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Pyo WJ, Kim G, Kim S, Oh H, Keum D, Kim B, Kim D, So C, Lee S, Jee DW, Jung IH, Chung DS. Advancing Fab-Compatible Color-Selective Organic Photodiodes: Tailored Molecular Design and Nanointerlayers. ACS NANO 2024; 18:17075-17085. [PMID: 38912604 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c03659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
High-performance organic photodiodes (OPDs) and OPD-based image sensors are primarily realized using solution processes based on various additives and coating methods. However, vacuum-processed OPDs, which are more compatible with large-scale production, have received little attention, thereby hindering their integration into advanced systems. This study introduces innovations in the material and device structures to prepare superior vacuum-processed OPDs for commercial applications. A series of vacuum-processable, low-cost p-type semiconductors is developed by introducing an electron-rich cyclopentadithiophene core containing various electron-accepting moieties to fine-tune the energy levels without any significant structural or molecular weight changes. An additional nanointerlayer strategy is used to control the crystalline orientation of the upper-deposited photoactive layer, compensating for device performance reduction in inverted, top-illuminated OPDs. These approaches yielded an external quantum efficiency of 70% and a specific detectivity of 2.0 × 1012 Jones in the inverted structures, which are vital for commercial applications. These OPDs enabled visible-light communications with extremely low bit error rates and successful X-ray image capture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Jun Pyo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyuri Kim
- Department of Organic and Nano Engineering, and Human-Tech Convergence Program, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sinwon Kim
- Department of Intelligence Semiconductor Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Haechan Oh
- Department of Intelligence Semiconductor Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongki Keum
- DONGWOO FINE-CHEM Co., Pyeongtaek 17956, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoungin Kim
- DONGWOO FINE-CHEM Co., Pyeongtaek 17956, Republic of Korea
| | - Dowan Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan So
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangjun Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Woo Jee
- Department of Intelligence Semiconductor Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - In Hwan Jung
- Department of Organic and Nano Engineering, and Human-Tech Convergence Program, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Sung Chung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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Ruiz-Preciado LA, Pešek P, Guerra-Yánez C, Ghassemlooy Z, Zvánovec S, Hernandez-Sosa G. Inkjet-printed high-performance and mechanically flexible organic photodiodes for optical wireless communication. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3296. [PMID: 38332022 PMCID: PMC10853278 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53796-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Emerging areas such as the Internet of Things (IoT), wearable and wireless sensor networks require the implementation of optoelectronic devices that are cost-efficient, high-performing and capable of conforming to different surfaces. Organic semiconductors and their deposition via digital printing techniques have opened up new possibilities for optical devices that are particularly suitable for these innovative fields of application. In this work, we present the fabrication and characterization of high-performance organic photodiodes (OPDs) and their use as an optical receiver in an indoor visible light communication (VLC) system. We investigate and compare different device architectures including spin-coated, partially-printed, and fully-printed OPDs. The presented devices exhibited state-of-the-art performance and reached faster detection speeds than any other OPD previously reported as organic receivers in VLC systems. Finally, our results demonstrate that the high-performance of the fabricated OPDs can be maintained in the VLC system even after the fabrication method is transferred to a fully-inkjet-printed process deposited on a mechanically flexible substrate. A comparison between rigid and flexible samples shows absolute differences of only 0.2 b s-1 Hz-1 and 2.9 Mb s-1 for the spectral efficiency and the data rate, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Arturo Ruiz-Preciado
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstr. 13, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- InnovationLab, Speyererstr. 4, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Petr Pešek
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Dejvice-Praha 6, 16627, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Carlos Guerra-Yánez
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Dejvice-Praha 6, 16627, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zabih Ghassemlooy
- Optical Communications Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Stanislav Zvánovec
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Dejvice-Praha 6, 16627, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Gerardo Hernandez-Sosa
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstr. 13, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
- InnovationLab, Speyererstr. 4, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
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Cimrová V, Babičová P, Guesmi M, Výprachtický D. Donor-Acceptor Copolymers with 9-(2-Ethylhexyl)carbazole or Dibenzothiophene-5,5-dioxide Donor Units and 5,6-Difluorobenzo[ c][1,2,5]thiadiazole Acceptor Units for Photonics. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2939. [PMID: 37999292 PMCID: PMC10675554 DOI: 10.3390/nano13222939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Semiconducting polymers, particularly of the third generation, including donor-acceptor (D-A) copolymers, are extensively studied due to their huge potential for photonic and electronic applications. Here, we report on two new D-A copolymers, CP1 and CP2, composed of different electron-donor (D) units: 9-(2-ethylhexyl)carbazole or dibenzothiophene-5,5-dioxide, respectively, and of 4,7-bis(4'-(2-octyldodecyl)thiophen-2'-yl)-5,6-difluorobenzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole building block with central 5,6-difluorobenzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole electron-acceptor (A) units, which were synthesized by Suzuki coupling in the high-boiling solvent xylene and characterized. The copolymers exhibited very good thermal and oxidation stability. A copolymer CP1 with different molecular weights was prepared in order to facilitate a comparison of CP1 with CP2 of comparable molecular weight and to reveal the relationship between molecular weight and properties. The photophysical, electrochemical, and electroluminescence properties were examined. Intense red photoluminescence (PL) with higher PL efficiencies for CP1 than for CP2 was observed in both solutions and films. Red shifts in the PL thin film spectra compared with the PL solution spectra indicated aggregate formation in the solid state. X-ray diffraction measurements revealed differences in the arrangement of molecules in thin films depending on the molecular weight of the copolymers. Light-emitting devices with efficient red emission and low onset voltages were prepared and characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Věra Cimrová
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic (D.V.)
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Kim YW, Lee D, Jeon Y, Yoo H, Cho ES, Darici E, Park YJ, Seo KI, Kwon SJ. Analyses of All Small Molecule-Based Pentacene/C 60 Organic Photodiodes Using Vacuum Evaporation Method. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2820. [PMID: 37947665 PMCID: PMC10650082 DOI: 10.3390/nano13212820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The vacuum process using small molecule-based organic materials to make organic photodiodes (OPDIs) will provide many promising features, such as well-defined molecular structure, large scalability, process repeatability, and good compatibility for CMOS integration, compared to the widely used Solution process. We present the performance of planar heterojunction OPDIs based on pentacene as the electron donor and C60 as the electron acceptor. In these devices, MoO3 and BCP interfacial layers were interlaced between the electrodes and the active layer as the electron- and hole-blocking layer, respectively. Typically, BCP played a good role in suppressing the dark current by two orders higher than that without that layer. These devices showed a significant dependence of the performance on the thickness of the pentacene. In particular, with the pentacene thickness of 25 nm, an external quantum efficiency at the 360 nm wavelength according to the peak absorption of C60 was enhanced by 1.5 times due to a cavity effect, compared to that of the non-cavity device. This work shows the importance of a vacuum processing approach based on small molecules for OPDIs, and the possibility of improving the performance via the optimization of the device architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Woo Kim
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-Daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam City 13120, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea; (Y.W.K.); (D.L.); (H.Y.); (E.-S.C.)
| | - Dongwoon Lee
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-Daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam City 13120, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea; (Y.W.K.); (D.L.); (H.Y.); (E.-S.C.)
| | - Yongmin Jeon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-Daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam City 13120, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hocheon Yoo
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-Daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam City 13120, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea; (Y.W.K.); (D.L.); (H.Y.); (E.-S.C.)
| | - Eou-Sik Cho
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-Daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam City 13120, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea; (Y.W.K.); (D.L.); (H.Y.); (E.-S.C.)
| | - Ezgi Darici
- CLAP Co., Ltd., 1342 Seongnam-Daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam City 13120, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea; (E.D.); (Y.-J.P.); (K.-I.S.)
| | - Young-Jun Park
- CLAP Co., Ltd., 1342 Seongnam-Daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam City 13120, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea; (E.D.); (Y.-J.P.); (K.-I.S.)
| | - Kang-Il Seo
- CLAP Co., Ltd., 1342 Seongnam-Daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam City 13120, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea; (E.D.); (Y.-J.P.); (K.-I.S.)
| | - Sang-Jik Kwon
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-Daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam City 13120, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea; (Y.W.K.); (D.L.); (H.Y.); (E.-S.C.)
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Shan T, Hou X, Yin X, Guo X. Correction to: Organic photodiodes: device engineering and applications. FRONTIERS OF OPTOELECTRONICS 2022; 15:54. [PMCID: PMC9803806 DOI: 10.1007/s12200-022-00057-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Shan
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Xiao Hou
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Xiaokuan Yin
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Xiaojun Guo
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
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Zhou Y, Wang C. Organic optoelectronics creating new opportunities for science and applications. FRONTIERS OF OPTOELECTRONICS 2022; 15:51. [PMID: 36637559 PMCID: PMC9790823 DOI: 10.1007/s12200-022-00052-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yinhua Zhou
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Chengliang Wang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
- School of Integrated Circuits, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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