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He D, Wang X, Wu H, Wang X, Yan Y, Li Y, Zhan T, Hao X, Hu J, Hu S, Liu X, Ding C, Su S, Gu M, Liu X. Genome-Wide Reassortment Analysis of Influenza A H7N9 Viruses Circulating in China during 2013-2019. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061256. [PMID: 35746727 PMCID: PMC9230085 DOI: 10.3390/v14061256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Reassortment with the H9N2 virus gave rise to the zoonotic H7N9 avian influenza virus (AIV), which caused more than five outbreak waves in humans, with high mortality. The frequent exchange of genomic segments between H7N9 and H9N2 has been well-documented. However, the reassortment patterns have not been described and are not yet fully understood. Here, we used phylogenetic analyses to investigate the patterns of intersubtype and intrasubtype/intralineage reassortment across the eight viral segments. The H7N9 virus and its progeny frequently exchanged internal genes with the H9N2 virus but rarely with the other AIV subtypes. Before beginning the intrasubtype/intralineage reassortment analyses, five Yangtze River Delta (YRD A-E) and two Pearl River Delta (PRD A-B) clusters were divided according to the HA gene phylogeny. The seven reset segment genes were also nomenclatured consistently. As revealed by the tanglegram results, high intralineage reassortment rates were determined in waves 2–3 and 5. Additionally, the clusters of PB2 c05 and M c02 were the most dominant in wave 5, which could have contributed to the onset of the largest H7N9 outbreak in 2016–2017. Meanwhile, a portion of the YRD-C cluster (HP H7N9) inherited their PB2, PA, and M segments from the co-circulating YRD-E (LP H7N9) cluster during wave 5. Untanglegram results revealed that the reassortment rate between HA and NA was lower than HA with any of the other six segments. A multidimensional scaling plot revealed a robust genetic linkage between the PB2 and PA genes, indicating that they may share a co-evolutionary history. Furthermore, we observed relatively more robust positive selection pressure on HA, NA, M2, and NS1 proteins. Our findings demonstrate that frequent reassortment, particular reassorted patterns, and adaptive mutations shaped the H7N9 viral genetic diversity and evolution. Increased surveillance is required immediately to better understand the current state of the HP H7N9 AIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongchang He
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (D.H.); (X.W.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (T.Z.); (X.H.); (J.H.); (S.H.); (X.L.)
| | - Xiyue Wang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (D.H.); (X.W.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (T.Z.); (X.H.); (J.H.); (S.H.); (X.L.)
| | - Huiguang Wu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (D.H.); (X.W.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (T.Z.); (X.H.); (J.H.); (S.H.); (X.L.)
| | - Xiaoquan Wang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (D.H.); (X.W.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (T.Z.); (X.H.); (J.H.); (S.H.); (X.L.)
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China;
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yayao Yan
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (D.H.); (X.W.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (T.Z.); (X.H.); (J.H.); (S.H.); (X.L.)
| | - Yang Li
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (D.H.); (X.W.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (T.Z.); (X.H.); (J.H.); (S.H.); (X.L.)
| | - Tiansong Zhan
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (D.H.); (X.W.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (T.Z.); (X.H.); (J.H.); (S.H.); (X.L.)
| | - Xiaoli Hao
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (D.H.); (X.W.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (T.Z.); (X.H.); (J.H.); (S.H.); (X.L.)
| | - Jiao Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (D.H.); (X.W.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (T.Z.); (X.H.); (J.H.); (S.H.); (X.L.)
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China;
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Shunlin Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (D.H.); (X.W.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (T.Z.); (X.H.); (J.H.); (S.H.); (X.L.)
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China;
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (D.H.); (X.W.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (T.Z.); (X.H.); (J.H.); (S.H.); (X.L.)
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China;
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Chan Ding
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China;
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Shuo Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;
| | - Min Gu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (D.H.); (X.W.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (T.Z.); (X.H.); (J.H.); (S.H.); (X.L.)
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China;
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence: (M.G.); (X.L.)
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (D.H.); (X.W.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (T.Z.); (X.H.); (J.H.); (S.H.); (X.L.)
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China;
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence: (M.G.); (X.L.)
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Abstract
In early 2013, human infections caused by a novel H7N9 avian influenza virus (AIV) were first reported in China; these infections caused severe disease and death. The virus was initially low pathogenic to poultry, enabling it to spread widely in different provinces, especially in live poultry markets. Importantly, the H7N9 low pathogenic AIVs (LPAIVs) evolved into highly pathogenic AIVs (HPAIVs) in the beginning of 2017, causing a greater threat to human health and devastating losses to the poultry industry. Fortunately, nationwide vaccination of chickens with an H5/H7 bivalent inactivated avian influenza vaccine since September 2017 has successfully controlled H7N9 avian influenza infections in poultry and, importantly, has also prevented human infections. In this review, we summarize the biological properties of the H7N9 viruses, specifically their genetic evolution, adaptation, pathogenesis, receptor binding, transmission, drug resistance, and antigenic variation, as well as the prevention and control measures. The information obtained from investigating and managing the H7N9 viruses could improve our ability to understand other novel AIVs and formulate effective measures to control their threat to humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Hualan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
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Xu W, Xia S, Pu J, Wang Q, Li P, Lu L, Jiang S. The Antihistamine Drugs Carbinoxamine Maleate and Chlorpheniramine Maleate Exhibit Potent Antiviral Activity Against a Broad Spectrum of Influenza Viruses. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2643. [PMID: 30459739 PMCID: PMC6232386 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAV) comprise some of the most common infectious pathogens in humans, and they cause significant mortality and morbidity in immunocompromised people as well as children and the elderly. After screening an FDA-approved drug library containing 1280 compounds by cytopathic effect (CPE) reduction assay using the Cell Counting Kit-8, we found two antihistamines, carbinoxamine maleate (CAM) and S-(+)-chlorpheniramine maleate (SCM) with potent antiviral activity against A/Shanghai/4664T/2013(H7N9) infection with IC50 (half-maximal inhibitory concentration) of 3.56 and 11.84 μM, respectively. Further studies showed that CAM and SCM could also inhibit infection by other influenza A viruses, including A/Shanghai/37T/2009(H1N1), A/Puerto Rico/8/1934(H1N1), A/Guizhou/54/1989(H3N2), and one influenza B virus, B/Shanghai/2017(BY). Mice were challenged intranasally with A/H7N9/4664T/2013 (H7N9) virus and intraperitoneally injected with CAM (10 mg/kg per day) or SCM (1 mg/kg per day) for 5 days. CAM or SCM (10 mg/kg per day) were fully protected against challenge with A/Shanghai/4664T/2013(H7N9). The results from mechanistic studies indicate that both could inhibit influenza virus infection by blocking viral entry into the target cell, the early stage of virus life cycle. However, CAM and SCM neither blocked virus attachment, characteristic of HA activity, nor virus release, characteristic of NA activity. Such data suggest that these two compounds may interfere with the endocytosis process. Thus, we have identified two FDA-approved antihistamine drugs, CAM and SCM, which can be repurposed for inhibiting infection by divergent influenza A strains and one influenza B strain with potential to be used for treatment and prevention of influenza virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuai Xia
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Pu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peiyu Li
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, United States
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Adlhoch C, Brouwer A, Kuiken T, Mulatti P, Smietanka K, Staubach C, Muñoz Guajardo I, Verdonck F, Amato L, Baldinelli F. Avian influenza overview February - May 2018. EFSA J 2018; 16:e05358. [PMID: 32625951 PMCID: PMC7009712 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Between 16 February and 15 May 2018, three highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N6) and 11 HPAI A(H5N8) outbreaks in poultry holdings, one HPAI A(H5N6) and one HPAI A(H5N8) outbreak in captive birds, and 55 HPAI A(H5N6) wild bird events were reported in Europe. There is no evidence to date that HPAI A(H5N6) viruses circulating in Europe are associated with clades infecting humans. Fewer HPAI wild bird cases have been detected than during the same period of previous year. Most of mortality events among wild birds involved single birds and species listed in the revised list of target species for passive surveillance. Raptor species constitute 74% of the HPAI‐infected wild birds found dead. Those raptor species probably became infected by hunting or scavenging HPAI virus‐positive birds, and so raptor cases may predominate later in the course of an HPAI epidemic. Despite the important HPAI virus incursion via wild birds there have been few associated HPAI A(H5N6) outbreaks in poultry. Fifteen low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) outbreaks were reported in three Member States. The risk of zoonotic transmission to the general public in Europe is considered to be very low. The situation in Africa and the Middle East should be closely monitored with regards to HPAI A(H5N1) and A(H5N8). Uncontrolled spread of the virus and subsequent further genetic evolution in regions geographically connected to Europe may increase uncertainty and the risk for further dissemination of virus. Long‐distance migrating wild birds from southern Africa, e.g. the common tern (Sterna hirundo), may be included in targeted active surveillance schemes at a few priority locations in Europe in order to detect HPAI A(H5)‐infected migrating birds early. However, the risk of HPAI introduction from non‐EU countries via migratory wild birds to Europe is still considered to be much lower for wild birds crossing the southern borders than for those crossing the north‐eastern borders.
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