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Car I, Dittmann A, Vasieva O, Bočkor L, Grbčić P, Piteša N, Klobučar M, Kraljević Pavelić S, Sedić M. Ezrin Inhibition Overcomes Acquired Resistance to Vemurafenib in BRAFV600E-Mutated Colon Cancer and Melanoma Cells In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12906. [PMID: 37629086 PMCID: PMC10454476 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the advancements in targeted therapy for BRAFV600E-mutated metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC), the development of resistance to BRAFV600E inhibition limits the response rate and durability of the treatment. Better understanding of the resistance mechanisms to BRAF inhibitors will facilitate the design of novel pharmacological strategies for BRAF-mutated mCRC. The aim of this study was to identify novel protein candidates involved in acquired resistance to BRAFV600E inhibitor vemurafenib in BRAFV600E-mutated colon cancer cells using an integrated proteomics approach. Bioinformatic analysis of obtained proteomics data indicated actin-cytoskeleton linker protein ezrin as a highly ranked protein significantly associated with vemurafenib resistance whose overexpression in the resistant cells was additionally confirmed at the gene and protein level. Ezrin inhibition by NSC305787 increased anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of vemurafenib in the resistant cells in an additive manner, which was accompanied by downregulation of CD44 expression and inhibition of AKT/c-Myc activities. We also detected an increased ezrin expression in vemurafenib-resistant melanoma cells harbouring the BRAFV600E mutation. Importantly, ezrin inhibition potentiated anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of vemurafenib in the resistant melanoma cells in a synergistic manner. Altogether, our study suggests a role of ezrin in acquired resistance to vemurafenib in colon cancer and melanoma cells carrying the BRAFV600E mutation and supports further pre-clinical and clinical studies to explore the benefits of combined BRAF inhibitors and actin-targeting drugs as a potential therapeutic approach for BRAFV600E-mutated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Car
- Centre for Applied Bioanthropology, Institute for Anthropological Research, Ljudevita Gaja 32, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.C.); (L.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Antje Dittmann
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, ETH Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, Y59 H38, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Olga Vasieva
- INGENET Ltd., 27 Market Street, Hoylake, Wirral CH47 2BG, UK;
| | - Luka Bočkor
- Centre for Applied Bioanthropology, Institute for Anthropological Research, Ljudevita Gaja 32, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.C.); (L.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Petra Grbčić
- Faculty of Medicine, Juraj Dobrila University of Pula, Zagrebačka ul. 30, 52100 Pula, Croatia;
| | - Nikolina Piteša
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Marko Klobučar
- Centre for Applied Bioanthropology, Institute for Anthropological Research, Ljudevita Gaja 32, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.C.); (L.B.); (M.K.)
| | | | - Mirela Sedić
- Centre for Applied Bioanthropology, Institute for Anthropological Research, Ljudevita Gaja 32, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.C.); (L.B.); (M.K.)
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Beklen H, Yildirim E, Kori M, Turanli B, Arga KY. Systems-level biomarkers identification and drug repositioning in colorectal cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v13.i7.463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Beklen H, Yildirim E, Kori M, Turanli B, Arga KY. Systems-level biomarkers identification and drug repositioning in colorectal cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2021; 13:638-661. [PMID: 34322194 PMCID: PMC8299930 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v13.i7.638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the most commonly diagnosed fatal cancer in both women and men worldwide. CRC ranked second in mortality and third in incidence in 2020. It is difficult to diagnose CRC at an early stage as there are no clinical symptoms. Despite advances in molecular biology, only a limited number of biomarkers have been translated into routine clinical practice to predict risk, prognosis and response to treatment. In the last decades, systems biology approaches at the omics level have gained importance. Over the years, several biomarkers for CRC have been discovered in terms of disease diagnosis and prognosis. On the other hand, a few drugs are being developed and used in clinics for the treatment of CRC. However, the development of new drugs is very costly and time-consuming as the research and development takes about 10 years and more than $1 billion. Therefore, drug repositioning (DR) could save time and money by establishing new indications for existing drugs. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of CRC from the systems biology perspective and insights into DR approaches for the prevention or treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hande Beklen
- Department of Bioengineering, Marmara University, Istanbul 34722, Turkey
| | - Esra Yildirim
- Department of Bioengineering, Marmara University, Istanbul 34722, Turkey
| | - Medi Kori
- Department of Bioengineering, Marmara University, Istanbul 34722, Turkey
| | - Beste Turanli
- Department of Bioengineering, Marmara University, Istanbul 34722, Turkey
| | - Kazim Yalcin Arga
- Department of Bioengineering, Marmara University, Istanbul 34722, Turkey
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Song Y, Ma X, Zhang M, Wang M, Wang G, Ye Y, Xia W. Ezrin Mediates Invasion and Metastasis in Tumorigenesis: A Review. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:588801. [PMID: 33240887 PMCID: PMC7683424 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.588801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ezrin, as encoded by the EZR gene, is a member of the Ezrin/Radixin/Moesin (ERM) family. The ERM family includes three highly related actin filament binding proteins, Ezrin, Radixin, and Moesin. These three members share similar structural properties containing an N-terminal domain named FERM, a central helical linker region, and a C-terminal domain that mediates the interaction with F-actin. Ezrin protein is highly regulated through the conformational change between a closed, inactivate form and an open, active form. As a membrane-cytoskeleton linker protein, Ezrin facilitates numerous signal transductions in tumorigenesis and mediates diverse essential functions through interactions with a variety of growth factor receptors and adhesion molecules. Emerging evidence has demonstrated that Ezrin is an oncogene protein, as high levels of Ezrin are associated with metastatic behavior in various types of cancer. The diverse functions attributed to Ezrin and the understanding of how Ezrin drives the deadly process of metastasis are complex and often controversial. Here by reviewing recent findings across a wide spectrum of cancer types we will highlight the structures, protein interactions and oncogenic roles of Ezrin as well as the emerging therapeutic agents targeting Ezrin. This review provides a comprehensive framework to guide future studies of Ezrin and other ERM proteins in basic and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Song
- Central Laboratory, The Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaokun Ma
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- Central Laboratory, The Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Menghan Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoyu Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Ye
- Central Laboratory, The Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Xia
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Xue Y, Bhushan B, Mars WM, Bowen W, Tao J, Orr A, Stoops J, Yu Y, Luo J, Duncan AW, Michalopoulos GK. Phosphorylated Ezrin (Thr567) Regulates Hippo Pathway and Yes-Associated Protein (Yap) in Liver. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 190:1427-1437. [PMID: 32289287 PMCID: PMC10069283 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The activation of CD81 [the portal of entry of hepatitis C virus (HCV)] by agonistic antibody results in phosphorylation of Ezrin via Syk kinase and is associated with inactivation of the Hippo pathway and increase in yes-associated protein (Yap1). The opposite occurs when glypican-3 or E2 protein of HCV binds to CD81. Hepatocyte-specific glypican-3 transgenic mice have decreased levels of phosphorylated (p)-Ezrin (Thr567) and Yap, increased Hippo activity, and suppressed liver regeneration. The role of Ezrin in these processes has been speculated, but not proved. We show that Ezrin has a direct role in the regulation of Hippo pathway and Yap. Forced expression of plasmids expressing mutant Ezrin (T567D) that mimics p-Ezrin (Thr567) suppressed Hippo activity and activated Yap signaling in hepatocytes in vivo and enhanced activation of pathways of β-catenin and leucine rich repeat containing G protein-coupled receptor 4 (LGR4) and LGR5 receptors. Hepatoma cell lines JM1 and JM2 have decreased CD81 expression and Hippo activity and up-regulated p-Ezrin (T567). NSC668394, a p-Ezrin (Thr567) antagonist, significantly decreased hepatoma cell proliferation. We additionally show that p-Ezrin (T567) is controlled by epidermal growth factor receptor and MET. Ezrin phosphorylation, mediated by CD81-associated Syk kinase, is directly involved in regulation of Hippo pathway, Yap levels, and growth of normal and neoplastic hepatocytes. The finding has mechanistic and potentially therapeutic applications in hepatocyte growth biology, hepatocellular carcinoma, and HCV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhua Xue
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Bharat Bhushan
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Wendy M Mars
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - William Bowen
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Junyan Tao
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Anne Orr
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - John Stoops
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yanping Yu
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jianhua Luo
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew W Duncan
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Ayad EE, eldin YOK, El-hindawi AA, Abdelmagid MS, Elmeligy HA. Immunohistochemical Study of Ezrin Expression in Colorectal Carcinoma: A Comparative Study between Objective Method and Digital Quantitative Assessment. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2020; 21:967-974. [PMID: 32334457 PMCID: PMC7445977 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2020.21.4.967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer death in both developed and developing nations. It is the third most common type of cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Ezrin is involved in maintaining cell structure and cell motility. Expression levels of the ezrin gene correlate with numerous human malignancies. MATERIAL AND METHODS Ezrin expression was evaluated in fifty one cases of colorectal carcinoma by using two methods; objective and quantitative method to determine the statistical relation between ezrin objective analysis score and clinicopathological parameters and to do a comparative study between both methods of analysis. RESULTS Ezrin was expressed in 92.2% of cases, and it showed a statistical significant relation with tumor grade. A statistically significant relation was found between ezrin objective analysis score and ezrin quantitative analysis score (P-value <0.05). A strong positive Pearson correlation exists between both methods of analysis (R=0.868). CONCLUSION Ezrin has a role in colorectal cancer progression and it might provide clinically valuable information in predicting the behavior of colorectal cancer. Digital pathology offers the potential for improvements in quality, efficacy and safety. It will be necessary to carry out similar studies on a larger sample size in order to elucidate the possible prognostic significance of ezrin in colorectal carcinoma and ensure the ability of digital pathology to transform the practice of diagnostic pathology. .
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Affiliation(s)
- Essam E Ayad
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo,
| | | | - Ali A El-hindawi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo,
| | - Mona S Abdelmagid
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo,
| | - Hesham A Elmeligy
- Department of General Surgery, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt.
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Alves Martins BA, de Bulhões GF, Cavalcanti IN, Martins MM, de Oliveira PG, Martins AMA. Biomarkers in Colorectal Cancer: The Role of Translational Proteomics Research. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1284. [PMID: 31828035 PMCID: PMC6890575 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world, and it is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death. Despite recent progress in the development of screening programs and in the management of patients with colorectal cancer, there are still many gaps to fill, ranging from the prevention and early diagnosis to the determination of prognosis factors and treatment of metastatic disease, to establish a personalized approach. The genetic profile approach has been increasingly used in the decision-making process, especially in the choice of targeted therapies and in the prediction of drug response, but there are still few validated biomarkers of colorectal cancer for clinical practice. The discovery of non-invasive, sensitive, and specific biomarkers is an urgent need, and translational proteomics play a key role in this process, as they enable better comprehension of colorectal carcinogenesis, identification of potential markers, and subsequent validation. This review provides an overview of recent advances in the search for colorectal cancer biomarkers through proteomics studies according to biomarker function and clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriel Fonseca de Bulhões
- UniCeub—Centro Universitário Do Distrito Federal, Translational Medicine Group, School of Medicine, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Igor Norat Cavalcanti
- UniCeub—Centro Universitário Do Distrito Federal, Translational Medicine Group, School of Medicine, Brasilia, Brazil
| | | | | | - Aline Maria Araújo Martins
- Medical Sciences Postgraduate Program, School of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil
- UniCeub—Centro Universitário Do Distrito Federal, Translational Medicine Group, School of Medicine, Brasilia, Brazil
- Metabolomics and Bioanalysis Center, San Pablo CEU University, Madrid, Spain
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Zhang Y, Wang G. MicroRNA-183 inhibits A375 human melanoma cell migration and invasion by targeting Ezrin and MMP-9. Oncol Lett 2018; 17:548-554. [PMID: 30655800 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess the influence of microRNA-183 (miR-183) on the migration and invasion of A375 human melanoma cells, an A375 cell line with stable miR-183 overexpression or knockdown was constructed using lentiviral transfection. The change of miR-183 expression in these cells and in non-transfected controls was verified using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The impact of miR-183 on experimental A375 cell migration and invasion was assessed using a scratch and Transwell assay. The expression of Ezrin and matrix metalloprotease-9 (MMP-9), which are two mediator proteins that serve roles in tumor cell migration and invasion, were analyzed in each cell group via western blotting. The results of the present study indicated that miR-183 overexpression significantly inhibits A375 cell migration and invasion, which may be facilitated by miR-183 knockdown. Furthermore, Ezrin and MMP-9 protein levels were negatively associated with miR-183 expression, indicating that miR-183 may function as a tumor suppressor by inhibiting the expression of these two proteins. Additionally, miR-183 downregulation may be associated with the progression of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusen Zhang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Guoqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
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Mori K, Toiyama Y, Otake K, Ide S, Imaoka H, Okigami M, Okugawa Y, Fujikawa H, Saigusa S, Hiro J, Kobayashi M, Ohi M, Tanaka K, Inoue Y, Kobayashi Y, Mohri Y, Kobayashi I, Goel A, Kusunoki M. Successful identification of a predictive biomarker for lymph node metastasis in colorectal cancer using a proteomic approach. Oncotarget 2017; 8:106935-106947. [PMID: 29291001 PMCID: PMC5739786 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC)-associated mortality is primarily caused by lymph node (LN) and distant metastasis, highlighting the need for biomarkers that predict LN metastasis and facilitate better therapeutic strategies. We used an Isobaric Tags for Relative and Absolute Quantification (iTRAQ)-based comparative proteomics approach to identify novel biomarkers for predicting LN metastasis in CRC patients. We analyzed five paired samples of CRC with or without LN metastasis, adjacent normal mucosa, and normal colon mucosa, and differentially expressed proteins were identified and subsequently validated at the protein and/or mRNA levels by immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR, respectively. We identified 55 proteins specifically associated with LN metastasis, from which we selected ezrin for further analysis and functional assessment. Expression of ezrin at both the protein and mRNA levels was significantly higher in CRC tissues than in adjacent normal colonic mucosa. In univariate analysis, high ezrin expression was significantly associated with tumor progression and poor prognosis, which was consistent with our in vitro findings that ezrin promotes the metastatic capacity of CRC cells by enabling cell invasion and migration. In multivariate analysis, high levels of ezrin protein and mRNA in CRC samples were independent predictors of LN metastasis. Our data thus identify ezrin as a novel protein and mRNA biomarker for predicting LN metastasis in CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Mori
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Yuji Toiyama
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Kohei Otake
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Shozo Ide
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Hiroki Imaoka
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Masato Okigami
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Yoshinaga Okugawa
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Fujikawa
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Susumu Saigusa
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Junichiro Hiro
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Minako Kobayashi
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Masaki Ohi
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Koji Tanaka
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Inoue
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Yuhko Kobayashi
- Center for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Mie University, Mie, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Mohri
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Issei Kobayashi
- Center for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Mie University, Mie, Japan
| | - Ajay Goel
- Center for Gastrointestinal Research & Center for Epigenetics, Cancer Prevention and Cancer Genomics, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute and Charles A Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX USA
| | - Masato Kusunoki
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
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Peluso G, Incollingo P, Calogero A, Tammaro V, Rupealta N, Chiacchio G, Sandoval Sotelo ML, Minieri G, Pisani A, Riccio E, Sabbatini M, Bracale UM, Dodaro CA, Carlomagno N. Current Tissue Molecular Markers in Colorectal Cancer: A Literature Review. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:2605628. [PMID: 29214162 PMCID: PMC5682052 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2605628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most spread neoplasia types all around the world, especially in western areas. It evolves from precancerous lesions and adenomatous polyps, through successive genetic and epigenetic mutations. Numerous risk factors intervene in its development and they are either environmental or genetic. AIM OF THE REVIEW Alongside common screening techniques, such as fecal screening tests, endoscopic evaluation, and CT-colonography, we have identified the most important and useful biomarkers and we have analyzed their role in the diagnosis, prevention, and prognosis of CRC. CONCLUSION Biomarkers can become an important tool in the diagnostic and therapeutic process for CRC. But further studies are needed to identify a noninvasive, cost-effective, and highly sensible and specific screening test for their detection and to standardize their use in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Peluso
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Incollingo
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Armando Calogero
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Tammaro
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Niccolò Rupealta
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Gaetano Chiacchio
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Sandoval Sotelo
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Gianluca Minieri
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Pisani
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Eleonora Riccio
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Massimo Sabbatini
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Umberto Marcello Bracale
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Concetta Anna Dodaro
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola Carlomagno
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Liang F, Wang Y, Shi L, Zhang J. Association of Ezrin expression with the progression and prognosis of gastrointestinal cancer: a meta-analysis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:93186-93195. [PMID: 29190988 PMCID: PMC5696254 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ezrin, a cytoskeletal protein, is involved in cell adhesion. Several studies have been performed to explore the association between Ezrin and gastrointestinal cancers, but the results are inconclusive. This meta-analysis aims to assess the prognostic value of Ezrin. Materials and Methods/Findings PubMed and EMBASE were searched. Pooled hazard ratio (HR), odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were utilized to evaluate the association between Ezrin expression and various clinical parameters. 2701 patients from 19 studies were included in the meta-analysis. For gastric cancer, Ezrin expression was associated with tumor grade (OR 2.32, 95% CI 1.53-3.52), TNM stage (OR 4.69, 95% CI 1.38-15.89), lymph node involvement (OR 3.96, 95% CI 1.47-10.70) and overall survival (HR 1.88, 95% CI 1.33-2.66). In colorectal cancer, Ezrin expression was associated with tumor grade (OR 3.94, 95% CI 2.10-3.78), TNM stage (OR 5.66, 95% CI 1.41-22.67), lymph node metastasis (OR 9.52, 95% CI 3.93-23.02), distant metastasis (OR 3.06, 95% CI 1.77-5.31), disease free survival (HR 2.48, 95% CI 1.44-4.28). For esophageal cancer, Ezrin expression was associated with lymph node metastasis (OR 2.07, 95% CI 1.00-4.28) and overall survival (HR 1.49, 95% CI 1.17-1.89). Conclusions Ezrin expression is significantly associated with tumor grade, TNM stage, and lymph node metastasis in gastric and colorectal cancers. For gastric cancers, Ezrin is useful in predicting distant metastasis. Survival data showed that high Ezrin expression is associated with poor prognosis in gastric, colorectal and esophageal cancers. Our findings suggest that Ezrin might be a potential biomarker in several gastrointestinal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, ZheJiang University, HangZhou, ZheJiang 310009, China
| | - Yangxin Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, ZheJiang University, HangZhou, ZheJiang 310009, China
| | - Ligen Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, ZheJiang University, HangZhou, ZheJiang 310009, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, ZheJiang University, HangZhou, ZheJiang 310009, China
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Fathi A, Mosaad H, Hussein S, Roshdy M, Ismail EI. Prognostic significance of CD133 and ezrin expression in colorectal carcinoma. IUBMB Life 2017; 69:328-340. [PMID: 28261953 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Despite the improvement in the diagnostic and the therapeutic modalities, colorectal cancer (CRC) morbidity and mortality remain high in both the developed and the developing countries. So, we are in a need to recognize new efficient diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of CRC. That may help in providing individualized targeted therapy for this lethal malignancy. In this study, we investigated the expression and the prognostic significance of CD133 and ezrin mRNA and protein by quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemical analysis in primary CRC cases and the surrounding normal colonic mucosa. The correlations between the expression of both markers and clinicopathological parameters were performed. Compared to control, the expression of CD133 and ezrin mRNA and protein in CRC were significantly up-regulated (P < 0.05). In addition, a strong positive correlation between both markers was found (r = 0.867, P < 0.001). Moreover, elevated levels of both markers were significantly associated with the stage, lymph node involvement, distant metastasis, and recurrence at both mRNA and protein levels (P < 0.05). In conclusion, there is a clinical significance of CD133 and ezrin as potential biomarkers for predicting CRC patients of aggressive behavior and poor prognosis. © 2017 IUBMB Life, 69(5):328-340, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anan Fathi
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Hala Mosaad
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Samia Hussein
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mona Roshdy
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Eman I Ismail
- Clinical Oncology and Nuclear Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Das V, Kalita J, Pal M. Predictive and prognostic biomarkers in colorectal cancer: A systematic review of recent advances and challenges. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 87:8-19. [PMID: 28040600 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.12.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Since CRC is largely asymptomatic until alarm features develop to advanced stages, the implementation of the screening programme is very much essential to reduce cancer incidence and mortality rates. CRC occurs predominantly from accumulation of genetic and epigenetic changes in colon epithelial cells, which later gets transformed into adenocarcinomas. SCOPE OF REVIEW The current challenges of screening paradigm and diagnostic ranges are from semi-invasive methods like colonoscopy to non-invasive stool-based test, have resulted in over-diagnosis and over-treatment of CRC. Hence, new screening initiatives and deep studies are required for early diagnosis of CRC. In this regard, we not only summarise current predictive and prognostic biomarkers with their potential for diagnostic and therapeutic applications, but also describe current limitations, future perspectives and challenges associated with the progression of CRC. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Currently many potential biomarkers have already been successfully translated into clinical practice eg. Fecal haemoglobin, Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and CA19.9, although these are not highly promising diagnostic target for personalized medicine. So there is a critical need for reliable, minimally invasive, highly sensitive and specific genetic markers of an individualised and optimised patient treatment at the earliest disease stage possible. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Identification of a new biomarker, or a set of biomarkers to the development of a valid, and clinical sensible assay that can be served as an alternative tool for early diagnosis of CRC and open up promising new targets in therapeutic intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Das
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam 785006, India
| | - Jatin Kalita
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam 785006, India
| | - Mintu Pal
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam 785006, India.
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Lech G, Słotwiński R, Słodkowski M, Krasnodębski IW. Colorectal cancer tumour markers and biomarkers: Recent therapeutic advances. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:1745-1755. [PMID: 26855534 PMCID: PMC4724606 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i5.1745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer among females and third among males worldwide. It also contributes significantly to cancer-related deaths, despite the continuous progress in diagnostic and therapeutic methods. Biomarkers currently play an important role in the detection and treatment of patients with colorectal cancer. Risk stratification for screening might be augmented by finding new biomarkers which alone or as a complement of existing tests might recognize either the predisposition or early stage of the disease. Biomarkers have also the potential to change diagnostic and treatment algorithms by selecting the proper chemotherapeutic drugs across a broad spectrum of patients. There are attempts to personalise chemotherapy based on presence or absence of specific biomarkers. In this review, we update review published last year and describe our understanding of tumour markers and biomarkers role in CRC screening, diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Goal of future research is to identify those biomarkers that could allow a non-invasive and cost-effective diagnosis, as well as to recognise the best prognostic panel and define the predictive biomarkers for available treatments.
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Prognostic Value of Ezrin in Various Cancers: A Systematic Review and Updated Meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17903. [PMID: 26632332 PMCID: PMC4668575 DOI: 10.1038/srep17903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
More and more studies have investigated the effects of Ezrin expression level on the prognostic role in various tumors. However, the results remain controversial rather than conclusive. Here, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the correlation of Ezrin expression with the prognosis in various tumors. the pooled hazard ratios (HR) with the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated to evaluate the degree of the association. The overall results of fifty-five studies with 6675 patients showed that elevated Ezrin expression was associated with a worse prognosis in patients with cancers, with the pooled HRs of 1.86 (95% CI: 1.51–2.31, P < 0.001) for over survival (OS), 2.55 (95% CI: 2.14–3.05, P < 0.001) for disease-specific survival (DFS) and 2.02 (95% CI: 1.13–3.63, P = 0.018) for disease-specific survival (DSS)/metastasis-free survival (MFS) by the random, fixed and random effect model respectively. Similar results were also observed in the stratified analyses by tumor types, ethnicity background and sample source. This meta-analysis suggests that Ezrin may be a potential prognostic marker in cancer patients. High Ezrin is associated with a poor prognosis in a variety of solid tumors.
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Expression of ezrin in oral squamous cell carcinoma: Prognostic impact and clinicopathological correlations. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2015; 43:1899-905. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Syed N, Chavan S, Sahasrabuddhe NA, Renuse S, Sathe G, Nanjappa V, Radhakrishnan A, Raja R, Pinto SM, Srinivasan A, Prasad TSK, Srikumar K, Gowda H, Santosh V, Sidransky D, Califano JA, Pandey A, Chatterjee A. Silencing of high-mobility group box 2 (HMGB2) modulates cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil sensitivity in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Proteomics 2015; 15:383-93. [PMID: 25327479 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of protein expression is associated with most diseases including cancer. MS-based proteomic analysis is widely employed as a tool to study protein dysregulation in cancers. Proteins that are differentially expressed in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cell lines compared to the normal oral cell line could serve as biomarkers for patient stratification. To understand the proteomic complexity in HNSCC, we carried out iTRAQ-based MS analysis on a panel of HNSCC cell lines in addition to a normal oral keratinocyte cell line. LC-MS/MS analysis of total proteome of the HNSCC cell lines led to the identification of 3263 proteins, of which 185 proteins were overexpressed and 190 proteins were downregulated more than twofold in at least two of the three HNSCC cell lines studied. Among the overexpressed proteins, 23 proteins were related to DNA replication and repair. These included high-mobility group box 2 (HMGB2) protein, which was overexpressed in all three HNSCC lines studied. Overexpression of HMGB2 has been reported in various cancers, yet its role in HNSCC remains unclear. Immunohistochemical labeling of HMGB2 in a panel of HNSCC tumors using tissue microarrays revealed overexpression in 77% (54 of 70) of tumors. The HMGB proteins are known to bind to DNA structure resulting from cisplatin-DNA adducts and affect the chemosensitivity of cells. We observed that siRNA-mediated silencing of HMGB2 increased the sensitivity of the HNSCC cell lines to cisplatin and 5-FU. We hypothesize that targeting HMGB2 could enhance the efficacy of existing chemotherapeutic regimens for treatment of HNSCC. All MS data have been deposited in the ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD000737 (http://proteomecentral.proteomexchange.org/dataset/PXD000737).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazia Syed
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
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Rogers MA, Kalter V, Marcias G, Zapatka M, Barbus S, Lichter P. CITED4 gene silencing in colorectal cancer cells modulates adherens/tight junction gene expression and reduces cell proliferation. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2015; 142:225-37. [PMID: 26243458 PMCID: PMC4705123 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-015-2011-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose CITED4 is one member of a family of transcriptional cofactors, several of which are deregulated in a variety of tumors, including colorectal cancer (CRC). We modulated CITED4 expression, in vitro, and analyzed the associated phenotypic and gene expression changes. Methods CITED4-overexpressing and shRNA-mediated knockdown cell lines and control cell lines were established in the CRC cell line SW480. The cells were analyzed for changes in proliferation, apoptosis/cell cycle, migration, invasion, colony formation and adhesion. mRNA expression changes were determined by microarray and pathway analysis, and several deregulated genes were validated by qRT-PCR and Western blotting. Based on results obtained from these studies, the status of the actin cytoskeleton was evaluated by phalloidin/vinculin staining. Results Phenotypically, the CITED4-overexpressing cell line showed only moderate changes in adhesion. Microarray analysis identified several deregulated genes, including several G protein-coupled receptors. Phenotypic analysis of the CITED4 shRNA knockdown cell line demonstrated decreased cell proliferation and G2 cell cycle blockage. Microarray analysis identified many deregulated genes, and pathway analysis discovered genes linked to actin-associated adherens junctions/tight junctions (claudin-4, claudin-7, ezrin, MET, ß-catenin). Phenotypically, no morphological changes of the actin cytoskeleton were seen. Conclusions Upregulation of CITED4 in SW480 resulted in no obvious phenotype. CITED4 shRNA-mediated knockdown led to decreased cellular proliferation and modulation of a large number of genes, including the c-MET tyrosine kinase and several actin-associated adherens junctions/tight junction genes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00432-015-2011-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Rogers
- Division of Molecular Genetics (B060), German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Verena Kalter
- Division of Molecular Genetics (B060), German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gemma Marcias
- Division of Molecular Genetics (B060), German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc Zapatka
- Division of Molecular Genetics (B060), German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Barbus
- Division of Molecular Genetics (B060), German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Lichter
- Division of Molecular Genetics (B060), German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Transcriptional analysis of left-sided colitis, pancolitis, and ulcerative colitis-associated dysplasia. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2014; 20:2340-52. [PMID: 25358065 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000000235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is unknown why patients with extensive ulcerative colitis (UC) have a higher risk of colorectal cancer compared with patients with left-sided UC. This study characterizes the inflammatory processes in left-sided UC, pancolitis, and UC-associated dysplasia at the transcriptional level to identify potential biomarkers and transcripts of importance for the carcinogenic behavior of chronic inflammation. METHODS The Affymetrix GeneChip Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 was applied on colonic biopsies from UC patients with left-sided UC, pancolitis, dysplasia, and controls. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry were performed for validating selected transcripts in the initial cohort and in 2 independent cohorts of patients with UC. Microarray data were analyzed by principal component analysis, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry data by the Wilcoxon's rank-sum test. RESULTS The principal component analysis results revealed separate clusters for left-sided UC, pancolitis, dysplasia, and controls. Close clustering of dysplastic and pancolitic samples indicated similarities in gene expression. Indeed, 101 and 656 parallel upregulated and downregulated transcripts, respectively, were identified in specimens from dysplasia and pancolitis. Validation of selected transcripts hereof identified insulin receptor alpha (INSRA) and MAP kinase interacting serine/threonine kinase 2 (MKNK2) with an enhanced expression in dysplasia compared with left-sided UC and controls, whereas laminin γ2 (LAMC2) was found with a lower expression in dysplasia compared with the remaining 3 groups. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates pancolitis and left-sided UC as distinct inflammatory processes at the transcriptional level, and identifies INSRA, MKNK2, and LAMC2 as potential critical transcripts in the inflammation-driven preneoplastic process of UC.
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Ren L, Khanna C. Role of ezrin in osteosarcoma metastasis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 804:181-201. [PMID: 24924175 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-04843-7_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The cause of death for the vast majority of cancer patients is the development of metastases at sites distant from that of the primary tumor. For most pediatric sarcoma patients such as those with osteosarcoma (OS), despite successful management of the primary tumor through multimodality approaches, the development of metastases, commonly to the lungs, is the cause of death. Significant improvements in long-term outcome for these patients have not been seen in more than 30 years. Furthermore, the long-term outcome for patients who present with metastatic disease is grave [1-5]. New treatment options are needed.Opportunities to improve outcomes for patients who present with metastases and those at-risk for progression and metastasis require an improved understanding of cancer progression and metastasis. With this goal in mind we and others have identified ezrin as a metastasis-associated protein that associated with OS and other cancers. Ezrin is the prototypical ERM (Ezrin/Radixin/Moesin) protein family member. ERMs function as linker proteins connecting the actin cytoskeleton and the plasma membrane. Since our initial identification of ezrin in pediatric sarcoma, an increasing understanding the role of ezrin in metastasis has emerged. Briefly, ezrin appears to allow metastatic cells to overcome a number of stresses experienced during the metastatic cascade, most notably the stress experienced as cells interact with the microenvironment of the secondary site. Cells must rapidly adapt to this environment in order to survive. Evidence now suggests a connection between ezrin expression and a variety of mechanisms linked to this important cellular adaptation including the ability of metastatic cells to initiate the translation of new proteins and to allow the efficient generation of ATP through a variety of sources. This understanding of the role of ezrin in the biology of metastasis is now sufficient to consider ezrin as an important therapeutic target in osteosarcoma patients. This chapter reviews our understanding of ezrin and the related ERM proteins in normal tissues and physiology, summarizes the expression of ezrin in human cancers and associations with clinical parameters of disease progression, reviews reports that detail a biological understanding of ezrin's role in metastatic progression, and concludes with a rationale that may be considered to target ezrin and ezrin biology in osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Ren
- Molecular Oncology Section - Metastasis Biology Group, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Dr., Rm 2144, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA,
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Arumugam P, Partelli S, Coleman SJ, Cataldo I, Beghelli S, Bassi C, Wijesuriya N, Aleong JAC, Froeling FEM, Scarpa A, Kocher HM. Ezrin expression is an independent prognostic factor in gastro-intestinal cancers. J Gastrointest Surg 2013; 17:2082-91. [PMID: 24155054 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-013-2384-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ezrin, a member of the ezrin-radixin-moesin (ERM) family of plasma membrane-cytoskeleton linker proteins, has been associated with metastatic behavior. METHODOLOGY Microarrayed pathological tissues of surgically resected colorectal cancer liver metastasis (CRLM) and whole tissue sections of cancer of the ampulla of Vater (CAV) were analyzed to determine ezrin expression levels and correlation with survival. The requirement of ezrin in invasive capability was assessed using in vitro assays. RESULTS Surgically resected CAV showing a low ezrin score have a better 5-year disease-specific survival than those showing a high ezrin score (P < 0.0001). Similarly, high ezrin expression at the invasive front of CRLM resulted in poor disease-free survival (P = 0.05). Multivariate analysis demonstrated high ezrin expression to be an independent adverse prognostic factor for CAV (hazard ratio (HR) 15.22 (95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.98-117.03), P < 0.01) and CRLM (HR 6.42 (95 % CI 1.01-52.43), P = 0.05), among other clinically relevant variables such as lymph node metastasis (for CAV) and the presence of extrahepatic disease, large hepatic metastases (>5 cm), and close surgical resection margins (<5 mm) (all for CRLM). In vitro experiments indicated that ezrin expression was vital for cellular processes such as adhesive and invasive activity. SIGNIFICANCE High ezrin expression indicates an adverse prognosis in primary CAV and CRLM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhu Arumugam
- Centre for Tumour Biology, John Vane Science Centre, Barts Cancer Institute-a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
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Antelmi E, Cardone RA, Greco MR, Rubino R, Di Sole F, Martino NA, Casavola V, Carcangiu M, Moro L, Reshkin SJ. ß1 integrin binding phosphorylates ezrin at T567 to activate a lipid raft signalsome driving invadopodia activity and invasion. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75113. [PMID: 24086451 PMCID: PMC3782503 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation is a critical process in tumor cell invasion and requires matrix degrading protrusions called invadopodia. The Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE1) has recently been shown to be fundamental in the regulation of invadopodia actin cytoskeleton dynamics and activity. However, the structural link between the invadopodia cytoskeleton and NHE1 is still unknown. A candidate could be ezrin, a linker between the NHE1 and the actin cytoskeleton known to play a pivotal role in invasion and metastasis. However, the mechanistic basis for its role remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that ezrin phosphorylated at T567 is highly overexpressed in the membrane of human breast tumors and positively associated with invasive growth and HER2 overexpression. Further, in the metastatic cell line, MDA-MB-231, p-ezrin was almost exclusively expressed in invadopodia lipid rafts where it co-localized in a functional complex with NHE1, EGFR, ß1-integrin and phosphorylated-NHERF1. Manipulation by mutation of ezrins T567 phosphorylation state and/or PIP2 binding capacity or of NHE1s binding to ezrin or PIP2 demonstrated that p-ezrin expression and binding to PIP2 are required for invadopodia-mediated ECM degradation and invasion and identified NHE1 as the membrane protein that p-ezrin regulates to induce invadopodia formation and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Antelmi
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmacologics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- Department of Pathology, Anatomic Pathology A Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosa A. Cardone
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmacologics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria R. Greco
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmacologics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Rosa Rubino
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmacologics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesca Di Sole
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine and the Medical Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nicola A. Martino
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Biotechnological Sciences, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Valeria Casavola
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmacologics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - MariaLuisa Carcangiu
- Department of Pathology, Anatomic Pathology A Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Loredana Moro
- Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics (IBBE), CNR, Bari, Italy
| | - Stephan J. Reshkin
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmacologics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Han K, Qi W, Gan Z, Shen Z, Yao Y, Min D. Prognostic value of Ezrin in solid tumors: a meta-analysis of the literature. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68527. [PMID: 23894313 PMCID: PMC3716773 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Ezrin is a cytoskeletal protein involved in tumor growth and invasion. However its prognostic value for survival in patients with solid tumor remains controversial. METHODS Several databases were searched, including Pubmed, Embase and Cochrane databases. The endpoints were overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS). The pooled hazard ratio (HR) or odds ratio (OR), and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated employing fixed- or random-effects models depending on the heterogeneity of the included trials. RESULTS Twenty-seven eligible trials involving 4693 patients were ultimately identified. A summary hazard ratio (HR) of all studies and sub-group hazard ratios were calculated. The combined HR suggested that a positive Ezrin expression had an impact on overall survival (OS) [1.95, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.60-2.39; P<0.001] in all eligible studies and progress free survival (PFS): (2.30 95% CI 1.0-3.61; P = 0.001). Similar results were also observed in subgroup analysis, according to tumor types, regions, patients' number and publication year. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggested that Ezrin protein expression might be a factor for a poor prognosis in patients with solid tumor. So large well-designed prospective studies are now needed to confirm the clinical utility of Ezrin as an independent prognostic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Han
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital East Campus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - WeiXiang Qi
- Department of Oncology, The Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - ZhiHua Gan
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital East Campus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zan Shen
- Department of Oncology, The Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Yao
- Department of Oncology, The Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - DaLiu Min
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital East Campus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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Lee HW, Kim EH, Oh MH. Clinicopathologic implication of ezrin expression in non-small cell lung cancer. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 46:470-7. [PMID: 23136574 PMCID: PMC3490123 DOI: 10.4132/koreanjpathol.2012.46.5.470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Ezrin, a member of the ezrin-radixin-moesin family, is implicated in tumor progression, metastatic dissemination, and adverse outcomes, in several cancer types. In this study, we explored the clinicopathological significance of ezrin expression in non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLCs). Methods Immunohistochemical analysis of tissue microarray with 112 surgically resected NSCLC specimens, was performed to examine the ezrin expression. We also correlated ezrin expression with other clinicopathological features and prognosis. Results The ezrin-positive group revealed significantly higher correlation with pleural invasion (p=0.016) and pathologic stage (p=0.050). Univariate survival analysis showed that ezrin-positive group had a significantly shorter cancer-specific survival than ezrin-negative group (p=0.016). Meanwhile, female (p=0.030), no pleural invasion (p=0.023), no lymphatic invasion (p=0.026), and early pathologic stage (p=0.008) significantly correlated with longer survival. Multivariate survival analysis showed that variables such as ezrin positivity (p=0.032), female (p=0.035), and early pathologic stage (p=0.001) were independent prognostic factors for NSCLC. Conclusions Ezrin might be a molecular marker to predict poor prognosis of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Won Lee
- Department of Pathology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
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