the study was highly inclusive. RESULTS Fifty-six papers were selected from 16 different LAC countries. The children's BLLs found in this review are high (≥10μg/dL) compared to BLLs for the same age group in the U. S. However, most studies reported an association with some type of "lead hot spot", in which children can be exposed to lead levels similar to those of occupational settings. Only Peru and Mexico reported BLLs in children from population-based studies. CONCLUSIONS Most BLLs prevalence studies carried out in LAC were in areas with known emission sources. The percentage of children at risk of lead poisoning in LAC is unknown, and probably underestimated. Thus, there is an urgent need to establish public health policies to quantify and prevent lead poisoning, specifically by prioritizing the identification and control of "hot spots".
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cláudia Gaudência Gonçalves
- Departamento de Controle Ambiental/Grupo Técnico Permanente de Áreas Contaminadas - Secretaria do Verde e Meio Ambiente de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Junqueira Salles
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Agnes Silva Soares
- Sustainable Development and Health Equity, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Marília Afonso Rabelo Buzalaf
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Universidade de São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Regina Alves Cardoso
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Blood Lead Levels and Risk Factors among Preschool Children in a Lead Polluted Area in Taizhou, China. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:4934198. [PMID: 28466011 PMCID: PMC5390650 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4934198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Objective. To determine the blood lead levels and identify related risk factors among preschool children in a lead polluted area (Taizhou, China) and provide theoretical support for prevention of lead pollution. Methods. A stratified-clustered-random sampling method was used to determine the survey sample. Blood lead levels were determined by the tungsten atomizer absorption spectrophotometer. Results. A total of 2,018 subjects (average age of 59 months; 1,087 boys and 931 girls) were included. The arithmetic mean, geometric mean, and median blood lead levels of the preschool children were 56.4 μg/L, 48.9 μg/L, and 46 μg/L. A total of 8.8% children had blood lead levels >100 μg/L and 43.9% had blood lead levels >50 μg/L. Mother's education level, father's occupation, decorative tableware, exposure to makeup, and the residential floor were all risk factors for elevated blood lead levels (odds ratios of 1.42, 1.21, 1.11, 1.19, and 1.27, resp.), while hand washing before eating food was a protective factor (odds ratio of 0.88). Conclusions. The blood lead levels of preschool children in Taizhou were higher than in other areas in China and in developed countries. Therefore, policies ensuring lead-based industries are not placed in close proximity to residential areas are required.
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García-Rico L, Meza-Figueroa D, Gandolfi AJ, Del Río-Salas R, Romero FM, Meza-Montenegro MM. Dust-Metal Sources in an Urbanized Arid Zone: Implications for Health-Risk Assessments. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2016; 70:522-533. [PMID: 26433809 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-015-0229-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The available information concerning metal pollution in different dust sources and the health effects in children remains limited in Mexico. This study focuses on Hermosillo, which is an urbanized area located in the Sonoran Desert in which soil resuspension and dust emission processes are common. The metal content of arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), and lead (Pb) were determined in three dust sources (playgrounds, roofs, and roads), each representing different exposure media (EM) for these elements. The metal levels in dust were found in the order of Mn > Cr > Pb > As with the highest metal content found in road dust. Despite the similar average metal distributions, principal component analysis shows a clear separation of the three EM with playground dust related to Cr and Mn and road dust to As and Pb. However, the geoaccumulation index results indicate that dust samples are uncontaminated to moderately polluted, except for Pb in road dust, which is considerably high. In addition, the enrichment factor suggests an anthropogenic origin for all of the studied metals except for Mn. In this context, the hazard index (HI) for noncarcinogenic risk is >1 in this population and thus represents a potential health risk. The spatial distribution for each metal on EM and the HI related to the marginality index could represent a more accurate decision-making tool in risk assessment studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia García-Rico
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., km 0.6 carretera a la Victoria, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Especialidad en Biotecnología, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, 5 de Febrero 818 Sur, 85000, Cd. Obregón, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Diana Meza-Figueroa
- División de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Geología, Universidad de Sonora, Rosales y Encinas, 83000, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - A Jay Gandolfi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, 1295 N. Martin, 85721, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Rafael Del Río-Salas
- Estación Regional del Noroeste, Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Colosio y Madrid s/n, 83240, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Francisco M Romero
- Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Delegación Coyoacán, 04510, México, D.F., Mexico
| | - Maria Mercedes Meza-Montenegro
- Departamento de Recursos Naturales, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, 5 de Febrero 818 Sur, 85000, Cd. Obregón, Sonora, Mexico.
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Construction technique of disposable bin from sludge cake and its environmental risk. Environ Health Prev Med 2014; 20:28-35. [PMID: 25378257 DOI: 10.1007/s12199-014-0420-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Now, a lot of researchers have tried to make recycled rigid materials from the sludge cake produced in paper mill industries for the purpose of decreasing its volume. In this study, the researchers tried to make economically a disposable bin and to examine whether it is toxic or not to the outside environment. METHODS To make a disposable bin, the researchers used the sludge cake, a plastic basket, as a fixed mold, white cloth or newspaper, as a removable supporter for wrapping around the mold, and latex or plaster, as a binder. The strength of the samples was measured by tensile-stress testing. The water absorption was evaluated by Cobb test. As toxicological tests, leaching test and seed germination test were selected. RESULTS It was possible to form the disposal bin from the cleaned sludge cake. They seemed safe to carry garbage in the industry judging from the results of tensile-stress testing. Some of them showed less water absorptiveness (higher water resistance) in the results of Cobb test. The results of leaching test showed small values of three heavy metals, lead, nickel and copper, in the leachate. The seed germination test suggested no adverse effects of the bins in the clay and sand on the tomato growth. CONCLUSIONS The results of these tests suggest that the bins have good strength, sufficient water resistance and no toxicological effect on the environment. This new recycled bin has the possibility to solve the environmental and health problems at disposing the sludge cake.
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Faniband M, Lindh CH, Jönsson BAG. Human biological monitoring of suspected endocrine-disrupting compounds. Asian J Androl 2014; 16:5-16. [PMID: 24369128 PMCID: PMC3901881 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.122197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting compounds are exogenous agents that interfere with the natural hormones of the body. Human biological monitoring is a powerful method for monitoring exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds. In this review, we describe human biological monitoring systems for different groups of endocrine disrupting compounds, polychlorinated biphenyls, brominated flame retardants, phthalates, alkylphenols, pesticides, metals, perfluronated compounds, parabens, ultraviolet filters, and organic solvents. The aspects discussed are origin to exposure, metabolism, matrices to analyse, analytical determination methods, determinants, and time trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moosa Faniband
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christian H Lindh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Bo AG Jönsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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