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Suppression of galectin-4 attenuates peritoneal metastasis of poorly differentiated gastric cancer cells. Gastric Cancer 2023; 26:352-363. [PMID: 36695981 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-023-01366-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peritoneal dissemination, most often seen in metastatic and/or recurrent gastric cancer, is an inoperable condition that lacks effective treatment. The use of molecular targeted drugs is also limited; therefore, identifying novel therapeutic targets and improving our understanding of this metastatic cancer are an urgent requirement. In this study, we focused on galectin-4, which is specifically expressed in poorly differentiated cells with high potential for peritoneal dissemination. METHODS We knocked out the galectin-4 gene in NUGC4 cells using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing. Proliferation and peritoneal cancer formation in knockout cells were compared with those in wild-type and galectin-4 re-expressing cells. Western blotting and proximity ligation assays were performed to identify associated molecules affected by the expression of galectin-4. The effect of galectin-4 knockdown on cell proliferation and peritoneal metastasis was studied using a specific siRNA. Expression of galectin-4 in peritoneal metastatic tumors from 10 patients with gastric cancer was examined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Suppression of galectin-4 expression reduced proliferation and peritoneal metastasis of malignant gastric cancer cells. Galectin-4 knockout and knockdown reduced the expression of activated c-MET and CD44. Galectin-4 was found to interact with several proteins on the cell surface, including CD44 and c-MET, via its carbohydrate-binding ability. Immunohistochemistry showed galectin-4 expression in peritoneal metastatic tumor cells in all patients examined. CONCLUSIONS We clarified the role of galectin-4 in the development of peritoneal dissemination of poorly differentiated gastric cancer cells. Our data highlight the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of galectin-4 in the peritoneal dissemination of gastric cancer.
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Inhibition of MACC1-Induced Metastasis in Esophageal and Gastric Adenocarcinomas. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14071773. [PMID: 35406545 PMCID: PMC8997092 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14071773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Esophageal and Gastric Adenocarcinomas (AGE/S) are characterized by early metastasis and poor survival. MACC1 (Metastasis Associated in Colon Cancer 1) acts in colon cancer as a metastasis inducer and is linked to reduced survival. In this study, we analyzed the prognostic role of MACC1 in a large AGE/S cohort and the potential of MACC1 inhibition in vitro and in vivo. MACC1 is an independent negative prognostic marker in our cohort. In vitro, migration was enhanced by MACC1 in overexpressing cells. This MACC1-related effect could be inhibited by using selumetinib in vitro. In vivo, MACC1 induced faster and larger metastasis development, which could be inhibited by selumetinib. In conclusion, MACC1 is a strong negative prognostic factor in AGE/S and is a potential target for therapy with selumetinib. Abstract Esophageal and Gastric Adenocarcinomas (AGE/S) are characterized by early metastasis and poor survival. MACC1 (Metastasis Associated in Colon Cancer 1) acts in colon cancer as a metastasis inducer and is linked to reduced survival. This project illuminates the role and potential for the inhibition of MACC1 in AGE/S. Using 266 of 360 TMAs and survival data of AGE/S patients, we confirm the value of MACC1 as an independent negative prognostic marker in AGE/S patients. MACC1 gene expression is correlated with survival and morphological characteristics. In vitro analysis of lentivirally MACC1-manipulated subclones of FLO-1 and OE33 showed enhanced migration induced by MACC1 in both cell line models, which could be inhibited by the MEK1 inhibitor selumetinib. In vivo, the efficacy of selumetinib on tumor growths and metastases of MACC1-overexpressing FLO-1 cells xenografted intrasplenically in NOG mice was tested. Mice with high-MACC1-expressing cells developed faster and larger distant metastases. Treatment with selumetinib led to a significant reduction in metastasis exclusively in the MACC1-positive xenografts. MACC1 is an enhancer of tumor aggressiveness and a predictor of poor survival in AGE/S. This effect can be inhibited by selumetinib.
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Tan A, Coskun F, Ayhan S, Isisag A. c-MET positivity and its relationship with histopathological findings in gastric carcinomas exhibiting HER2 gene expression. INDIAN J PATHOL MICR 2022; 65:786-790. [DOI: 10.4103/ijpm.ijpm_23_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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The Prognostic Significance of MACC1 Expression in Breast Cancer and Its Relationship to Immune Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment and Patient Survival. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 57:medicina57090934. [PMID: 34577857 PMCID: PMC8466860 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57090934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most prevalent malignancies among females worldwide. Globally, distant metastases were reported to be responsible for a large proportion of breast cancer-related deaths. The metastasis-associated colon cancer-1 (MACC1) gene was reported as a reliable biomarker for early detection of metastasis and prediction of prognosis of breast cancer. This study investigated the prognostic significance of MACC1 in breast cancer in relation to the clinicopathologic characteristics and patients’ survival. Furthermore, the possible correlation between MACC1 expression and the different immune cells in the tumor microenvironment was explored. MACC1 mRNA was identified using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in 120 breast cancer specimens and adjacent non-cancerous tissues. MACC1 mRNA expression was significantly higher in the cancerous relative to the non-cancerous tissues (p < 0.001). High MACC1 expression was significantly associated with poor prognostic parameters, such as larger tumor size, grade III tumors, positive nodal metastasis, lymphovascular invasion, stage III tumors, and elevated Ki-67 expression. Higher MACC1 mRNA levels were positively correlated with CD163+ tumor-associated macrophages (r = 0.614, p < 0.001), and were negatively correlated with CD56+ natural killer cells (r = −0.398, p < 0.001) and CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (r = −0.323, p < 0.001). MACC1 expression was associated with poor patient overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) (p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis suggested that MACC1 expression and the presence of lymphovascular invasion could be independent prognostic indicators for breast cancer (p = 0.015 and 0.042, respectively). In conclusion, MACC1 is highly expressed in cancerous tissues and is significantly related to poor prognostic factors, overall survival, and progression-free survival. MACC1 may influence infiltration of the immune cells in the tumor microenvironment, enhance immune escape of tumor cells, and may serve as a reliable independent prognostic factor for breast cancer.
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Shin JH, Yoon HJ, Kim SM, Lee JH, Myoung H. Analyzing the factors that influence occult metastasis in oral tongue cancer. J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg 2020; 46:99-107. [PMID: 32364349 PMCID: PMC7222618 DOI: 10.5125/jkaoms.2020.46.2.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives We accessed the various clinico-histopathological factors, and their association with occult metastasis (OM) in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC). Materials and Methods One hundred-nine patients with OTSCC were divided into the elective neck dissection (END) group and the watchful waiting (WW) group. Age, sex, T-stage, depth of invasion and differentiation were evaluated to determine the correlation between clinico-histopathological factors and OM. For immunohistochemical analysis, paraffin-embedded blocks of 41 OTSCC specimens were examined with antibodies (VEGF-c, c-Met, and ROR1). Results The group with tumor thickness of oral tongue cancer ≥3 mm had higher incidence of OM than those with a thickness of <3 mm. The depth of invasion was statistically correlated with OM (P=0.022). Immunohistochemical analysis showed that high expression of VEGF-c (P=0.043), c-Met (P=0.009), and ROR-1 (P=0.003) were statistically correlated with OM. Conclusion The analysis of these clinico-histopathological and immunohistochemical factors can help to determine neck dissection in clinically negative (cN0) patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hyun Shin
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dankook University Jukjeon Dental Hospital, Yongin, Korea
| | - Hye-Jung Yoon
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soung-Min Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Ho Lee
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hoon Myoung
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Decoding and targeting the molecular basis of MACC1-driven metastatic spread: Lessons from big data mining and clinical-experimental approaches. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 60:365-379. [PMID: 31430556 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis remains the key issue impacting cancer patient survival and failure or success of cancer therapies. Metastatic spread is a complex process including dissemination of single cells or collective cell migration, penetration of the blood or lymphatic vessels and seeding at a distant organ site. Hundreds of genes involved in metastasis have been identified in studies across numerous cancer types. Here, we analyzed how the metastasis-associated gene MACC1 cooperates with other genes in metastatic spread and how these coactions could be exploited by combination therapies: We performed (i) a MACC1 correlation analysis across 33 cancer types in the mRNA expression data of TCGA and (ii) a comprehensive literature search on reported MACC1 combinations and regulation mechanisms. The key genes MET, HGF and MMP7 reported together with MACC1 showed significant positive correlations with MACC1 in more than half of the cancer types included in the big data analysis. However, ten other genes also reported together with MACC1 in the literature showed significant positive correlations with MACC1 in only a minority of 5 to 15 cancer types. To uncover transcriptional regulation mechanisms that are activated simultaneously with MACC1, we isolated pan-cancer consensus lists of 1306 positively and 590 negatively MACC1-correlating genes from the TCGA data and analyzed each of these lists for sharing transcription factor binding motifs in the promotor region. In these lists, binding sites for the transcription factors TELF1, ETS2, ETV4, TEAD1, FOXO4, NFE2L1, ELK1, SP1 and NFE2L2 were significantly enriched, but none of them except SP1 was reported in combination with MACC1 in the literature. Thus, while some of the results of the big data analysis were in line with the reported experimental results, hypotheses on new genes involved in MACC1-driven metastasis formation could be generated and warrant experimental validation. Furthermore, the results of the big data analysis can help to prioritize cancer types for experimental studies and testing of combination therapies.
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Evaluation of Intratumoral and Intertumoral Heterogeneity of MET Protein Expression in Gastric Cancer. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2019; 26:445-453. [PMID: 28968267 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tumor heterogeneity of a target molecule could contribute to failure of the targeted therapy. We investigated the heterogeneity of MET expression within same primary gastric cancer (GC) and between primary and corresponding secondary GC lesions using immunohistochemistry (IHC). Intratumoral heterogeneity was defined as discordant MET status among 3 tissue microarray cores (3 different areas of same tumor). IHC 3+ was considered positive for MET overexpression. MET overexpression was observed in 2.7% (50/1869) of all examined cores and 5.3% (33/623) of primary GCs. When we compared MET IHC results between 3 cores from each tumor, intratumoral heterogeneity was identified (65.0% in total 623 cases; 84.4% in 480 cases with any staining intensity; 84.9% in 251 cases with moderate to strong intensity; 90.9% in 33 cases with strong intensity). Of 33 MET-overexpressed GCs, the average proportion of strongly stained area was 19.6% in the whole sections. Of 269 cases with primary GC and regional lymph node metastasis, 17 (6.3%) showed MET positivity in which 9 (52.9%) were discordant (negative conversion). In 123 cases with primary and corresponding local recurrent/distant metastatic GC, 3 (2.4%) showed MET positivity in which 2 (66.7%) were discordant (positive conversion). In the survival analysis, MET IHC 3+ in lymph node metastases was an independent negative prognostic factor for overall survival. We found that MET overexpression is uncommon and highly heterogeneous in GC. This severe heterogeneity of MET status should be considered in tissue sampling and development of biomarkers for anti-MET therapy.
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Jin Y, Zhou K, Zhao W, Han R, Huo X, Yang F, Chen J. Clinicopathological and prognostic significance of metastasis-associated in colon cancer-1 in gastric cancer: A meta-analysis. Int J Biol Markers 2019; 34:27-32. [PMID: 30854927 DOI: 10.1177/1724600818813634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background: The gene metastasis-associated in colon cancer-1 (MACC1) has been reported to be overexpressed in diverse human malignancies, and an increasing amount of evidence suggests that its overexpression is associated with the development and progression of many human tumors. However, the prognostic and clinicopathological value of MACC1 in gastric cancer remains inconclusive. Therefore, we conducted this meta-analysis to investigate the effect of positive MACC1 expression on clinicopathological features and survival outcomes in gastric cancer. Methods: Medline, Web of Science, and EMBASE databases were searched for relevant articles published up to 10 April 2018. The correlation of MACC1 expression levels with overall survival and clinicopathological features was analyzed. Results: In this meta-analysis, nine studies with a total of 2103 gastric cancer patients were included. Our results showed that high expression of MACC1 was significantly related to a poor overall survival. Moreover, our meta-analysis showed that MACC1 overexpression was significantly linked to distant metastasis and vascular invasion. There were no significant correlations between positive MACC1 expression and gender, localization, tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage, tumor extent (T stage) and lymph node involvement (N stage) Conclusions: MACC1 expression levels can serve as a novel prognostic factor in gastric cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jin
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
- Department of Oncology, Huai’an First People’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai’an, Huai’an, P.R. China
| | - Kun Zhou
- Medical Center for Digestive Diseases, People’s Hospital of Lianshui, Huai’an, P.R. China
| | - Wenjing Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Rongbo Han
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Xinying Huo
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Fen Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Jinfei Chen
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
- Medical Center for Digestive Diseases, People’s Hospital of Lianshui, Huai’an, P.R. China
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Lin A, Zhang X, Zhang RL, He XF, Zhang JG, Yan WH. Prognostic and Risk Stratification Value of Lesion MACC1 Expression in Colorectal Cancer Patients. Front Oncol 2019; 9:28. [PMID: 30805302 PMCID: PMC6371040 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The up-regulated metastasis-associated in colon cancer 1 (MACC1) expression and its clinical significance has been explored in a varity of malignancies. In this study, lesion MACC1 expression in 503 CRC patients (Ncolon = 332, Nrectal = 171) were analyzed with immunohistochemistry, and its correlation with clinical parameters, patient survival, and its impact on prognostic stratification were evaluated. Data revealed the survival of patient with MACC1high is markedly worse than that of MACC1low (mean overall survival: 80.1 vs. 90.4 months; p = 0.001) and is an independent prognostic predictor (hazard ratio = 1.533; p = 0.005). More importantly, for the first time, we demonstrated that MACC1 status exhibited a significantly prognostic power for stratified clinical parameters such as patient age and gender, particular TNM status, and distinct AJCC disease stage. In summary, our findings indicated that MACC1 is a valuable prognostic and risk stratification biomarker for colorectal cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aifen Lin
- Biological Resource Center, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Biological Resource Center, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, China
| | - Rui-Li Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, China
| | - Xiao-Fang He
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lanxi Peoples's Hospital, Lanxi, China
| | - Jian-Gang Zhang
- Biological Resource Center, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, China
| | - Wei-Hua Yan
- Medical Research Center, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, China
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Zhang Q, Xu P, Lu Y, Dou H. Correlation of MACC1/c-Myc Expression in Endometrial Carcinoma with Clinical/Pathological Features or Prognosis. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:4738-4744. [PMID: 29984790 PMCID: PMC6069412 DOI: 10.12659/msm.908812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Endometrial carcinoma (EC) is a type of female reproductive malignant tumor, the incidence of which is generally 20~30%. Multiple factors and genes are involved in the regulation of EC occurrence and progression. This study aimed to measure the expressions of MACC1 and c-Myc in EC patients to analyze their correlation with pathological features of EC. Material/Methods A total of 60 EC patients were recruited in the experimental group, while another cohort of 30 people with endometrial inflammatory hyperplasia was enrolled in the control group. The levels of serum MACC1 and c-Myc were measured by ELISA, and the protein expressions in EC cancer tissues, tumor-adjacent tissues, and controlled endometrial tissues were detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The correlation between gene expression and clinical/pathological features was then determined. Results Our data indicate that the level of serum MACC1 and c-Myc in the experimental group was 1.67±0.08 ng/ml and 1.78±0.07 ng/ml, respectively, both of which were significantly higher than that of the control group (p<0.05). However, no significant difference was found among levels of serum MACC1 or c-Myc at different TNM stages (p>0.05). In cancer tissues, the positive rate of MACC1 or c-Myc was 73.3% and 78.3%, respectively, which were significantly higher than that in adjacent or control tissues (p<0.05). MACC1/c-Myc expression was correlated with TNM stage, primary infiltration grade, lymph node metastasis, and distal metastasis (p<0.05). Conclusions MACC1 and c-Myc are highly expressed in serum and tumor tissues of EC patients. Both are correlated with TNM stage, primary infiltration, and lymph node or distal metastasis, which provides a scientific basis for the development of new biomarkers for the diagnosis of endometrial carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Central Hospital of Zibo in Shandong, Zibo, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Ping Xu
- Department of Gynecology, People's Hospital of ZhangQiu in Shandong Province, Zhangqiu, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Yanxia Lu
- Department of Gynecology, Third Ward, People's Hospital of Linyi City, Linyi, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Hongtao Dou
- Department of Gynecology, Central Hospital of Zibo in Shandong, Zibo, Shandong, China (mainland)
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Neves Filho EHC, Pires APB, de Sant'Ana RO, Rabenhorst SHB, Hirth CG, da Cunha MDPSS. The association among HER2, MET and FOXP3 expression and tumor regression grading in gastric adenocarcinoma. APMIS 2018; 126:389-395. [PMID: 29696715 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although the introduction of the perioperative chemotherapy on the management of gastric cancer has improved patients survival, heterogeneity of clinical outcomes has been evidenced in parallel to different histopathological regression pattern of gastric cancer cells. Thus, this study evaluated the tumor regression grading (TRG) in a series of post-treatment gastric tumors and its associations with HER2, MET, and FOXP3 expression. Material of 54 gastric cancer samples was available for TRG evaluation and immunohistochemistry. We found that total and subtotal pathologic response were significantly associated to the intestinal subtype (p = 0.04) and that well-differentiated tumors were significantly correlated with total or partial response (p = 0.019). Although not associated with the TRG, FOXP3 expression in gastric tumors was associated to poorly differentiated tumors (p = 0.03), to the diffuse and mixed subtypes together (p = 0.04) and to the presence of vascular infiltration (p = 0.04), while HER2 overexpression was associated to better differentiated cases (p = 0.04) and to the absence of vascular infiltration (p = 0.02). MET expression, however, showed no association with the analyzed clinicopathological factors. This study highlights the role of tissue differentiation on pathological response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in gastric cancer and shows no impact between FOXP3, HER2 and MET expression in terms of TRG.
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Zhu T, Hu X, Wei P, Shan G. Molecular background of the regional lymph node metastasis of gastric cancer. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:3409-3414. [PMID: 29556271 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.7813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the deadliest types of cancer in the world. Lymph node (LN) metastasis is a complex and malignant behavior of GC, involving a sequence of biological processes, including decreased adherence to adjacent cells, extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation and lymphatic channel permeation. LN metastasis is directly associated with the treatment response, local recurrence and long-term survival of patients with GC. Therefore, the molecular mechanisms of LN metastasis in GC development require further investigation. Recently, a large number of clinical studies have focused on the molecular mechanisms and biological markers of tumor invasion and metastasis. However, few articles have broadly summarized LN metastasis in GC, and the molecular mechanisms of LN metastasis are not yet fully understood. In the present review, the molecular mechanisms of LN metastasis in GC will be discussed, including the following aspects: Cell adhesion and movement, ECM degradation, new vessel formation, and molecular pattern differences between metastatic LNs and the primary tumor. This review may lead to a better understanding of LN metastasis in GC, and the identification of new diagnostic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Xueqian Hu
- Department of Oncology, Ningbo Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, P.R. China
| | - Pinkang Wei
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Guangzhi Shan
- Department of Oncology, Ningbo Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, P.R. China
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The Prognostic Significance of c-MET and EGFR Overexpression in Resected Gastric Adenocarcinomas. Am J Clin Oncol 2017; 40:543-551. [PMID: 26125303 DOI: 10.1097/coc.0000000000000202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and c-MET are tyrosine kinase growth factor receptors implicated in gastric cancer (GC), and their pathways appear to be interdependent. The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic value of EGFR and c-MET protein overexpression by immunohistochemistry in Canadian patients with resected GC and correlate it with clinicopathologic characteristics and overall survival (OS). MATERIALS AND METHODS Tissue microarray blocks were constructed from 120 resected GCs stained with EGFR and c-MET and scored semiquantitatively (0 to 3+). Each receptor's expression was compared with clinicopathologic characteristics and survival. Descriptive statistics, Kaplan-Meyer, and Cox regression were used for statistical analyses. RESULTS Of the 113 interpretable cases, overexpression of EGFR and c-MET was noted in 17 (15%) and 65 (57%), respectively; coexpression of EGFR and c-MET was observed in 12 (10%) of GC. EGFR and c-MET overexpression correlated with poor OS: median 13 versus 30 months in EGFR positive versus negative GC (hazard ratio [HR]=1.67, P=0.11); 27 versus 49 months in c-MET positive versus negative GC (HR=1.17, P=0.49), respectively. GC coexpressing EGFR and c-MET was significantly correlated with poor survival: 12 versus 29 months in double-positive versus rest of tumors both in univariate (HR=2.62, P=0.003) and multivariate analyses (HR=2.58, P=0.01). CONCLUSIONS This study describes the prevalence and prognostic value of EGFR and c-MET in a Canadian population of patients undergoing curative intent resection for GC. Both c-MET and EGFR overexpression trended toward poor OS, but only the group with EGFR+/c-MET+ GC reached statistical significance on multivariate analysis.
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Shi W, Song J, Wang W, Zhang Y, Zheng S. MACC‑1 antibody target therapy suppresses growth and migration of non‑small cell lung cancer. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:7329-7336. [PMID: 28944826 PMCID: PMC5865862 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Non‑small‑cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for ~80% of human lung cancers that result in mortalities worldwide. Metastasis‑associated in colon cancer‑1 (MACC‑1) has been demonstrated to be significantly expressed in cases of NSCLC and promotes tumor cell migration and metastasis through transactivation of the metastasis‑inducing hepatocyte growth factor/MET proto‑gene, receptor tyrosine kinase (HGF/MET) signaling pathway. The present study constructed a chimeric antibody (Chanti‑MACC‑1) targeting MACC‑1 and investigated its potential as a molecular therapeutic target in the treatment of NSCLC therapy. The expression of MACC‑1 was detected by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting in lung cancer cell lines and tissues. MTT assay was used to detect proliferation of A549 cells treated by Chanti‑MACC‑1, whereas the functional and regulatory effects of Chanti‑MACC‑1 in the migration and metastasis of NSCLC cells was investigated by a cell invasion assay. The therapeutic effect and survival time was observed in animal models. The results demonstrated that MACC‑1 expression was increased and overexpression of MACC‑1 promoted the progression of the cell cycle, significantly promoted NSCLC cell growth and enhanced tumor migration and invasion through the HGF/MET signaling pathway. It was further demonstrated that Chanti‑MACC‑1 efficiently suppressed MACC‑1 expression and significantly inhibited NSCLC cell proliferation, migration and invasion by blocking the HGF/MET signaling pathway. The data revealed that Chanti‑MACC‑1 was not only beneficial for tumor remission, however additionally contributed to the long‑term survival of NSCLC ‑bearing mice. The findings of the present study indicated that MACC‑1 was significantly upregulated and promoted tumor cell growth and migration in NSCLC cells and tissues via transactivation of the metastasis‑inducing HGF/MET signaling pathway. However, Chanti‑MACC‑1significantly inhibited tumor growth and metastasis, which suggested that MACC‑1 may be essential for tumor initiation and progression by negatively regulating tumor suppressors.
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MESH Headings
- A549 Cells
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition/drug effects
- Female
- Hepatocyte Growth Factor/metabolism
- Humans
- Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/pharmacology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/therapeutic use
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Trans-Activators
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/immunology
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transplantation, Heterologous
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Affiliation(s)
- Woda Shi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Jianxiang Song
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Third People's Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224001, P.R. China
| | - Wencai Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Third People's Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224001, P.R. China
| | - Yajun Zhang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Third People's Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224001, P.R. China
| | - Shiying Zheng
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
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15
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Li H, Chen YX, Wen JG, Zhou HH. Metastasis-associated in colon cancer 1: A promising biomarker for the metastasis and prognosis of colorectal cancer. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:3899-3908. [PMID: 28943898 PMCID: PMC5605967 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the fourth most frequent type of malignancy in the world. Metastasis accounts for >90% mortalities in patients with CRC. The metastasis-associated in colon cancer 1 (MACC1) gene has been identified as a novel biomarker for the prediction of metastasis and disease prognosis, particularly for patients with early-stage disease. Previous clinical studies demonstrated that MACC1 expression and polymorphisms in CRC tissues were indicators of metastasis, and that circulating transcripts in plasma were also significantly associated with the survival of patients. The present review describes the use of MACC1 beyond its utility in the clinic. By elucidating the upstream and downstream signal pathways of MACC1, the well-known mechanisms of MACC1-mediated cell proliferation, invasion, migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) are summarized, as well as the potential signaling pathways. Furthermore, the underlying mechanisms by which the overexpression of MACC1 causes cisplatin resistance are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Xin Chen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Gen Wen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Hao Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China.,Hunan Province Cooperation Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
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16
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Moran-Jones K. The Therapeutic Potential of Targeting the HGF/cMET Axis in Ovarian Cancer. Mol Diagn Ther 2017; 20:199-212. [PMID: 27139908 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-016-0201-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Survival rates for ovarian cancer have remained relatively stable for the past 2 decades despite advances in surgical techniques and cytotoxic chemotherapeutics, indicating a requirement for better therapies. One pathway currently proposed for targeting is the HGF/cMET pathway. Upregulated in a number of tumour types, cMET is a tyrosine kinase receptor expressed on epithelial cells. In ovarian cancer, it has been identified as highly expressed in the four major subtypes, with expression estimates ranging from 11 to 68 % of cases. HGF, the only known ligand for cMET, is found at high levels in both serum and ascites in women with ovarian cancer, and is proposed to induce both migration and metastasis. However, clinically validated biomarkers are not yet available for either HGF or cMET, preventing a clear understanding of the true rate of overexpression, or its correlation with prognosis. Despite this, a number of agents against HGF and cMET are currently being investigated in clinical trials for multiple tumour types, including ovarian. However, a lack of patient selection, biomarker usage, and post hoc analysis correlating response with expression has resulted in the majority of these trials showing little beneficial effect from these agents, indicating that additional research is required to determine their usefulness in patients with ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Moran-Jones
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Switchback Rd, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK. .,The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 370 Victoria St, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.
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17
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Fan JY, Zhang Y, Guo Q. MACC1 regulatory network in tumor metastasis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2017; 25:989-995. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v25.i11.989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The MACC1 gene was firstly identified in colorectal cancer. Recently, abnormal upregulation of MACC1 has been detected in multiple tumors. The expression of MACC1 is shown to be positively associated with tumor metastasis, but negatively with prognosis of patients, and it represents a potential therapeutic target for anti-tumor strategies. MACC1 has increasingly emerged as a key regulator in metastatic processes, and it has been identified to be able to maintain multiple tumor-associated signaling pathways, transactivate oncogenic genes, and regulate epithelial-mesenchymal transition and tumor vascularization. On the other hand, MACC1 is regulated and influenced by non-coding RNAs and SNPs. The present review will summarize the recent progress in understanding the role of the MACC1 regulatory network in tumor metastasis.
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18
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Pyo JS, Kang G, Cho H. Clinicopathological Significance and Diagnostic Accuracy of c-MET Expression by Immunohistochemistry in Gastric Cancer: A Meta-Analysis. J Gastric Cancer 2016; 16:141-151. [PMID: 27752391 PMCID: PMC5065943 DOI: 10.5230/jgc.2016.16.3.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to elucidate the clinicopathological significance and diagnostic accuracy of immunohistochemistry (IHC) for determining the mesenchymal epidermal transition (c-MET) expression in patients with gastric cancer (GC). MATERIALS AND METHODS The present meta-analysis investigated the correlation between c-MET expression as determined by IHC and the clinicopathological parameters in 8,395 GC patients from 37 studies that satisfied the eligibility criteria. In addition, a concordance analysis was performed between c-MET expression as determined by IHC and c-MET amplification, and the diagnostic test accuracy was reviewed. RESULTS The estimated rate of c-MET overexpression was 0.403 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.327~0.484) and it was significantly correlated with male patients, poor differentiation, lymph node metastasis, higher TNM stage, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) positivity in IHC analysis. There was a significant correlation between c-MET expression and worse overall survival rate (hazard ratio, 1.588; 95% CI, 1.266~1.992). The concordance rates between c-MET expression and c-MET amplification were 0.967 (95% CI, 0.916~0.987) and 0.270 (95% CI, 0.173~0.395) for cases with non-overexpressed and overexpressed c-MET, respectively. In the diagnostic test accuracy review, the pooled sensitivity and specificity were 0.56 (95% CI, 0.50~0.63) and 0.79 (95% CI, 0.77~0.81), respectively. CONCLUSIONS The c-MET overexpression as determined by IHC was significantly correlated with aggressive tumor behavior and positive IHC status for HER2 in patients with GC. In addition, the c-MET expression status could be useful in the screening of c-MET amplification in patients with GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Soo Pyo
- Department of Pathology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Guhyun Kang
- Department of Pathology, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyunjin Cho
- Department of Surgery, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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19
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The potential therapeutic applications and prognostic significance of metastasis-associated in colon cancer-1 (MACC1) in cancers. Contemp Oncol (Pozn) 2016; 20:273-80. [PMID: 27688722 PMCID: PMC5032154 DOI: 10.5114/wo.2016.61846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The metastasis-associated in colon cancer-1 (MACC1) gene was identified in 2009. Expression of MACC1 was found to be significantly upregulated in primary and metastatic colon carcinomas compared to normal tissues or adenomas. The induction of MACC1 occurs at the crucial step of transition from a benign to a malignant phenotype. The aim of this review was to summarise current results of non-clinical and clinical studies on the role of MACC1 in the carcinogenesis and progression of cancer, as well its potential therapeutic and prognostic significance. The gene encoding the HGF receptor MET is a transcriptional target of MACC1. In addition to promoting the proliferation, invasion, and migration of colon cancer cells in cell culture and tumour growth and metastasis in mouse models, MACC1 also contributes to carcinogenesis and progression of colorectal cancer through the β-catenin signalling pathway and mesenchymal-epithelial transition. MACC1 knockdown with si/sh RNA was investigated in cell lines of different types of cancer. MACC1 is a promising therapeutic target for antitumour and antimetastatic intervention strategies for cancers. Here, it is presented as a potential independent prognostic indicator of reduced overall survival as well as of the occurrence of distant metastasis in patients with different types of cancer.
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20
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Wu ZZ, Chen LS, Zhou R, Bin JP, Liao YL, Liao WJ. Metastasis-associated in colon cancer-1 in gastric cancer: Beyond metastasis. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:6629-6637. [PMID: 27547006 PMCID: PMC4970472 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i29.6629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis-associated in colon cancer-1 (MACC1) is an oncogene that was first identified in colon cancer. The upstream and downstream of MACC1 form a delicate regulatory network that supports its tumorigenic role in cancers. Multiple functions of MACC1 have been discovered in many cancers. In gastric cancer (GC), MACC1 has been shown to be involved in oncogenesis and tumor progression. MACC1 overexpression adversely affects the clinical outcomes of GC patients. Regarding the mechanism of action of MACC1 in GC, studies have shown that it promotes the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and accelerates cancer metastasis. MACC1 is involved in many hallmarks of GC in addition to metastasis. MACC1 promotes vasculogenic mimicry (VM) via TWIST1/2, and VM increases the tumor blood supply, which is necessary for tumor progression. MACC1 also facilitates GC lymphangiogenesis by upregulating extracellular secretion of VEGF-C/D, indicating that MACC1 may be an important player in GC lymphatic dissemination. Additionally, MACC1 supports GC growth under metabolic stress by enhancing the Warburg effect. In conclusion, MACC1 participates in multiple biological processes inside and outside of GC cells, making it an important mediator of the tumor microenvironment.
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21
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Matboli M, El-Nakeep S, Hossam N, Habieb A, Azazy AEM, Ebrahim AE, Nagy Z, Abdel-Rahman O. Exploring the role of molecular biomarkers as a potential weapon against gastric cancer: A review of the literature. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:5896-5908. [PMID: 27468184 PMCID: PMC4948264 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i26.5896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is a global health problem and a major cause of cancer-related death with high recurrence rates ranging from 25% to 40% for GC patients staging II-IV. Unfortunately, while the majority of GC patients usually present with advanced tumor stage; there is still limited evidence-based therapeutic options. Current approach to GC management consists mainly of; endoscopy followed by, gastrectomy and chemotherapy or chemo-radiotherapy. Recent studies in GC have confirmed that it is a heterogeneous disease. Many molecular characterization studies have been performed in GC. Recent discoveries of the molecular pathways underlying the disease have opened the door to more personalized treatment and better predictable outcome. The identification of molecular markers is a useful tool for clinical managementin GC patients, assisting in diagnosis, evaluation of response to treatment and development of novel therapeutic modalities. While chemotherapeutic agents have certain physiological effects on the tumor cells, the prediction of the response is different from one type of tumor to the other. The specificity of molecular biomarkers is a principal feature driving their application in anticancer therapies. Here we are trying to focus on the role of molecular pathways of GC and well-established molecular markers that can guide the therapeutic management.
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22
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Kawakami H, Okamoto I. MET-targeted therapy for gastric cancer: the importance of a biomarker-based strategy. Gastric Cancer 2016; 19:687-95. [PMID: 26690587 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-015-0585-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The MET protooncogene encodes the receptor tyrosine kinase c-MET (MET). Aberrant activation of MET signaling occurs in a subset of advanced malignancies, including gastric cancer, and promotes tumor cell growth, survival, migration, and invasion as well as tumor angiogenesis, suggesting its potential importance as a therapeutic target. MET can be activated by two distinct pathways that are dependent on or independent of its ligand, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), with the latter pathway having been attributed mostly to MET amplification in gastric cancer. Preclinical evidence has suggested that interruption of the HGF-MET axis either with antibodies to HGF or with MET tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) has antitumor effects in gastric cancer cells. Overexpression of MET occurs frequently in gastric cancer and has been proposed as a potential predictive biomarker for anti-MET therapy. However, several factors can trigger such MET upregulation in a manner independent of HGF, suggesting that gastric tumors with MET overexpression are not necessarily MET driven. On the other hand, gastric cancer cells with MET amplification are dependent on MET signaling for their survival and are thus vulnerable to MET TKI treatment. Given the low prevalence of MET amplification in gastric cancer (approximately 8 %), testing for this genetic change would substantially narrow the target population but it might constitute a better biomarker than MET overexpression for MET TKI therapy. We compare aberrant MET signaling dependent on the HGF-MET axis or on MET amplification as well as address clinical issues and challenges associated with the identification of appropriate biomarkers for MET-driven tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisato Kawakami
- Department of Medical Oncology, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Isamu Okamoto
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashiku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
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23
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Koh YW, Hur H, Lee D. Increased MACC1 expression indicates a poor prognosis independent of MET expression in gastric adenocarcinoma. Pathol Res Pract 2015; 212:93-100. [PMID: 26719224 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2015.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis-associated in colon cancer-1 (MACC1), a newly identified oncogene, promotes tumor proliferation and invasion via the MET pathway. The purpose of this study is to determine the clinical significance of MACC1 and MET expression in the long-term survival and recurrence in a large cohort of gastric carcinoma patients following curative resection. We evaluated the prognostic value of MACC1 and MET expression using immunohistochemistry in 331 gastric adenocarcinoma patients. MACC1-positive patients had lower overall survival (OS) or event-free survival (EFS) rates than MACC1-negative patients (P=0.039 and P=0.044, respectively), while MET positivity itself was not associated with either OS or EFS. Multivariate analysis identified the expression level of MACC1 protein as an independent negative prognostic factor for OS or EFS (P=0.021 and P=0.016, respectively). This study suggests that MACC1 is an independent prognostic factor in gastric adenocarcinoma and that the prognostic impact of MACC1 may be associated with MACC1 partners other than MET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Wha Koh
- Department of Pathology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Hoon Hur
- Department of Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Dakeun Lee
- Department of Pathology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea.
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24
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Inokuchi M, Otsuki S, Fujimori Y, Sato Y, Nakagawa M, Kojima K. Clinical significance of MET in gastric cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2015; 7:317-327. [PMID: 26600931 PMCID: PMC4644854 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v7.i11.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy has become the global standard treatment for patients with metastatic or unresectable gastric cancer (GC), although outcomes remain unfavorable. Many molecular-targeted therapies inhibiting signaling pathways of various tyrosine kinase receptors have been developed, and monoclonal antibodies targeting human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 or vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 have become standard therapy for GC. Hepatocyte growth factor and its receptor, c-MET (MET), play key roles in tumor growth through activated signaling pathways from receptor in GC cells. Genomic amplification of MET leads to the aberrant activation found in GC tumors and is related to survival in patients with GC. This review discusses the clinical significance of MET in GC and examines MET as a potential therapeutic target in patients with GC. Preclinical studies in animal models have shown that MET antibodies or small-molecule MET inhibitors suppress tumor-cell proliferation and tumor progression in MET-amplified GC cells. These drugs are now being evaluated in clinical trials as treatments for metastatic or unresectable GC.
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25
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Abstract
There is a pressing need for effective therapies to treat uveal melanoma. Agents that inhibit the c-MET pathway have shown promise in multiple malignancies that overexpress c-MET. Herein, we assess c-MET expression in both primary uveal melanoma and liver metastases of uveal melanoma and evaluate the association of c-MET expression with clinical and pathologic variables. We have retrospectively identified tumor samples from primary and liver metastases of uveal melanoma from 1 January 1990 to 1 January 2012. We utilized immunohistochemistry to assess c-MET expression, and two pathologists quantified c-MET expression using an H-score (product of the intensity of staining and percentage of positive cells). The Mann-Whitney U-test, Pearson's correlation, and Cox model were used as appropriate. Thirty-nine of 40 (98%) primary tumors and nine of 10 (90%) metastatic liver lesions expressed c-MET (H-score range 0-300). There was a strong association between the percentage of positive cells and the intensity of c-MET expression (P=0.007). We found no association between c-MET H-score and clinicopathologic variables such as age, sex, or stage. c-MET expression was significantly higher in metastatic compared with primary tumors (median H-score 190 vs. 30, P=0.022). c-MET is expressed in the vast majority of primary and liver metastases of uveal melanomas; however, c-MET expression did not associate with pathologic features in our cohort. Metastatic lesions have higher expression of c-MET expression than primary tumors. Clinical trials involving c-MET inhibitors deserve further study in patients with uveal melanoma in both the adjuvant and metastatic setting.
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26
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Hack SP, Bruey JM, Koeppen H. HGF/MET-directed therapeutics in gastroesophageal cancer: a review of clinical and biomarker development. Oncotarget 2015; 5:2866-80. [PMID: 24930887 PMCID: PMC4102777 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of the HGF/MET signaling axis has been strongly implicated in the malignant transformation and progression of gastroesophageal cancer (GEC). MET receptor overexpression in tumor samples from GEC patients has been consistently correlated with an aggressive metastatic phenotype and poor prognosis. In preclinical GEC models, abrogation of HGF/MET signaling has been shown to induce tumor regression as well as inhibition of metastatic dissemination. Promising clinical results in patient subsets in which MET is overexpressed have spurned several randomized studies of HGF/MET-directed agents, including two pivotal global Phase III trials. Available data highlight the need for predictive biomarkers in order to select patients most likely to benefit from HGF/MET inhibition. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge of mechanisms of MET activation in GEC, the current status of the clinical evaluation of MET-targeted therapies in GEC, characteristics of ongoing randomized GEC trials and the associated efforts to identify and validate biomarkers. We also discuss the considerations and challenges for HGF/MET inhibitor drug development in the GEC setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Hack
- Product Development, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
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27
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Abdel-Rahman O. Targeting the hepatocyte growth factor/mesenchymal epithelial transition pathway in gastric cancer: biological rationale and clinical applications. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 15:235-45. [PMID: 25353620 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.2014.974564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Advanced gastric cancer (GC) is a dreadful disease with a poor prognosis and the majority of patients die within 1 year of diagnosis. In the past decade, important signaling pathways promoting tumor proliferation and aggressiveness have been evaluated; the hepatocyte growth factor/mesenchymal epithelial transition (MET) pathway is one of the most promising pathways in that regard. This pathway has been evaluated in preclinical and early clinical settings of GC. From the very early studies, MET expression has been recognized as an important poor prognostic marker in GC. However, only after the development of MET-targeting agents, it became important in terms of antitumor therapy with the clinical evaluation of several MET-targeting agents in GC. The results of the ongoing multicenter studies evaluating MET-targeting agents are eagerly awaited as they may improve our understanding of the precise role of these agents in the treatment armamentarium of advanced GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Abdel-Rahman
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 113331, Egypt
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28
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Mesteri I, Schoppmann SF, Preusser M, Birner P. Overexpression of CMET is associated with signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 activation and diminished prognosis in oesophageal adenocarcinoma but not in squamous cell carcinoma. Eur J Cancer 2014; 50:1354-60. [PMID: 24565853 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2014.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhibition of cMet is a promising therapeutic approach in human cancer, but few data in oesophageal cancer exist. METHODS Expression of mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (cMet), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) were investigated immunohistochemically in 246 oesophageal carcinomas (128 adenocarcinomas (AC); 118 squamous cell carcinomas (SCC)) and corresponding metastases in a subset of AC (n=42). Data on phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (pSTAT3) and HER2 expression and on lymphovascular invasion (LVI) of tumour cells were available from previous studies. RESULTS Overexpression of cMet was seen in 44 (34.4%) of AC, and nine (7.6%) of SCC (p<0.001, Chi square test). In AC but not in SCC, cMet expression correlated with EGFR expression (p<0.001, Chi square test), pSTAT3 expression (p=0.01, Chi square tests) and LVI of tumour cells (p<0.001, Chi square test). Overexpression of cMet was associated with shorter disease free, disease specific and overall survival of AC patients (p<0.05, Cox regression, respectively). All cMet positive ACs in which metastases were investigated had also cMet positive lymph node and distant metastases, but 25% of cMet negative primary tumours showed cMet positive lymph node and 33% distant metastases. CONCLUSIONS CMet plays no relevant role in most oesophageal SCC. In contrast, cMet overexpression seems to be a key oncogene in about 35% of oesophageal AC, representing a highly promising therapeutic target and prognostic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildiko Mesteri
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna Gastroesophageal Cancers Unit (CCC-GET), Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sebastian F Schoppmann
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna Gastroesophageal Cancers Unit (CCC-GET), Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Preusser
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna Gastroesophageal Cancers Unit (CCC-GET), Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Birner
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna Gastroesophageal Cancers Unit (CCC-GET), Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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29
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Hou L, Zhao MM, Sun BM, Xing HJ. Expression of c-Met protein in gastrointestinal tumors: Recent research progress. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2013; 21:3230-3235. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v21.i30.3230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a close relationship between HGF/c-Met and many human cancers. The activation and overexpression of HGF/c-Met can cause the growth, invasion and metastasis of breast cancer, ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, lung cancer, and digestive system tumors. Since c-Met plays an important role in the growth and metastasis of tumors, targeting the HGF/c-Met pathway has become a hotspot for anti-cancer research. Currently, there have been many reports about c-Met expression in digestive tumors. In this paper we try to elaborate the latest progress in research related to c-Met expression in digestive tumors, with an aim to help clinicians gain a systematic understanding of this issue.
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