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Nappi F, Alzamil A, Avtaar Singh SS, Spadaccio C, Bonnet N. Current Knowledge on the Interaction of Human Cytomegalovirus Infection, Encoded miRNAs, and Acute Aortic Syndrome. Viruses 2023; 15:2027. [PMID: 37896804 PMCID: PMC10611417 DOI: 10.3390/v15102027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aortic dissection is a clinicopathological entity caused by rupture of the intima, leading to a high mortality if not treated. Over time, diagnostic and investigative methods, antihypertensive therapy, and early referrals have resulted in improved outcomes according to registry data. Some data have also emerged from recent studies suggesting a link between Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection and aortic dissection. Furthermore, the use of microRNAs has also become increasingly widespread in the literature. These have been noted to play a role in aortic dissections with elevated levels noted in studies as early as 2017. This review aims to provide a broad and holistic overview of the role of miRNAs, while studying the role of HCMV infection in the context of aortic dissections. The roles of long non-coding RNAs, circular RNAs, and microRNAs are explored to identify changes in expression during aortic dissections. The use of such biomarkers may one day be translated into clinical practice to allow early detection and prognostication of outcomes and drive preventative and therapeutic options in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Nappi
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Centre Cardiologique du Nord, 93200 Saint-Denis, France; (A.A.); (N.B.)
| | - Almothana Alzamil
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Centre Cardiologique du Nord, 93200 Saint-Denis, France; (A.A.); (N.B.)
| | | | - Cristiano Spadaccio
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
| | - Nicolas Bonnet
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Centre Cardiologique du Nord, 93200 Saint-Denis, France; (A.A.); (N.B.)
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2
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Diggins NL, Hancock MH. Viral miRNA regulation of host gene expression. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 146:2-19. [PMID: 36463091 PMCID: PMC10101914 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Viruses have evolved a multitude of mechanisms to combat barriers to productive infection in the host cell. Virally-encoded miRNAs are one such means to regulate host gene expression in ways that benefit the virus lifecycle. miRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that regulate protein expression but do not trigger the adaptive immune response, making them powerful tools encoded by viruses to regulate cellular processes. Diverse viruses encode for miRNAs but little sequence homology exists between miRNAs of different viral species. Despite this, common cellular pathways are targeted for regulation, including apoptosis, immune evasion, cell growth and differentiation. Herein we will highlight the viruses that encode miRNAs and provide mechanistic insight into how viral miRNAs aid in lytic and latent infection by targeting common cellular processes. We also highlight how viral miRNAs can mimic host cell miRNAs as well as how viral miRNAs have evolved to regulate host miRNA expression. These studies dispel the myth that viral miRNAs are subtle regulators of gene expression, and highlight the critical importance of viral miRNAs to the virus lifecycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Diggins
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Meaghan H Hancock
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
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3
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Deng J, Wang Q, Zhang J, Ma Y, Qi Y, Liu Z, Li Y, Ruan Q, Huang Y. Identification and characterization of human cytomegalovirus-encoded circular RNAs. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:980974. [PMID: 36452301 PMCID: PMC9702070 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.980974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Circular RNA (circRNA) exists extensively and plays essential roles in serving as microRNA (miRNA) or protein sponges and protein scaffolding in many organisms. However, the profiles and potential functions of the virus-encoded circRNA, including human cytomegalovirus (HCMV)-encoded circular RNAs, remain unclear. In the present study, HCMV-encoded circRNAs profile in human embryonic lung fibroblasts (HELF) with lytic infection was investigated using RNA deep sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. In total, 629 HCMV-encoded circRNAs were identified with various expression patterns in our results. The full sequences and alternative splicings of circUS12, circUL55, and circUL89 were verified by reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) with divergent primers followed and Sanger sequencing. Transcription of circUL89 was validated by Northern blot. The HCMV-encoded circRNA-miRNA network analyses revealed the potential function of HCMV-encoded circRNAs during HCMV infection in HELFs. Collectively, HCMV infection deduced abundant HCMV-associated circRNAs during infection, and the HCMV-encoded circRNAs might play important roles in benefiting HCMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingui Deng
- Department of Microorganism Laboratory, Shenyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenyang, China
- Virology Laboratory, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Virology Laboratory, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Virology Laboratory, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanping Ma
- Virology Laboratory, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ying Qi
- Virology Laboratory, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhongyang Liu
- Virology Laboratory, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yibo Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Qiang Ruan
- Virology Laboratory, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yujing Huang
- Virology Laboratory, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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4
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Sleman S, Hao H, Najmuldeen H, Jalal P, Saeed N, Othman D, Qian Z. Human Cytomegalovirus UL24 and UL43 Cooperate to Modulate the Expression of Immunoregulatory UL16 Binding Protein 1. Viral Immunol 2022; 35:529-544. [PMID: 36179070 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2022.0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) UL24 and UL43 are tegument proteins that have recently been shown to interact with each other in a yeast two-hybrid system. By their overexpression in MRC5 cells, we demonstrate that these viral proteins interact with several important host proteins, especially Dicer and trans-activation response RNA binding protein. As these hots proteins are involved in regulating the production of cellular micro-RNAs, the cytomegalovirus (CMV) proteins could interfere with their actions to favor viral replication directly or through an immune escape mechanism. Double knockout of UL24 and UL43 does not show a remarkable effect on CMV entry or replication, but it significantly downregulates the expression of CMV-encoded miR-UL59, which is thought to regulate the expression of a downstream target UL16 binding protein 1 (ULBP1). Interestingly, the double knockout increases the expression of the ULBP1 recognized by the NKG2D activating receptor of natural killer cells. This study investigates the potential role of several proteins encoded by HCMV in regulating the host cellular environment to favor escape from immunity, and it also provides some basis for the future development of RNA-targeted small molecules to control HCMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirwan Sleman
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq.,Medical Laboratory Analysis, College of Health Science, Cihan University of Sulaimaniya, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq.,Unit of Herpesvirus and Molecular Virology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyun Hao
- Unit of Herpesvirus and Molecular Virology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hastyar Najmuldeen
- Medical Laboratory Analysis, College of Health Science, Cihan University of Sulaimaniya, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq.,Biology Department, College of Sciences, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
| | - Paywast Jalal
- Biology Department, College of Sciences, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
| | - Nahla Saeed
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
| | - Dyary Othman
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
| | - Zhikang Qian
- Unit of Herpesvirus and Molecular Virology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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5
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Yu Z, Wang J, Nan F, Shi W, Zhang X, Jiang S, Wang B. Human Cytomegalovirus Induced Aberrant Expression of Non-coding RNAs. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:918213. [PMID: 35770158 PMCID: PMC9234646 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.918213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a β-herpesvirus whose genome consists of double stranded linear DNA. HCMV genome can generate non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) through transcription in its host cells. Besides that, HCMV infection also changes the ncRNAs expression profile of the host cells. ncRNAs play a key role in maintaining the normal physiological activity of cells, and the disorder of ncRNAs expression has numerous adverse effects on cells. However, until now, the relationship between ncRNAs and HCMV-induced adverse effects are not summarized in detail. This review aims to give a systematic summary of the role of HCMV infection in ncRNAs expression while providing insights into the molecular mechanism of unnormal cellular events caused by ncRNAs disorder. ncRNAs disorder induced by HCMV infection is highly associated with cell proliferation, apoptosis, tumorigenesis, and immune regulation, as well as the development of cardiovascular diseases, and the potential role of biomarker. We summarize the studies on HCMV associated ncRNAs disorder and suggest innovative strategies for eliminating the adverse effects caused by HCMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjie Yu
- Department of Special Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Oral Research Center, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Fulong Nan
- Department of Special Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenyi Shi
- Oral Research Center, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Xianjuan Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shasha Jiang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Special Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Bin Wang,
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6
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microRNA, a Subtle Indicator of Human Cytomegalovirus against Host Immune Cells. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10020144. [PMID: 35214602 PMCID: PMC8874957 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a double-stranded DNA virus that belongs to the β-herpesvirus family and infects 40–90% of the adult population worldwide. HCMV infection is usually asymptomatic in healthy individuals but causes serious problems in immunocompromised people. We restricted this narrative review (PubMed, January 2022) to demonstrate the interaction and molecular mechanisms between the virus and host immune cells with a focus on HCMV-encoded miRNAs. We found a series of HCMV-encoded miRNAs (e.g., miR-UL112 and miR-UL148D) are explicitly involved in the regulation of viral DNA replication, immune evasion, as well as host cell fate. MiRNA-targeted therapies have been explored for the treatment of atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, and hepatitis C virus infection. It is feasible to develop an alternative vaccine to restart peripheral immunity or to inhibit HCMV activity, which may contribute to the antiviral intervention for serious HCMV-related diseases.
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7
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Diggins NL, Crawford LB, Hancock MH, Mitchell J, Nelson JA. Human Cytomegalovirus miR-US25-1 Targets the GTPase RhoA To Inhibit CD34 + Hematopoietic Progenitor Cell Proliferation To Maintain the Latent Viral Genome. mBio 2021; 12:e00621-21. [PMID: 33824207 PMCID: PMC8092260 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00621-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) microRNAs play essential roles in latency and reactivation in CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) via regulation of viral and cellular gene expression. In the present study, we show that HCMV miR-US25-1 targets RhoA, a small GTPase required for CD34+ HPC self-renewal, proliferation, and hematopoiesis. Expression of miR-US25-1 impairs signaling through the nonmuscle myosin II light chain, which leads to a block in cytokinesis and an inhibition of proliferation. Moreover, infection with an HCMV mutant lacking miR-US25-1 resulted in increased proliferation of CD34+ HPCs and a decrease in the proportion of genome-containing cells at the end of latency culture. These observations provide a mechanism by which HCMV limits proliferation to maintain latent viral genomes in CD34+ HPCs.IMPORTANCE Each herpesvirus family establishes latency in a unique cell type. Since herpesvirus genomes are maintained as episomes, the virus needs to devise mechanisms to retain the latent genome during cell division. Alphaherpesviruses overcome this obstacle by infecting nondividing neurons, while gammaherpesviruses tether their genome to the host chromosome in dividing B cells. The betaherpesvirus human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) establishes latency in CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs), but the mechanism used to maintain the viral genome is unknown. In this report, we demonstrate that HCMV miR-US25-1 downregulates expression of RhoA, a key cell cycle regulator, which results in inhibition of CD34+ HPC proliferation by blocking mitosis. Mutation of miR-US25-1 during viral infection results in enhanced cellular proliferation and a decreased frequency of genome-containing CD34+ HPCs. These results reveal a novel mechanism through which HCMV is able to regulate cell division to prevent viral genome loss during proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Diggins
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Lindsey B Crawford
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Meaghan H Hancock
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Jennifer Mitchell
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Jay A Nelson
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
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8
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Gao Z, Zhou L, Bai J, Ding M, Liu D, Zheng S, Li Y, Li X, Wang X, Jin M, Shangting H, Qiu C, Wang C, Zhang X, Zhang C, Chen X. Assessment of HCMV-encoded microRNAs in plasma as potential biomarkers in pregnant women with adverse pregnancy outcomes. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:638. [PMID: 33987336 PMCID: PMC8106018 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-7354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Background Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the most frequent cause of congenital infections and can lead to adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs). HCMV encodes multiple microRNAs (miRNAs) that have been reported to be partially related to host immune responses, cell cycle regulation, viral replication, and viral latency, and can be detected in human plasma. However, the relevance for HCMV-encoded miRNAs in maternal plasma as an indicator for APOs has never been evaluated. Methods Expression profiles of 22 HCMV-encoded miRNAs were first measured in plasma samples from 20 pregnant women with APOs and 28 normal controls using quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Next, markedly changed miRNAs were validated in another independent validation set consisting of 20 pregnant women with APOs and 27 control subjects. Markedly changed miRNAs were further assessed in the placenta tissues. HCMV DNA in peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) and anti-HCMV immunoglobulin M (IgM) and anti-HCMV immunoglobulin G (IgG) in plasma were also examined in both training and validation sets. Diagnostic value and risk factors were compared between APO cohorts and normal controls. Results Analysis of the training and validation data sets revealed that plasma concentrations of hcmv-miR-UL148D, hcmv-miR-US25-1-5p and hcmv-miR-US5-1 were significantly increased in pregnant women with APOs compared with normal controls. Hcmv-miR-US25-1-5p presented the largest area under the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) (0.735; 95% CI, 0.635–0.836), with a sensitivity of 68% and specificity of 71%. Furthermore, plasma levels of hcmv-miR-US25-1-5p and hcmv-miR-US5-1 correlated positively with APOs (P=0.029 and 0.035, respectively). Hcmv-miR-US25-1-5p in the placenta tissues were dramatically increased in APOs, and correlated with plasma hcmv-miR-US25-1-5p. Nevertheless, neither the concentration of HCMV DNA in PBLs nor the positivity rates of anti-HCMV IgM and anti-HCMV IgG in plasma showed a statistically significant correlation with APOs. Conclusions We identified a unique signature of HCMV-encoded miRNAs in pregnant women with APOs that may be useful as a potential noninvasive biomarker for predicting and monitoring APOs during HCMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiying Gao
- The Institute of Medicine, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Likun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Bai
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Deshui Liu
- The Institute of Medicine, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Shaohai Zheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qiqihar Jianhua Hospital, Qiqihar, China
| | - Yuewen Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Xiulan Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Ming Jin
- The Institute of Medicine, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Huizi Shangting
- The Institute of Medicine, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Changchun Qiu
- The Institute of Medicine, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Chenyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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9
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Deng J, Huang Y, Wang Q, Li J, Ma Y, Qi Y, Liu Z, Li Y, Ruan Q. Human Cytomegalovirus Influences Host circRNA Transcriptions during Productive Infection. Virol Sin 2020; 36:241-253. [PMID: 32757146 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-020-00275-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a double-strand DNA virus widely infected in human. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are non-coding RNAs with most functions of which keep unknown, and the effects of HCMV productive infection on host circRNA transcriptions remain unclear. In this study, we profiled 283 host circRNAs that significantly altered by HCMV productive infection in human embryonic lung fibroblasts (HELF) by RNA deep sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. Among these, circSP100, circMAP3K1, circPLEKHM1, and circTRIO were validated for their transcriptions and sequences. Furthermore, characteristics of circSP100 were investigated by RT-qPCR and northern blot. It was implied that circSP100 was produced from the sense strand of the SP100 gene containing six exons. Kinetics of circSP100 and SP100 mRNA were significantly different after infection: circSP100 levels increased gradually along with infection, whereas SP100 mRNA levels increased in the beginning and dropped at 24 h post-infection (hpi). Meanwhile, a total number of 257 proteins, including 10 HCMV encoding proteins, were identified potentially binding to cytoplasmic circSP100 by RNA antisense purification (RAP) and mass spectrometry. Enrichment analysis showed these proteins were mainly involved in the spliceosome, protein processing, ribosome, and phagosome pathways, suggesting multiple functions of circSP100 during HCMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingui Deng
- Virology Laboratory, The Affiliated Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China.,Department of Laboratory, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, 110024, China
| | - Yujing Huang
- Virology Laboratory, The Affiliated Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China.
| | - Qing Wang
- Virology Laboratory, The Affiliated Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Jianming Li
- Virology Laboratory, The Affiliated Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Yanping Ma
- Virology Laboratory, The Affiliated Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Ying Qi
- Virology Laboratory, The Affiliated Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Zhongyang Liu
- Virology Laboratory, The Affiliated Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Yibo Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Affiliated Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China.,Department of Obstetrics, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, 110024, China
| | - Qiang Ruan
- Virology Laboratory, The Affiliated Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China.
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10
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Zhang L, Yu J, Liu Z. MicroRNAs expressed by human cytomegalovirus. Virol J 2020; 17:34. [PMID: 32164742 PMCID: PMC7069213 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-1296-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs about 22 nucleotides in length, which play an important role in gene regulation of both eukaryotes and viruses. They can promote RNA cleavage and repress translation via base-pairing with complementary sequences within mRNA molecules. Main body Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) encodes a large number of miRNAs that regulate transcriptions of both host cells and themselves to favor viral infection and inhibit the host’s immune response. To date, ~ 26 mature HCMV miRNAs have been identified. Nevertheless, their roles in viral infection are ambiguous, and the mechanisms have not been fully revealed. Therefore, we discuss the methods used in HCMV miRNA research and summarize the important roles of HCMV miRNAs and their potential mechanisms in infection. Conclusions To study the miRNAs encoded by viruses and their roles in viral replication, expression, and infection will not only contribute to the planning of effective antiviral therapies, but also provide new molecular targets for the development of antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichen Zhang
- Clinical School, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Jiaqi Yu
- Clinical School, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Zhijun Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China.
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11
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Human cytomegalovirus-encoded MicroRNAs: A master regulator of latent infection. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 78:104119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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12
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Mishra R, Kumar A, Ingle H, Kumar H. The Interplay Between Viral-Derived miRNAs and Host Immunity During Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3079. [PMID: 32038626 PMCID: PMC6989438 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are short non-coding RNAs that play a crucial role in the regulation of gene expression during cellular processes. The host-encoded miRNAs are known to modulate the antiviral defense during viral infection. In the last decade, multiple DNA and RNA viruses have been shown to produce miRNAs known as viral miRNAs (v-miRNAs) so as to evade the host immune response. In this review, we highlight the origin and biogenesis of viral miRNAs during the viral lifecycle. We also explore the role of viral miRNAs in immune evasion and hence in maintaining chronic infection and disease. Finally, we offer insights into the underexplored role of viral miRNAs as potential targets for developing therapeutics for treating complex viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Mishra
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Disease Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Harshad Ingle
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Himanshu Kumar
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Disease Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, India
- Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology, Frontier Research Centre, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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HCMV miRNA Targets Reveal Important Cellular Pathways for Viral Replication, Latency, and Reactivation. Noncoding RNA 2018; 4:ncrna4040029. [PMID: 30360396 PMCID: PMC6315856 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna4040029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is now well appreciated that microRNAs (miRNAs) play a critical role in the lifecycles of many herpes viruses. The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) replication cycle varies significantly depending on the cell type infected, with lytic replication occurring in fully-differentiated cells such as fibroblasts, endothelial cells, or macrophages, and latent infection occurring in less-differentiated CD14+ monocytes and CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells where viral gene expression is severely diminished and progeny virus is not produced. Given their non-immunogenic nature and their capacity to target numerous cellular and viral transcripts, miRNAs represent a particularly advantageous means for HCMV to manipulate viral gene expression and cellular signaling pathways during lytic and latent infection. This review will focus on our current knowledge of HCMV miRNA viral and cellular targets, and discuss their importance in lytic and latent infection, highlight the challenges of studying HCMV miRNAs, and describe how viral miRNAs can help us to better understand the cellular processes involved in HCMV latency.
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