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Tarafder E, Nizamani MM, Karunarathna SC, Das D, Zeng X, Rind RA, Wang Y, Tian F. Advancements in genetic studies of mushrooms: a comprehensive review. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:275. [PMID: 39034336 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-04079-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Genetic studies in mushrooms, driven by innovations such as CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing and RNA interference, transform our understanding of these enigmatic fungi and their multifaceted roles in agriculture, medicine, and conservation. This comprehensive review explores the rationale and significance of genetic research in mushrooms, delving into the ethical, regulatory, and ecological dimensions of this field. CRISPR-Cas9 emerges as a game-changing technology, enabling precise genome editing, targeted gene knockouts, and pathway manipulation. RNA interference complements these efforts by downregulating genes for improved crop yield and enhanced pest and disease resistance. Genetic studies also contribute to the conservation of rare species and developing more robust mushroom strains, fostering sustainable cultivation practices. Moreover, they unlock the potential for discovering novel medicinal compounds, offering new horizons in pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals. As emerging technologies and ethical considerations shape the future of mushroom research, these studies promise to revolutionize our relationship with these fungi, paving the way for a more sustainable and innovative world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Entaj Tarafder
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Mir Muhammad Nizamani
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Samantha C Karunarathna
- Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, Yunnan, 655011, People's Republic of China
- National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | - Diptosh Das
- Molecular and Applied Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700019, India
| | - Xiangyu Zeng
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Raza Ali Rind
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, Hyderabad, Pakistan
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fenghua Tian
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, People's Republic of China.
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Yue Y, Hao H, Wang Q, Xiao T, Zhang Y, Chen Q, Chen H, Zhang J. Dynamics of the soil microbial community associated with Morchella cultivation: diversity, assembly mechanism and yield prediction. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1345231. [PMID: 38426066 PMCID: PMC10903539 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1345231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The artificial cultivation of morels has been a global research focus owing to production variability. Understanding the microbial ecology in cultivated soil is essential to increase morel yield and alleviate pathogen harm. Methods A total of nine Morchella cultivation experiments in four soil field types, forest, paddy, greenhouse, and orchard in Shanghai city were performed to determine the potential ecological relationship between Morchella growth and soil microbial ecology. Results Generally, significant variation was observed in the soil microbial diversity and composition between the different experimental field types. The niche width analysis indicated that the bacterial habitat niche breadth was significantly greater than the fungal community width, which was further confirmed by a null model that revealed that homogeneous selection could explain 46.26 and 53.64% of the variance in the bacterial and fungal assemblies, respectively. Moreover, the neutral community model revealed that stochastic processes dominate the bacterial community in forests and paddies and both the bacterial and fungal communities in orchard crops, whereas deterministic processes mostly govern the fungal community in forests and paddies and both the bacterial and the fungal communities in greenhouses. Furthermore, co-occurrence patterns were constructed, and the results demonstrated that the dynamics of the soil microbial community are related to fluctuations in soil physicochemical characteristics, especially soil potassium. Importantly, structural equation modeling further demonstrated that the experimental soil type significantly affects the potassium content of the soil, which can directly or indirectly promote Morchella yield by inhibiting soil fungal richness. Discussion This was the first study to predict morel yield through soil potassium fertilizer and soil fungal community richness, which provides new insights into deciphering the importance of microbial ecology in morel agroecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihong Yue
- National Research Center for Edible Fungi Biotechnology and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Haibo Hao
- National Research Center for Edible Fungi Biotechnology and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Fudan Center for Genetic Diversity and Designing Agriculture, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Wang
- National Research Center for Edible Fungi Biotechnology and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingting Xiao
- National Research Center for Edible Fungi Biotechnology and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuchen Zhang
- National Research Center for Edible Fungi Biotechnology and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qun Chen
- School of Biology Food and Environment, Hefei University, Hefei, China
| | - Hui Chen
- National Research Center for Edible Fungi Biotechnology and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinjing Zhang
- National Research Center for Edible Fungi Biotechnology and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Yin Q, Chen Z, He P, Liu W, Zhang W, Cao X. Allelopathic effects of phenolic acid extracts on Morchella mushrooms, pathogenic fungus, and soil-dominant fungus uncover the mechanism of morel continuous cropping obstacle. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:55. [PMID: 38183440 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03790-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
The prominent problem of continuous cropping obstacle has been frustrating the morel farming. To deepen the understanding on morel continuous cropping obstacle, the allelopathic effects of phenolic acid extracts from morel continuous cropping soils on growth and development of Morchella sextelata, M. eximia, M. importuna, pathogenic fungus Fusarium sp. and soil-dominant fungus Chaetomium sp. were investigated. These effects were expressed as response index (RI). Under actual content of phenolic acids (6.150 μg/g fresh mixed continuous cropping soil), the mycelial growth of all tested morel strains was inhibited (RI < 0), while the allelopathic effect of control phenolic acids (4.252 μg/g fresh mixed control soil) was between promotion and inhibition, which suggested that the phenolic acid extracts from morel continuous cropping soils may exhibit certain extent of autotoxicity for the existence of morel-specific allelochemicals. In addition, the aggravated pigmentation and reduced occurrence of sclerotium in three Morchella fungi at growth inhibitory concentrations of phenolic acids indicated the induction of morel strain aging. Meanwhile, most concentrations of phenolic acids showed stimulatory effects on sporulation of Fusarium sp. and Chaetomium sp. (RI > 0), manifesting the enrichment of soil-borne pathogenic fungi and dominance of certain fungal population in soil ecosystem. Collectively, the allelopathic effects of phenolic acid extracts play an instrumental role in morel continuous cropping obstacle. The study will be beneficial for healthy development of morel artificial cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yin
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Peixin He
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Wei Liu
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China.
| | - Wenye Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Xiumin Cao
- Pingdingshan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Pingdingshan, 467001, China
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Liu W, He P, Shi X, Zhang Y, Perez-Moreno J, Yu F. Large-Scale Field Cultivation of Morchella and Relevance of Basic Knowledge for Its Steady Production. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:855. [PMID: 37623626 PMCID: PMC10455658 DOI: 10.3390/jof9080855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Morels are one of the most highly prized edible and medicinal mushrooms worldwide. Therefore, historically, there has been a large international interest in their cultivation. Numerous ecological, physiological, genetic, taxonomic, and mycochemical studies have been previously developed. At the beginning of this century, China finally achieved artificial cultivation and started a high-scale commercial development in 2012. Due to its international interest, its cultivation scale and area expanded rapidly in this country. However, along with the massive industrial scale, a number of challenges, including the maintenance of steady economic profits, arise. In order to contribute to the solution of these challenges, formal research studying selection, species recognition, strain aging, mating type structure, life cycle, nutrient metabolism, growth and development, and multi-omics has recently been boosted. This paper focuses on discussing current morel cultivation technologies, the industrial status of cultivation in China, and the relevance of basic biological research, including, e.g., the study of strain characteristics, species breeding, mating type structure, and microbial interactions. The main challenges related to the morel cultivation industry on a large scale are also analyzed. It is expected that this review will promote a steady global development of the morel industry based on permanent and robust basic scientific knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- The Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; (W.L.); (X.S.)
| | - Peixin He
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, China;
| | - Xiaofei Shi
- The Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; (W.L.); (X.S.)
| | - Ya Zhang
- Sichuan Junyinong Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610023, China;
| | - Jesus Perez-Moreno
- Edafologia, Campus Montecillo, Colegio de Postgraduados, Texcoco 56230, Mexico
| | - Fuqiang Yu
- The Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; (W.L.); (X.S.)
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Chen B, Shao G, Zhou T, Fan Q, Yang N, Cui M, Zhang J, Wu X, Zhang B, Zhang R. Dazomet changes microbial communities and improves morel mushroom yield under continuous cropping. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1200226. [PMID: 37614603 PMCID: PMC10442562 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1200226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Morels (Morchella spp.) are highly prized and popular edible mushrooms. The outdoor cultivation of morels in China first developed at the beginning of the 21st century. Several species, such as Morchella sextelata, M. eximia, and M. importuna, have been commercially cultivated in greenhouses. However, the detriments and obstacles associated with continuous cropping have become increasingly serious, reducing yields and even leading to a complete lack of fructification. It has been reported that the obstacles encountered with continuous morel cropping may be related to changes in the soil microbial community. To study the effect of dazomet treatment on the cultivation of morel under continuous cropping, soil was fumigated with dazomet before morel sowing. Alpha diversity and beta diversity analysis results showed that dazomet treatment altered the microbial communities in continuous cropping soil, which decreased the relative abundance of soil-borne fungal pathogens, including Paecilomyces, Trichoderma, Fusarium, Penicillium, and Acremonium, increased the relative abundance of beneficial soil bacteria, including Bacillius and Pseudomonas. In addition, the dazomet treatment significantly increased the relative abundance of morel mycelia in the soil and significantly improved morel yield under continuous cropping. These results verified the relationship between the obstacles associated with continuous cropping in morels and the soil microbial community and elucidated the mechanism by which the obstacle is alleviated when using dazomet treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chen
- Institute of Soil and Fertilizer of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, China
| | - Gaige Shao
- Xi'an Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Fruit and Vegetable Workstation of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, China
| | - Qinghao Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-arid Arable Land in Northern China, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nuolin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-arid Arable Land in Northern China, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Man Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-arid Arable Land in Northern China, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-arid Arable Land in Northern China, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangli Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-arid Arable Land in Northern China, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bangxi Zhang
- Institute of Soil and Fertilizer of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, China
| | - Ruiying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-arid Arable Land in Northern China, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Li X, Fu T, Li H, Zhang B, Li W, Zhang B, Wang X, Wang J, Chen Q, He X, Chen H, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Yang R, Peng Y. Safe Production Strategies for Soil-Covered Cultivation of Morel in Heavy Metal-Contaminated Soils. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:765. [PMID: 37504753 PMCID: PMC10381497 DOI: 10.3390/jof9070765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Morel is a popular edible mushroom with considerable medicinal and economic value which has garnered global popularity. However, the increasing heavy metal (HM) pollution in the soil presents a significant challenge to morels cultivation. Given the susceptibility of morels to HM accumulation, the quality and output of morels are at risk, posing a serious food safety concern that hinders the development of the morel industry. Nonetheless, research on the mechanism of HM enrichment and mitigation strategies in morel remains scarce. The morel, being cultivated in soil, shows a positive correlation between HM content in its fruiting body and the HM content in the soil. Therefore, soil remediation emerges as the most practical and effective approach to tackle HM pollution. Compared to physical and chemical remediation, bioremediation is a low-cost and eco-friendly approach that poses minimal threats to soil composition and structure. HMs easily enriched during morels cultivation were examined, including Cd, Cu, Hg, and Pb, and we assessed soil passivation technology, microbial remediation, strain screening and cultivation, and agronomic measures as potential approaches for HM pollution prevention. The current review underscores the importance of establishing a comprehensive system for preventing HM pollution in morels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, China
- Soil and Fertilizer Research Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550006, China
| | - Tianhong Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, China
- Soil and Fertilizer Research Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550006, China
| | - Hongzhao Li
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 258000, China
- Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetable, Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Bangxi Zhang
- Soil and Fertilizer Research Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550006, China
| | - Wendi Li
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, China
| | - Baige Zhang
- Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetable, Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- Soil and Fertilizer Research Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550006, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Qiandongnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kaili 556000, China
| | - Qing Chen
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xuehan He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Hao Chen
- School of Agriculture, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Qinyu Zhang
- Soil and Fertilizer Research Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550006, China
| | - Yujin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, China
| | - Rende Yang
- Soil and Fertilizer Research Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550006, China
| | - Yutao Peng
- School of Agriculture, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
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Wang F, Tan J, Jiang R, Li F, Zheng R, Yu L, Luo L, Zheng Y. DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity of New Phenolics from the Fermentation Broth of Mushroom Morehella importuna. Molecules 2023; 28:4760. [PMID: 37375314 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, wild morel mushroom species have begun to be widely cultivated in China due to their high edible and medicinal values. To parse the medicinal ingredients, we employed the technique of liquid-submerged fermentation to investigate the secondary metabolites of Morehella importuna. Two new natural isobenzofuranone derivatives (1-2) and one new orsellinaldehyde derivative (3), together with seven known compounds, including one o-orsellinaldehyde (4), phenylacetic acid (5), benzoic acid (6), 4-hydroxy-phenylacetic acid (7), 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (8), N,N'-pentane-1,5-diyldiacetamide (9), and 1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid (10), were obtained from the fermented broth of M. importuna. Their structures were determined according to the data of NMR, HR Q-TOF MS, IR, UV, optical activity, and single-crystal X-ray crystallography. TLC-bioautography displayed that these compounds possess significant antioxidant activity with the half DPPH free radical scavenging concentration of 1.79 (1), 4.10 (2), 4.28 (4), 2.45 (5), 4.40 (7), 1.73 (8), and 6.00 (10) mM. The experimental results would shed light on the medicinal value of M. importuna for its abundant antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Wang
- Engineering Research Centre of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Jie Tan
- Engineering Research Centre of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Ruixiang Jiang
- Engineering Research Centre of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Feifei Li
- Engineering Research Centre of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Renqing Zheng
- Engineering Research Centre of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Linjun Yu
- Engineering Research Centre of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Lianzhong Luo
- Engineering Research Center of Marine Biopharmaceutical Resource, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China
| | - Yongbiao Zheng
- Engineering Research Centre of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
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Zhang Y, Sun S, Luo D, Mao P, Rosazlina R, Martin F, Xu L. Decline in Morel Production upon Continuous Cropping Is Related to Changes in Soil Mycobiome. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9040492. [PMID: 37108946 PMCID: PMC10143708 DOI: 10.3390/jof9040492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The black morel Morchella sextelata (Morchellaceae, Pezizales) is a valuable edible mushroom that can be cultivated on a large scale, but a severe yield decline is observed during continuous cropping. The effect of long-term cropping on soil-borne diseases and the dysbiosis of the microbiome and how these biotic factors affect the morel yield are not well understood. To help fill this knowledge gap, we designed an indoor experiment to investigate the influence of black morel cropping regimes on soil physicochemical properties, richness and distribution of fungal community, and morel primordial production. In this study, we employed rDNA metabarcoding and microbial network analysis to evaluate the effect of non-continuous and continuous cropping regimes on the fungal community during three developmental stages of black morel production, namely, the bare soil mycelium, mushroom conidial, and primordial stages. The results showed that during the first year, M. sextelata mycelium overwhelmed the resident soil fungal community by reducing the alpha diversity and niche breadth of soil fungal patterns by a greater amount compared to the continuous cropping regime, leading to high crop yield of 12.39 ± 6.09/quadrat but less complex soil mycobiome. To sustain continuous cropping, exogenous nutrition bags and morel mycelial spawn were consecutively added to the soil. The additional nutrient input stimulated the growth of fungal saprotrophic decomposers. The degrading activity of soil saprotrophs, including M.sextelata, caused a significant increase in soil nutrient content. This led to an inhibitory effect on the formation of morel primordia, resulting in a sharp decline to 0.29 ± 0.25/quadrat and 0.17 ± 0.24/quadrat, respectively, in the final morel cropping. Our findings provided a dynamic overview of the soil fungal community during morel mushroom production, allowing us to identify beneficial and detrimental fungal taxa in the soil mycobiome involved in morel cultivation. The information acquired from this study can be applied to mitigate the adverse impact of continuous cropping on the yield of black morel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden 11800, Penang, Malaysia
- Key Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Collaboration, School of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University, Xi'an 710065, China
| | - Sifan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Collaboration, School of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University, Xi'an 710065, China
| | - Didi Luo
- Key Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Collaboration, School of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University, Xi'an 710065, China
| | - Ping Mao
- Key Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Collaboration, School of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University, Xi'an 710065, China
| | - Rusly Rosazlina
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Francis Martin
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Lingling Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Collaboration, School of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University, Xi'an 710065, China
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Yang C, Jiang X, Ma L, Xiao D, Liu X, Ying Z, Li Y, Lin Y. Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Profiles Provide Insights into the Red-Stipe Symptom of Morel Fruiting Bodies. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9030373. [PMID: 36983541 PMCID: PMC10058789 DOI: 10.3390/jof9030373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The cultivation of true morels (Morchella spp., Morchellaceae, Ascomycota) has rapidly expanded in recent years, especially in China. Red stipe is a symptom wherein the stipe of morel fruiting bodies becomes red-gray, resulting in the gradual death of the affected fruiting bodies. The impact of red-stipe symptom occurrence on the development and nutritional quality of morel fruiting bodies remains unclear. Herein, morel ascocarps with the red-stipe symptom (R) and normal (N), artificially cultivated in the Fujian Province of China, were selected for the transcriptome and metabolome analysis to study the physiological and biochemical responses of morel fruiting bodies to the red-stipe symptom. Transcriptome data revealed several differentially expressed genes between the R and N groups significantly enriched in the tyrosine, riboflavin, and glycerophospholipid metabolism pathways. Similarly, the differentially accumulated metabolites were mainly assigned to metabolic pathways, including tyrosine, the biosynthesis of plant secondary metabolites, and the biosynthesis of amino acids. Moreover, the transcriptome and metabolome data combination revealed that tyrosine metabolism was the most enriched pathway, which was followed by ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transport, alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism. Overall, the integration of transcriptomic and metabolomic data of M. sextelata affected by red-stipe symptoms identified several important genes, metabolites, and pathways. These findings further improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the red-stipe symptom development of M. sextelata and provide new insights into how to optimize its cultivation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Yang
- Institute of Edible Mushroom, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Breeding & Cultivation of Featured Edible Mushroom, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350014, China
| | - Xiaoling Jiang
- Institute of Edible Mushroom, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Breeding & Cultivation of Featured Edible Mushroom, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350014, China
| | - Lu Ma
- Institute of Edible Mushroom, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Breeding & Cultivation of Featured Edible Mushroom, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350014, China
| | - Donglai Xiao
- Institute of Edible Mushroom, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Breeding & Cultivation of Featured Edible Mushroom, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350014, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Institute of Edible Mushroom, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Breeding & Cultivation of Featured Edible Mushroom, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350014, China
| | - Zhenghe Ying
- Institute of Edible Mushroom, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Breeding & Cultivation of Featured Edible Mushroom, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350014, China
| | - Yaru Li
- Institute of Edible Mushroom, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Breeding & Cultivation of Featured Edible Mushroom, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350014, China
| | - Yanquan Lin
- Institute of Edible Mushroom, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Breeding & Cultivation of Featured Edible Mushroom, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350014, China
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10
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Li Y, Chen H, Zhang X. Cultivation, nutritional value, bioactive compounds of morels, and their health benefits: A systematic review. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1159029. [PMID: 37006947 PMCID: PMC10063854 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1159029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Morels are valuable mushrooms being used as foods and medical substances for a long history. The commonly cultivated morel species include M. eximia, M. importuna, and M. sextelata in China, M. conica and M. esculenta in the US. Morels' nutritional profile mainly consists of carbohydrates, proteins, fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, and organic acids, which are also responsible for its complex sensory attributes and health benefits. The bioactive compounds in morels including polysaccharides, phenolics, tocopherols, and ergosterols contribute to the anti-oxidative abilities, anti-inflammation, immunoprotection, gut health preservation, and anti-cancer abilities. This review depicted on the cultivation of morels, major bioactive compounds of different morel species both from fruit bodies and mycelia, and their health benefits to provide a comprehensive understanding of morels and support the future research and applications of morels as high-value functional food sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitong Li
- Bannerbio Nutraceuticals Inc., Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Bannerbio Nutraceuticals Inc., Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Xi Zhang
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11
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Fu R, Wang J, Guo Y, Wang Y, Zhang H. Effects of simmering time, salt and sugar addition on the flavour and nutrient release of Morchella soup. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqing Fu
- College of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science Shandong University of Technology Zibo Shandong China
| | - Juan Wang
- College of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science Shandong University of Technology Zibo Shandong China
| | - Yanyin Guo
- College of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science Shandong University of Technology Zibo Shandong China
| | - Yujiang Wang
- Zibo Digital Agriculture and Rural Development Center Zibo Shandong China
| | - Haijuan Zhang
- Zibo Digital Agriculture and Rural Development Center Zibo Shandong China
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12
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Molecular and cultural characterization of Morchella spp. from disturbed environments of central-southern Chile. Fungal Biol 2023; 127:938-948. [PMID: 36906384 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2023.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In Northwestern Patagonia (Chile), three species of Morchella from undisturbed environments have been identified to date: Morchella tridentina, Morchella andinensis and Morchella aysenina, all belonging to the Elata clade and associated mainly with Nothofagus forests. In this study, the search for Morchella specimens was extended to disturbed environments in Central-Southern Chile, to further explore Morchella species diversity in the country, which is still very limited. The Morchella specimens were identified through multilocus sequences analysis, and the mycelial cultures were characterized, establishing comparisons with specimens from undisturbed environments. To the best of our knowledge, these results reveal for the first time in Chile the presence of the species Morchella eximia and Morchella importuna, and in the case of the last one also the first record in South America. These species were found associated almost exclusively with harvested or burned coniferous plantations. The in vitro mycelial characterization revealed certain inter- and intra-specific patterns of the morphology, such as pigmentation, mycelium type, and development and formation of sclerotia, which varied according to growth media and incubation temperature. The growth rates (mm/day) and mycelial biomass (mg) were significantly influenced by the temperature (p < 0.05), with maximum rates (>10 mm/day) and biomass (approx. 20 mg) between 20 and 24 °C, while a significant growth reduction (70-90%) was observed at 28 °C, mainly in the species from undisturbed environments. Potato-dextrose (PDA) medium stimulated the greatest mycelial density and sclerotia formation in most of the isolates, mainly in M. eximia (UDEC-LAF 236 isolate) which recorded the best mycelial growth performance. Among isolates, UDEC-LAF 236 also showed the best performance in sclerotia production (>350 sclerotia/dish) in 10 days of growth. This study contributes to the knowledge of the diversity of Morchella species in Chile by broadening the species range to those from disturbed environments. It also provides molecular and morphological characterization of the in vitro cultures of different Morchella species. The report on M. eximia and M. importuna, species known as cultivable, adapted to local climatic and edaphic conditions could represent the first step to developing artificial Morchella cultivation methods in Chile.
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13
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He P, Chen Z, Men Y, Wang M, Wang W, Liu W. Activity Assay of Amylase and Xylanase Is Available for Quantitative Assessment of Strain Aging in Cultivated Culinary-Medicinal Morchella Mushrooms (Ascomycotina). Int J Med Mushrooms 2023; 25:57-64. [PMID: 36734919 DOI: 10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2022046420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Strain aging has been mainly contributing to the "uncertainty" of Morchella farming. The situation calls for urgent quantitative assessment of strain aging in cultivated Morchella mushrooms. In this paper, systemic senescence of the productive strains of M. eximia, M. importuna, and M. sextelata was achieved through successive subculturing to provide subcultures with different degree of aging for further studies. Then the quantitative assessment of morel strain aging was conducted by activity assay of amylase and xylanase using dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method. The results suggested that both activity of amylase and xylanase decreased along with the rise of subculture times. Meanwhile, the correlation between xylanase activity and time of subculturing in the tested morel strains was higher than that of amylase assay. Consequently, assay of amylase and xylanase activity by DNS method can be used in the quantitative assessment of morel strain aging, and assay of xylanase activity is the better alternative. The work will improve the settlement of "uncertainty" in the morel industry and thus be beneficial for stable development of morel farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peixin He
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, P.R. China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Production and Safety, Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, P.R. China
| | - Ying Men
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, P.R. China
| | - Miaomiao Wang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, P.R. China
| | - Wensheng Wang
- Henan Junsheng Agricultural Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, P.R. China
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14
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Fan T, Ren R, Tang S, Zhou Y, Cai M, Zhao W, He Y, Xu J. Transcriptomics combined with metabolomics unveiled the key genes and metabolites of mycelium growth in Morchella importuna. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1079353. [PMID: 36819010 PMCID: PMC9929000 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1079353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Morels (Morchella) are one of the most popular edible fungi in the world, especially known for their rich nutrition and delicious taste. Earlier research indicates that the production of fruiting bodies can be affected by the growth of mycelium. To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying mycelium growth in Morchella importuna, we performed transcriptome analysis and metabolomics analysis of three growth stages of the hypha of M. importuna. As a result, 24 differentially expressed genes, such as transketolase (tktA), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), fructose-diphosphate aldolase (Fba), and ribose-5-phosphate isomerase (rpiA), as well as 15 differentially accumulated metabolites, including succinate and oxaloacetate, were identified and considered as the key genes and metabolites to mycelium growth in M. importuna. In addition, guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP), guanosine-5'-monophosphate (GMP), and several small peptides were found to differentially accumulate in different growth stages. Furthermore, five pathways, namely, starch and sucrose metabolism, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, fructose and mannose metabolism, tyrosine metabolism, and purine nucleotides, enriched by most DEGs, existed in the three compared groups and were also recognized as important pathways for the development of mycelium in morels. The comprehensive transcriptomics and metabolomics data generated in our study provided valuable information for understanding the mycelium growth of M. importuna, and these data also unveiled the key genes, metabolites, and pathways involved in mycelium growth. This research provides a great theoretical basis for the stable production and breeding of morels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Fan
- The Laboratory of Forestry Genetics, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Rui Ren
- The Center of Culture Preservation, Hunan Institute of Microbiology, Changsha, China
| | - Shaojun Tang
- The Center of Culture Preservation, Hunan Institute of Microbiology, Changsha, China
| | - Yiyun Zhou
- The Laboratory of Forestry Genetics, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Meng Cai
- The Laboratory of Forestry Genetics, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Wenwen Zhao
- The Laboratory of Forestry Genetics, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Yuelin He
- The Center of Culture Preservation, Hunan Institute of Microbiology, Changsha, China
| | - Jun Xu
- The Center of Culture Preservation, Hunan Institute of Microbiology, Changsha, China,*Correspondence: Jun Xu ✉
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15
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Kewlani P, Tiwari D, Singh L, Balodi S, Bhatt ID. Food and Antioxidant Supplements with Therapeutic Properties of Morchella esculenta (Ascomycetes): A Review. Int J Med Mushrooms 2023; 25:11-29. [PMID: 37824403 DOI: 10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2023049147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Morchella esculenta, commonly known as yellow morels, is an edible and medicinal mushroom popular worldwide for its unique flavor and culinary purposes. The traditional medical system effectively uses morels against infertility, fatigue, cancer, muscular pain, cough, and cold. The M. esculenta possesses many health-promoting nutritional components such as mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids, polyphenols, protein hydrolysates, vitamins, amino acids and minerals. The potential medicinal properties of morels is due to polysaccharides (galactomannan, chitin, β-glucans, and β-1,3-1,6-glucan) present that has high economic importance worldwide. Polysaccharides present possess a broad spectrum of biological activities such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-diabetic, and antioxidant. However, the toxicity and clinical trials to prove its safety and efficacy for medicinal uses are yet to be evaluated. Moreover, the separation, purification, identification, and structural elucidation of active compounds responsible for the unique flavors and biological activities are still lacking in M. esculenta. The available information provides a new base for future perspectives. It highlights the need for further studies of this potent medicinal mushroom species as a source of beneficial therapeutic drugs and nutraceutical supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushpa Kewlani
- G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Kosi-Katarmal, Almora 263 643, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Deepti Tiwari
- G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Kosi-Katarmal, Almora 263 643, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Laxman Singh
- G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Kosi-Katarmal, Almora 263 643, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Shivani Balodi
- G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Kosi-Katarmal, Almora 263 643, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Indra D Bhatt
- G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Kosi-Katarmal, Almora 263 643, Uttarakhand, India
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16
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Li DX, Cheng X, Ma FP, Chen JY, Chen YP, Zhao XS, Luo Q. Identification of metabolites from edible mushroom Morchella sextelata and their biological evaluation. Nat Prod Res 2022; 37:1774-1781. [PMID: 36054761 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2119389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
To identify bioactive metabolites from the fruiting body of Morchella sextelata, fourteen metabolites (1-14) including one undescribed morchesexten A (1) were isolated. Their structures including absolute configurations were assigned on the basis of spectroscopic data and quantum chemical computational methods. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of the isolated compounds were evaluated. Compounds 10-12 showed inhibitory effects on nitric oxide (NO) production with IC50 values of 15.2 ± 2.7, 10.2 ± 1.9 and 35.3 ± 10.5 μM, respectively. Compounds 7 and 9 exhibited strong antioxidant effect with IC50 values of 6.7 ± 0.4 and 7.3 ± 0.8 μM compared with Vit C (IC50 15.4 ± 0.2 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Xian Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Syndrome Laboratory of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xia Cheng
- Department of Nephrology, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fo-Pei Ma
- Syndrome Laboratory of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie-Yu Chen
- Syndrome Laboratory of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Ping Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Xiao-Shan Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Syndrome Laboratory of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Luo
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Nephrology, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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17
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Large-scale commercial cultivation of morels: current state and perspectives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:4401-4412. [PMID: 35731306 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12012-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Since morels were first successfully cultivated commercially in Sichuan in 2012, morel cultivation has expanded to more than 20 provinces in China. The highest yield currently reaches 15,000 kg/ha. Morel cultivation is characterized by its environmental friendliness, short cycle length, and high profit. However, the yield obtained is unstable which makes morel cultivation a high-risk industry. Although 10 production cycles have passed, there is still a gap between morel cultivation practice and our basic knowledge of morel biology. This mini-review concentrates on the development needs of morel cultivation. We illustrate the key techniques used in the large-scale commercial cultivation of morels and their relevant studies, including nutritional requirements, mechanisms of nutrient bag, soil type, vegetative and reproductive growth conditions, and disease control. This review will be a useful practical reference for the commercial artificial cultivation of morels and promoting the vital technologies required. KEY POINTS: •Unstable yield still exists after commercial cultivation of morels realized. •There is a gap between cultivation practice and our knowledge of morel biology. •Key techniques are illustrated for morel cultivation practice.
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18
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Zhang NN, Ma H, Zhang ZF, Zhang WN, Chen L, Pan WJ, Wu QX, Lu YM, Chen Y. Characterization and immunomodulatory effect of an alkali-extracted galactomannan from Morchella esculenta. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 278:118960. [PMID: 34973775 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In our continuous exploration for bioactive polysaccharides, a novel polysaccharide FMP-2 was isolated and purified from the fruiting bodies of Morchella esculenta by alkali-assisted extraction. FMP-2 had an average molecular weight of 1.09 × 106 Da and contained mannose, glucuronic acid, glucose, galactose, and arabinose in a molar ratio of 4.10:0.22:1.00:5.75:0.44. The backbone of FMP-2 mainly consisted of 1,2-α-D-Galp, 1,6-α-D-Galp, and 1,4-α-D-Manp, with branches of 1,4,6-α-D-Manp and 1,2,6-α-D-Galp. FMP-2 can stimulate phagocytosis and promote the secretion of NO, ROS, and cytokines like IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α in RAW264.7 cells ranging from 25 to 400 μg/mL. FMP-2 had great repairing effect on the immune injury of zebrafish induced by chloramphenicol. The phagocytosis ability of zebrafish macrophages and the proliferation of neutrophils can be greatly enhanced by polysaccharide FMP-2 with concentrations from 50 to 200 μg/mL. These findings suggest that FMP-2 might be used as a potential immunomodulator in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan-Nan Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - He Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Zhong-Fei Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Wen-Na Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Lei Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Wen-Juan Pan
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Qing-Xi Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Yong-Ming Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China; Key Laboratory of Ecological Engineering and Biotechnology of Anhui Province and Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, Anhui, PR China.
| | - Yan Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China; Key Laboratory of Ecological Engineering and Biotechnology of Anhui Province and Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, Anhui, PR China.
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19
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Rapid identification of Hebeloma crustuliniforme species using real-time fluorescence and visual loop-mediated isothermal amplification based on the internal transcribed spacer sequence. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Tan H, Liu T, Yu Y, Tang J, Jiang L, Martin FM, Peng W. Morel Production Related to Soil Microbial Diversity and Evenness. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0022921. [PMID: 34643439 PMCID: PMC8515941 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00229-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Black morel is a widely prized ascomycetous mushroom with culinary value. It was once uncultivable but can now be cultivated routinely in ordinary farmland soils. Large-scale morel farming sometimes encounters nonfructification for unknown reasons. In spring 2020, many morel farms in the area of Chengdu-Plain, China, exhibited no fructification at all, causing disastrous economic loss to the farmers. To determine potential ecological factors associated with the different performance of morel production in these farms, 21 affected sites versus 11 sites with normal fructification performance were analyzed to compare soil microbiota and physiochemical characteristics during fructification. The results indicated that soil physiochemical characteristics were unlikely to be a major reason for the difference between successful fructification and nonfructification. The soils with successful fructification had significantly higher diversity in both the fungal and bacterial communities than those with nonfructification. Morel yield was positively correlated with the α-diversity of fungal communities. The higher diversity of the successfully fructified soils was contributed by community evenness rather than taxonomic richness. In contrast, most nonfructification soils were dominated by a high proportion of a certain fungal genus, typically Acremonium or Mortierella, in the fungal communities. Our findings demonstrate the importance of microbial ecology to the large-scale agroindustry of soil-cultivated mushrooms. IMPORTANCE Saprotrophic mushrooms cultivated in soils are subject to complex influences from soil microbial communities. Research on growing edible mushrooms has revealed connections between fungi and a few species of growth-promoting bacteria colonizing the mycosphere. The composition and diversity of the whole microbial community may also have an influence on the growth and production of soil-saprotrophic mushrooms. Morel mushrooms (Morchella spp.) are economically and culturally important and are widely prized throughout the world. This study used the large-scale farming of morels as an example of an agroecosystem for soil-saprotrophic mushroom cultivation. It demonstrated a typical pattern of how the microbial ecology in soil agroecosystems, especially the α-diversity level and community evenness among soil fungal taxa, could affect the production of high-value cash crops and the income of farmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Tan
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environments, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
- School of Bioengineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Agro-microbial Resource and Utilization in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, China
| | - Tianhai Liu
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environments, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Agro-microbial Resource and Utilization in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environments, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Agro-microbial Resource and Utilization in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Tang
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environments, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Agro-microbial Resource and Utilization in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Jiang
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environments, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Agro-microbial Resource and Utilization in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, China
| | - Francis M. Martin
- Université de Lorraine, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Centre INRA-GrandEst-Lorraine, Champenoux, France
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Weihong Peng
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environments, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Agro-microbial Resource and Utilization in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, China
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21
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Tan H, Yu Y, Tang J, Liu T, Miao R, Huang Z, Martin FM, Peng W. Build Your Own Mushroom Soil: Microbiota Succession and Nutritional Accumulation in Semi-Synthetic Substratum Drive the Fructification of a Soil-Saprotrophic Morel. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:656656. [PMID: 34108948 PMCID: PMC8180906 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.656656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Black morel, a widely prized culinary delicacy, was once an uncultivable soil-saprotrophic ascomycete mushroom that can now be cultivated routinely in farmland soils. It acquires carbon nutrients from an aboveground nutritional supplementation, while it remains unknown how the morel mycelium together with associated microbiota in the substratum metabolizes and accumulates specific nutrients to support the fructification. In this study, a semi-synthetic substratum of quartz particles mixed with compost was used as a replacement and mimic of the soil. Two types of composts (C1 and C2) were used, respectively, plus a bare-quartz substratum (NC) as a blank reference. Microbiota succession, substrate transformation as well as the activity level of key enzymes were compared between the three types of substrata that produced quite divergent yields of morel fruiting bodies. The C1 substratum, with the highest yield, possessed higher abundances of Actinobacteria and Chloroflexi. In comparison with C2 and NC, the microbiota in C1 could limit over-expansion of microorganisms harboring N-fixing genes, such as Cyanobacteria, during the fructification period. Driven by the microbiota, the C1 substratum had advantages in accumulating lipids to supply morel fructification and maintaining appropriate forms of nitrogenous substances. Our findings contribute to an increasingly detailed portrait of microbial ecological mechanisms triggering morel fructification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Tan
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Breeding and Cultivation of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Mushroom Research Center, Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Agro-Microbial Resource and Utilization in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Yu
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Breeding and Cultivation of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Mushroom Research Center, Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Agro-Microbial Resource and Utilization in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Tang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Breeding and Cultivation of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Mushroom Research Center, Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Agro-Microbial Resource and Utilization in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, China
| | - Tianhai Liu
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Breeding and Cultivation of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Mushroom Research Center, Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Agro-Microbial Resource and Utilization in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, China
| | - Renyun Miao
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Breeding and Cultivation of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Mushroom Research Center, Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Agro-Microbial Resource and Utilization in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhongqian Huang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Breeding and Cultivation of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Mushroom Research Center, Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Agro-Microbial Resource and Utilization in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, China
| | - Francis M. Martin
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Centre INRAE Grand Est-Nancy, Champenoux, France
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Weihong Peng
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Breeding and Cultivation of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Mushroom Research Center, Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Agro-Microbial Resource and Utilization in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, China
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