1
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Sheikhnia F, Maghsoudi H, Majidinia M. The Critical Function of microRNAs in Developing Resistance against 5- Fluorouracil in Cancer Cells. Mini Rev Med Chem 2024; 24:601-617. [PMID: 37642002 DOI: 10.2174/1389557523666230825144150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Although there have been significant advancements in cancer treatment, resistance and recurrence in patients make it one of the leading causes of death worldwide. 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), an antimetabolite agent, is widely used in treating a broad range of human malignancies. The cytotoxic effects of 5-FU are mediated by the inhibition of thymidylate synthase (TYMS/TS), resulting in the suppression of essential biosynthetic activity, as well as the misincorporation of its metabolites into RNA and DNA. Despite its huge benefits in cancer therapy, the application of 5-FU in the clinic is restricted due to the occurrence of drug resistance. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNAs that act as negative regulators in many gene expression processes. Research has shown that changes in miRNA play a role in cancer progression and drug resistance. This review examines the role of miRNAs in 5-FU drug resistance in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Sheikhnia
- Student Research Committee, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Hossein Maghsoudi
- Student Research Committee, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Maryam Majidinia
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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2
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Piccinno E, Scalavino V, Armentano R, Giannelli G, Serino G. miR-195-5p as Regulator of γ-Catenin and Desmosome Junctions in Colorectal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17084. [PMID: 38069408 PMCID: PMC10707010 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242317084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Desmosomes play a key role in the regulation of cell adhesion and signaling. Dysregulation of the desmosome complex is associated with the loss of epithelial cell polarity and disorganized tissue architecture typical of colorectal cancer (CRC). The aim of this study was to investigate and characterize the effect of miR-195-5p on desmosomal junction regulation in CRC. In detail, we proposed to investigate the deregulation of miR-195-5p and JUP, a gene target that encodes a desmosome component in CRC patients. JUP closely interacts with desmosomal cadherins, and downstream, it regulates several intracellular transduction factors. We restored the miR-195-5p levels by transient transfection in colonic epithelial cells to examine the effects of miR-195-5p on JUP mRNA and protein expression. The JUP regulation by miR-195-5p, in turn, determined a modulation of desmosome cadherins (Desmoglein 2 and Desmocollin 2). Furthermore, we focused on whether the miR-195-5p gain of function was also able to modulate the expression of key components of Wnt signaling, such as NLK, LEF1 and Cyclin D1. In conclusion, we have identified a novel mechanism controlled by miR-195-5p in the regulation of adhesive junctions, suggesting its potential clinical relevance for future miRNA-based therapy in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Grazia Serino
- National Institute of Gastroenterology S. De Bellis, IRCCS Research Hospital, Via Turi 27, 70013 Castellana Grotte, BA, Italy; (E.P.); (V.S.); (R.A.); (G.G.)
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3
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Ebrahimi A, Bakhshaei Shahrebabaki P, Fouladi H, Mansoori Derakhshan S. The impact of microRNAs on the resistance of breast cancer subtypes to chemotherapy. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 249:154702. [PMID: 37562283 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) formation is primarily influenced by genetics, epigenetics and environmental factors. Aberrant Genetics and epigenetics leads to a condition known as heterogeneity. The heterogeneity of BC can be divided into several subtypes. Among the epigenetic factors, microRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to play a crucial role in the development and progression of malignancies. These small non-coding RNAs regulate gene expression through a variety of mechanisms, resulting in either mRNA degradation or translation repression. As miRNAs directly control many proteins, genetic anomalies affect tumor metastasis, apoptosis, proliferation, and cell transportation. Consequently, miRNA dysregulations contribute not only in cancer development but also in invasiveness, proliferation rate and more importantly, drug response. Findings mostly indicate subtype-specified identical miRNA profile in BC. Among the BC subtypes, TNBC, HER2 + and luminal are the most resistant to therapy, respectively. Therapy resistance is greatly associated with miRNA expression profile. Hence, concentration of miRNA is the first marker of its role in chemotherapy response. Overexpressed miRNAs may disrupt drug efflux transporters and decrease the drug accumulation in cell. While down-regulated miRNAs which mediate drug resistance processes are mostly correlated with poor treatment response. Moreover, other mechanisms in which miRNAs play crucial roles in chemoresistance such as cell receptor mediations, dysregulation by environmental factors, DNA defects, etc. Recently, several miRNA-based treatments have shown promising results in cancer treatment. Inhibition of up-regulated miRNAs is one of these therapeutic approaches whilst transfecting cell with down-regulated miRNAs also show promising results. Moreover, drug-resistance could also be determined while in the pre-treatment phase via expression levels of miRNAs. Therefore, miRNAs provide intriguing insights and challenges in overcoming chemoresistance. In this article, we have discussed how miRNAs regulate breast cancer subtypes-specific chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Ebrahimi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Genetics, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Peyman Bakhshaei Shahrebabaki
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Ayatollah Taleghani Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadi Fouladi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Genetics, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sima Mansoori Derakhshan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Genetics, Tabriz, Iran.
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4
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Curcumin Targeting Non-Coding RNAs in Colorectal Cancer: Therapeutic and Biomarker Implications. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12101339. [PMID: 36291546 PMCID: PMC9599102 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is one of the most common gastrointestinal malignancies, with high incidence rates, a low rate of early diagnosis, and complex pathogenesis. In recent years, there has been progress made in its diagnosis and treatment methods, but tumor malignant proliferation and metastasis after treatment still seriously affect the survival and prognosis of patients. Therefore, it is an extremely urgent task of current medicine to find new anti-tumor drugs with high efficiency and safety and low toxicity. Curcumin has shown potent anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory effects and is considered a hot spot in the research and development of anti-tumor drugs due to its advantages of precise efficacy, lower toxic side effects, and less drug resistance. Recent studies have revealed that curcumin has anti-tumor effects exerted on the epigenetic regulation of tumor-promoting/tumor-suppressing gene expression through the alteration of expression levels of non-coding RNAs (e.g., lncRNAs, miRNAs, and circRNAs). Herein, we summarize the interaction between curcumin and non-coding RNAs on the occurrence and development of colorectal cancer. The information complied in this review will serve as a scientific and reliable basis and viewpoint for the clinical application of non-coding RNAs in colorectal cancer.
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5
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Sundararajan V, Burk UC, Bajdak-Rusinek K. Revisiting the miR-200 Family: A Clan of Five Siblings with Essential Roles in Development and Disease. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12060781. [PMID: 35740906 PMCID: PMC9221129 DOI: 10.3390/biom12060781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Over two decades of studies on small noncoding RNA molecules illustrate the significance of microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) in controlling multiple physiological and pathological functions through post-transcriptional and spatiotemporal gene expression. Among the plethora of miRs that are essential during animal embryonic development, in this review, we elaborate the indispensable role of the miR-200 family (comprising miR-200a, -200b, 200c, -141, and -429) in governing the cellular functions associated with epithelial homeostasis, such as epithelial differentiation and neurogenesis. Additionally, in pathological contexts, miR-200 family members are primarily involved in tumor-suppressive roles, including the reversal of the cancer-associated epithelial–mesenchymal transition dedifferentiation process, and are dysregulated during organ fibrosis. Moreover, recent eminent studies have elucidated the crucial roles of miR-200s in the pathophysiology of multiple neurodegenerative diseases and tissue fibrosis. Lastly, we summarize the key studies that have recognized the potential use of miR-200 members as biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of cancers, elaborating the application of these small biomolecules in aiding early cancer detection and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh Sundararajan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Center for Translational Medicine, Singapore 117599, Singapore;
| | - Ulrike C. Burk
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany;
| | - Karolina Bajdak-Rusinek
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-32-208-8382
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6
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Sukocheva OA, Liu J, Neganova ME, Beeraka NM, Aleksandrova YR, Manogaran P, Grigorevskikh EM, Chubarev VN, Fan R. Perspectives of using microRNA-loaded nanocarriers for epigenetic reprogramming of drug resistant colorectal cancers. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:358-375. [PMID: 35623562 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation by microRNAs (miRs) demonstrated a promising therapeutic potential of these molecules to regulate genetic activity in different cancers, including colorectal cancers (CRCs). The RNA-based therapy does not change genetic codes in tumor cells but can silence oncogenes and/or reactivate inhibited tumor suppressor genes. In many cancers, specific miRs were shown to promote or stop tumor progression. Among confirmed and powerful epigenetic regulators of colon carcinogenesis and development of resistance are onco-miRs, which include let-7, miR-21, miR-22, miR-23a, miR-27a, miR-34, miR-92, miR-96, miR-125b, miR-135b, miR-182, miR-200c, miR-203, miR-221, miR-421, miR-451, and others. Moreover, various tumor-suppressor miRs (miR-15b-5b, miR-18a, miR-20b, miR-22, miR-96, miR-139-5p, miR-145, miR-149, miR-197, miR-199b, miR-203, miR-214, miR-218, miR-320, miR-375-3p, miR-409-3p, miR-450b-5p, miR-494, miR-577, miR-874, and others) were found silenced in drug-resistant CRCs. Re-expression of tumor suppressor miR is complicated by the chemical nature of miRs that are not long-lasting compounds and require protection from the enzymatic degradation. Several recent studies explored application of miRs using nanocarrier complexes. This study critically describes the most successfully tested nanoparticle complexes used for intracellular delivery of nuclear acids and miRs, including micelles, liposomes, inorganic and polymeric NPs, dendrimers, and aptamers. Nanocarriers shield incorporated miRs and improve the agent stability in circulation. Attachment of antibodies and/or specific peptide or ligands facilitates cell-targeted miR delivery. Addressing in vivo challenges, a broad spectrum of non-toxic materials has been tested and indicated reliable advantages of lipid-based (lipoplexes) and polymer-based liposomes. Recent cutting-edge developments indicated that lipid-based complexes with multiple cargo, including several miRs, are the most effective approach to eradicate drug-resistant tumors. Focusing on CRC-specific miRs, this review provides a guidance and insights towards the most promising direction to achieve dramatic reduction in tumor growth and metastasis using miR-nanocarrier complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Sukocheva
- Cancer Center and Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshedong Str., Zhengzhou, 450052, China; The National Centre for Neuroimmunology and Emerging Diseases, Menzies Health Institute, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia; Discipline of Health Sciences, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, 5042, Australia.
| | - Junqi Liu
- Cancer Center and Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshedong Str., Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Margarita E Neganova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1, Severnii pr., Chernogolovka, 142432, Russia
| | - Narasimha M Beeraka
- Discipline of Health Sciences, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, 5042, Australia; Department of Human Anatomy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8/2 Trubetskaya Street, Moscow, 119991, Russia; Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSS AHER), JSS Medical College, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Yulia R Aleksandrova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1, Severnii pr., Chernogolovka, 142432, Russia
| | - Prasath Manogaran
- Translational Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641046, India
| | - Ekaterina M Grigorevskikh
- Department of Human Anatomy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8/2 Trubetskaya Street, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Vladimir N Chubarev
- Department of Human Anatomy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8/2 Trubetskaya Street, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Ruitai Fan
- Cancer Center and Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshedong Str., Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
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7
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MicroRNAs and drug resistance in colorectal cancer with special focus on 5-fluorouracil. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:5165-5178. [PMID: 35212928 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07227-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is globally one of the most common cancers in all age groups. The current chemotherapy combinations for colorectal cancer treatment include 5-fluorouracil-based regimens; however, drug resistance remains one of the main reasons for chemotherapy failure and disease recurrence. Many studies have determined colorectal cancer chemoresistance mechanisms such as drug efflux, cell cycle arrest, DNA damage repair, apoptosis, autophagy, vital enzymes, epigenetic, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, stem cells, and immune system suppression. Several microRNAs affect drug resistance by regulating the drug resistance-related target genes in colorectal cancer. These drug resistance-related miRNAs may be used as promising biomarkers for predicting drug response or as potential therapeutic targets for treating patients with colorectal cancer. This work reviews and discuss the role of selected microRNAs in 5-fluorouracil resistance and their molecular mechanisms in colorectal cancer.
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8
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Olabayo Olatubosun M, Abubakar MB, Batiha GES, Malami I, Ibrahim KG, Abubakar B, Bello MB, Alexiou A, Imam MU. LncRNA SNHG15: A potential therapeutic target in the treatment of colorectal cancer. Chem Biol Drug Des 2022; 101:1138-1150. [PMID: 35191201 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The global burden of colorectal cancer (CRC) is increasing annually. CRC could develop from genetic and phenotypic factors involving changes in gene expression. Incredibly, the human genome transcribes into non-coding RNAs, among which long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) signify the most crucial part of the transcriptome in multicellular organisms. lncRNAs affect gene expression at multiple levels, from transcription to protein localization and stability. Recent studies have implicated lncRNA small nucleolar RNA host gene 15 (SNHG15) in cancers occurrence and progression. Previously, an indication suggests SNHG15 overexpression triggers proliferation, metastasis, and impedes apoptosis in CRC. Further, through its activity of binding micro-RNAs, lncRNA SNHG15 modulates genes associated with CRC progression and promotes CRC resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. Here we reviewed recent findings on the various mechanisms and roles of lncRNA SNHG15 implicated in CRC tumorigenesis. We further highlight how SNHG15 plays a vital role in regulating critical pathways linked to the development and progression of CRC. Finally, we highlight how SNHG15 can be modulated for CRC treatments and the various therapeutic strategies to be implored when targeting SNHG15 in the context of CRC treatments. Findings from these studies present SNHG15 as a potential therapeutic target for preventing and treating CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutolib Olabayo Olatubosun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, P.M.B 2346, Sokoto, Nigeria.,Centre for Advanced Medical Research and Training, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, P.M.B. 2346, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Murtala Bello Abubakar
- Centre for Advanced Medical Research and Training, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, P.M.B. 2346, Sokoto, Nigeria.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, P.M.B, 2254, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim Malami
- Centre for Advanced Medical Research and Training, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, P.M.B. 2346, Sokoto, Nigeria.,Department of Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, P.M.B 2346, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Kasimu Ghandi Ibrahim
- Centre for Advanced Medical Research and Training, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, P.M.B. 2346, Sokoto, Nigeria.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, P.M.B, 2254, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Bilyaminu Abubakar
- Centre for Advanced Medical Research and Training, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, P.M.B. 2346, Sokoto, Nigeria.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, P.M.B 2346, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Muhammad Bashir Bello
- Centre for Advanced Medical Research and Training, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, P.M.B. 2346, Sokoto, Nigeria.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, P.M.B. 2346, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, Australia.,AFNP Med Austria, Wien, Austria
| | - Mustapha Umar Imam
- Centre for Advanced Medical Research and Training, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, P.M.B. 2346, Sokoto, Nigeria.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, P.M.B, 2254, Sokoto, Nigeria
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9
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Safaei S, Amini M, Najjary S, Mokhtarzadeh A, Bolandi N, Saeedi H, Alizadeh N, Javadrashid D, Baradaran B. miR-200c increases the sensitivity of breast cancer cells to Doxorubicin through downregulating MDR1 gene. Exp Mol Pathol 2022; 125:104753. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2022.104753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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10
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Dashti F, Mirazimi SMA, Rabiei N, Fathazam R, Rabiei N, Piroozmand H, Vosough M, Rahimian N, Hamblin MR, Mirzaei H. The role of non-coding RNAs in chemotherapy for gastrointestinal cancers. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2021; 26:892-926. [PMID: 34760336 PMCID: PMC8551789 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, including colorectal, gastric, hepatic, esophageal, and pancreatic tumors, are responsible for large numbers of deaths around the world. Chemotherapy is the most common approach used to treat advanced GI cancer. However, chemoresistance has emerged as a critical challenge that prevents successful tumor elimination, leading to metastasis and recurrence. Chemoresistance mechanisms are complex, and many factors and pathways are involved. Among these factors, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are critical regulators of GI tumor development and subsequently can induce resistance to chemotherapy. This occurs because ncRNAs can target multiple signaling pathways, affect downstream genes, and modulate proliferation, apoptosis, tumor cell migration, and autophagy. ncRNAs can also induce cancer stem cell features and affect the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Thus, ncRNAs could possibly act as new targets in chemotherapy combinations to treat GI cancer and to predict treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Dashti
- School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Ali Mirazimi
- School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Nikta Rabiei
- School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Reza Fathazam
- School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Negin Rabiei
- School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Haleh Piroozmand
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Massoud Vosough
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Neda Rahimian
- Endocrine Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
- Radiation Biology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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11
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Ghafouri-Fard S, Abak A, Tondro Anamag F, Shoorei H, Fattahi F, Javadinia SA, Basiri A, Taheri M. 5-Fluorouracil: A Narrative Review on the Role of Regulatory Mechanisms in Driving Resistance to This Chemotherapeutic Agent. Front Oncol 2021; 11:658636. [PMID: 33954114 PMCID: PMC8092118 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.658636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is among the mostly administrated chemotherapeutic agents for a wide variety of neoplasms. Non-coding RNAs have a central impact on the determination of the response of patients to 5-FU. These transcripts via modulation of cancer-related pathways, cell apoptosis, autophagy, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and other aspects of cell behavior can affect cell response to 5-FU. Modulation of expression levels of microRNAs or long non-coding RNAs may be a suitable approach to sensitize tumor cells to 5-FU treatment via modulating multiple biological signaling pathways such as Hippo/YAP, Wnt/β-catenin, Hedgehog, NF-kB, and Notch cascades. Moreover, there is an increasing interest in targeting these transcripts in various kinds of cancers that are treated by 5-FU. In the present article, we provide a review of the function of non-coding transcripts in the modulation of response of neoplastic cells to 5-FU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Dental Research Center, Research Institute for Dental Sciences, Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atefe Abak
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Hamed Shoorei
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Faranak Fattahi
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Seyed Alireza Javadinia
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Abbas Basiri
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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12
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MicroRNA-Based Therapeutics for Drug-Resistant Colorectal Cancer. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14020136. [PMID: 33567635 PMCID: PMC7915952 DOI: 10.3390/ph14020136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although therapeutic approaches for patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) have improved in the past decades, the problem of drug resistance still persists and acts as a major obstacle for effective therapy. Many studies have shown that drug resistance is related to reduced drug uptake, modification of drug targets, and/or transformation of cell cycle checkpoints. A growing body of evidence indicates that several microRNAs (miRNAs) may contribute to the drug resistance to chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy by regulating the drug resistance-related target genes in CRC. These drug resistance-related miRNAs may be used as promising biomarkers for predicting drug response or as potential therapeutic targets for treating patients with CRC. In this review, we summarized the recent discoveries regarding anti-cancer drug-related miRNAs and their molecular mechanisms in CRC. Furthermore, we discussed the challenges associated with the clinical application of miRNAs as biomarkers for the diagnosis of drug-resistant patients and as therapeutic targets for CRC treatment.
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13
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Angius A, Scanu AM, Arru C, Muroni MR, Rallo V, Deiana G, Ninniri MC, Carru C, Porcu A, Pira G, Uva P, Cossu-Rocca P, De Miglio MR. Portrait of Cancer Stem Cells on Colorectal Cancer: Molecular Biomarkers, Signaling Pathways and miRNAome. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1603. [PMID: 33562604 PMCID: PMC7915330 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer death worldwide, and about 20% is metastatic at diagnosis and untreatable. Increasing evidence suggests that the heterogeneous nature of CRC is related to colorectal cancer stem cells (CCSCs), a small cells population with stemness behaviors and responsible for tumor progression, recurrence, and therapy resistance. Growing knowledge of stem cells (SCs) biology has rapidly improved uncovering the molecular mechanisms and possible crosstalk/feedback loops between signaling pathways that directly influence intestinal homeostasis and tumorigenesis. The generation of CCSCs is probably connected to genetic changes in members of signaling pathways, which control self-renewal and pluripotency in SCs and then establish function and phenotype of CCSCs. Particularly, various deregulated CCSC-related miRNAs have been reported to modulate stemness features, controlling CCSCs functions such as regulation of cell cycle genes expression, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, metastasization, and drug-resistance mechanisms. Primarily, CCSC-related miRNAs work by regulating mainly signal pathways known to be involved in CCSCs biology. This review intends to summarize the epigenetic findings linked to miRNAome in the maintenance and regulation of CCSCs, including their relationships with different signaling pathways, which should help to identify specific diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers for CRC, but also develop innovative CCSCs-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Angius
- Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research (IRGB), CNR, Cittadella Universitaria di Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy;
| | - Antonio Mario Scanu
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Via P. Manzella, 4, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.M.S.); (M.R.M.); (G.D.); (M.C.N.); (A.P.); (P.C.-R.)
| | - Caterina Arru
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (C.A.); (C.C.); (G.P.)
| | - Maria Rosaria Muroni
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Via P. Manzella, 4, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.M.S.); (M.R.M.); (G.D.); (M.C.N.); (A.P.); (P.C.-R.)
| | - Vincenzo Rallo
- Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research (IRGB), CNR, Cittadella Universitaria di Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy;
| | - Giulia Deiana
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Via P. Manzella, 4, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.M.S.); (M.R.M.); (G.D.); (M.C.N.); (A.P.); (P.C.-R.)
| | - Maria Chiara Ninniri
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Via P. Manzella, 4, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.M.S.); (M.R.M.); (G.D.); (M.C.N.); (A.P.); (P.C.-R.)
| | - Ciriaco Carru
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (C.A.); (C.C.); (G.P.)
| | - Alberto Porcu
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Via P. Manzella, 4, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.M.S.); (M.R.M.); (G.D.); (M.C.N.); (A.P.); (P.C.-R.)
| | - Giovanna Pira
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (C.A.); (C.C.); (G.P.)
| | - Paolo Uva
- IRCCS G. Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Paolo Cossu-Rocca
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Via P. Manzella, 4, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.M.S.); (M.R.M.); (G.D.); (M.C.N.); (A.P.); (P.C.-R.)
- Department of Diagnostic Services, “Giovanni Paolo II” Hospital, ASSL Olbia-ATS Sardegna, 07026 Olbia, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria De Miglio
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Via P. Manzella, 4, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.M.S.); (M.R.M.); (G.D.); (M.C.N.); (A.P.); (P.C.-R.)
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Zhang N, Hu X, Du Y, Du J. The role of miRNAs in colorectal cancer progression and chemoradiotherapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 134:111099. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Duan L, Yang W, Feng W, Cao L, Wang X, Niu L, Li Y, Zhou W, Zhang Y, Liu J, Zhang H, Zhao Q, Hong L, Fan D. Molecular mechanisms and clinical implications of miRNAs in drug resistance of colorectal cancer. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2020; 12:1758835920947342. [PMID: 32922521 PMCID: PMC7450467 DOI: 10.1177/1758835920947342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic chemotherapy is identified as a curative approach to prolong the survival time of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). Although great progress in therapeutic approaches has been achieved during the last decades, drug resistance still extensively persists and serves as a major hurdle to effective anticancer therapy for CRC. The mechanism of multidrug resistance remains unclear. Recently, mounting evidence suggests that a great number of microRNAs (miRNAs) may contribute to drug resistance in CRC. Certain of these miRNAs may thus be used as promising biomarkers for predicting drug response to chemotherapy or serve as potential targets to develop personalized therapy for patients with CRC. This review mainly summarizes recent advances in miRNAs and the molecular mechanisms underlying miRNA-mediated chemoresistance in CRC. We also discuss the potential role of drug resistance-related miRNAs as potential biomarkers (diagnostic and prognostic value) and envisage the future orientation and challenges in translating the findings on miRNA-mediated chemoresistance of CRC into clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wanli Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Weibo Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lu Cao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaoqian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Liaoran Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yiding Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jinqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qingchuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Liu Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Daiming Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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16
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Rashidi G, Rezaeepoor M, Mohammadi C, Solgi G, Najafi R. Inhibition of semaphorin 4D enhances chemosensitivity by increasing 5-fluorouracile-induced apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:7017-7027. [PMID: 32888127 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05761-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of semaphorin 4D (SEMA4D), an immune semaphorin, is found in various human malignancies, including colorectal cancer (CRC). In this study, we explored the relationship between silencing SEMA4D expression and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) response in the colorectal cancer cell line. SW48 cells were transfected with a short interfering RNA (siRNA) in order to silence SEMA4D gene expression and then exposed to 5-FU for 48 h. The down-regulation of SEMA4D expression was confirmed by qRT-PCR and the particular concentration of 5-FU was acquired using MTT assay. Flow cytometry and western blot were used to evaluate apoptosis rate and pro- and anti-apoptotic expression levels of proteins involved in apoptosis including Bax, Bcl-2, P53, and caspase-3. Other oncogenic activities including epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process, cancer stem cell (CSC) markers, and β-catenin pathway were investigated using qRT-PCR, and western blot. The proliferation was analyzed via colony formation test and cell invasion was assessed by transwell assay. Our data demonstrate that SEMA4D silencing results in strikingly elevated apoptosis in response to 5-FU treatment and leads to down-regulation of Bcl-2 and overexpression of Bax, P53, and caspase-3 in protein levels. Furthermore, the mRNA and protein expression levels of β-catenin, as well as transcript expressions of CSCs and EMT markers, were remarkably diminished. However, mRNA expression of E-cadherin as an epithelial marker was significantly increased in 5-FU treatment combined with siRNA SEMA4D. This study implicates that the silencing of SEMA4D by siRNA promotes the chemosensitivity of SW48 cells to 5-FU and it may be a potential therapeutic agent for colon cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golnaz Rashidi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mahsa Rezaeepoor
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Chiman Mohammadi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ghasem Solgi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Rezvan Najafi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. .,Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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Saberinia A, Alinezhad A, Jafari F, Soltany S, Akhavan Sigari R. Oncogenic miRNAs and target therapies in colorectal cancer. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 508:77-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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18
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Mahawongkajit P, Tomtitchong P. Expression of miRNA in 5-FU resistant esophageal cancer. Mol Clin Oncol 2020; 13:221-227. [PMID: 32714549 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2020.2070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluoropyrimidine plus platinum (FP) are chemotherapeutic drugs that are most frequently used to treat esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). However, drug resistance often occurs, and the mechanisms of resistance to 5-FU is yet to be determined. The role of micro (mi)RNAs has been well established in a variety of human cancers. The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression profile of ESCC, revealing the differential expression between ESCC and 5-FU resistant ESCC. The establishment of a 5-FU resistant (5-FUR) cell lines model provides a way of analyzing the expression of miRNAs in drug resistance. The miRNA expression indicated 50 miRNAs that were upregulated in TE10-5-FUR compared with TE10, while 119 miRNAs were downregulated. The TE11-5-FUR demonstrated 140 miRNAs were upregulated compared with TE11, which exhibited 12 downregulated miRNAs. Both cell lines share the 2 candidate upregulated miRNAs (miR-146a and miR-483-5p) and 5 downregulated miRNAs (miR-34a, miR-141, miR-200b, miR-200c and miR-205). Further studies are required to analyze and evaluate the function of the miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasit Mahawongkajit
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Amphur Klongluang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Prakitpunthu Tomtitchong
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Amphur Klongluang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
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Kozak J, Jonak K, Maciejewski R. The function of miR-200 family in oxidative stress response evoked in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 125:110037. [PMID: 32187964 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the beginning of the discovery of microRNAs (miRs), these molecules have attracted highly progressive attention due to their powerful regulatory roles in a broad spectrum of biological processes, including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and carcinogenesis. With regard to carcinogenesis, the miRs regulatory potency has been associated with cancer onset, progression, metastasis, diagnosis and therapeutic response. In this review we discuss the impact of miR-200 family on drug resistance development during anti-cancer therapy. Developing resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs as well as radiotherapy are major clinical obstacles in the successful therapeutic strategies to cancer treatment. Acquired cancer chemoresistance is a multifactorial phenomenon involving such factors as tumor type, tumor stage, cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level or ROS-responsive miRs profile. ROS level could influence the miRs expression level, which changes the cellular profile of the content of miRs. Such significant changes in the cellular miRs profile generate subsequent biological effects through the regulation of their target genes. This review outlines the interactions between ROS and miR-200 family in different kinds of cancers in response to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kozak
- Department of Normal Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Jonak
- Interfaculty Centre for Didactics, Department of Foreign Languages, Medical University of Lublin, 20-081 Lublin, Poland
| | - Ryszard Maciejewski
- Department of Normal Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
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20
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Tan BL, Norhaizan ME. Curcumin Combination Chemotherapy: The Implication and Efficacy in Cancer. Molecules 2019; 24:E2527. [PMID: 31295906 PMCID: PMC6680685 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24142527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Many chemotherapeutic drugs have been used for the treatment of cancer, for instance, doxorubicin, irinotecan, 5-fluorouracil, cisplatin, and paclitaxel. However, the effectiveness of chemotherapy is limited in cancer therapy due to drug resistance, therapeutic selectivity, and undesirable side effects. The combination of therapies with natural compounds is likely to increase the effectiveness of drug treatment as well as reduce the adverse outcomes. Curcumin, a polyphenolic isolated from Curcuma longa, belongs to the rhizome of Zingiberaceae plants. Studies from in vitro and in vivo revealed that curcumin exerts many pharmacological activities with less toxic effects. The biological mechanisms underlying the anticancer activity of co-treatment curcumin and chemotherapy are complex and worth to discuss further. Therefore, this review aimed to address the molecular mechanisms of combined curcumin and chemotherapy in the treatment of cancer. The anticancer activity of combined nanoformulation of curcumin and chemotherapy was also discussed in this study. Taken together, a better understanding of the implication and underlying mechanisms of action of combined curcumin and chemotherapy may provide a useful approach to combat cancer diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bee Ling Tan
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Esa Norhaizan
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Research Centre of Excellent, Nutrition and Non-Communicable Diseases (NNCD), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
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21
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Karimi Dermani F, Najafi R. miR-200c as a Predictive Biomarker for 5-Fluorouracil Chemosensitivity in Colorectal Cancer. J Gastrointest Cancer 2019; 49:102-103. [PMID: 29218654 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-017-0038-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Karimi Dermani
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Rezvan Najafi
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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Ghasabi M, Majidi J, Mansoori B, Mohammadi A, Shomali N, Shirafkan N, Baghbani E, Kazemi T, Baradaran B. The effect of combined miR‐200c replacement and cisplatin on apoptosis induction and inhibition of gastric cancer cell line migration. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:22581-22592. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehri Ghasabi
- Immunology Research Center TabrizUniversity of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Jafar Majidi
- Immunology Research Center TabrizUniversity of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Behzad Mansoori
- Immunology Research Center TabrizUniversity of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine University of Southern Denmark Odense Denmark
- Student Research Committee Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Ali Mohammadi
- Aging Research Institute, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Research Center Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Navid Shomali
- Immunology Research Center TabrizUniversity of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Naghmeh Shirafkan
- Immunology Research Center TabrizUniversity of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Elham Baghbani
- Immunology Research Center TabrizUniversity of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Tohid Kazemi
- Immunology Research Center TabrizUniversity of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center TabrizUniversity of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
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Tang XJ, Wang W, Hann SS. Interactions among lncRNAs, miRNAs and mRNA in colorectal cancer. Biochimie 2019; 163:58-72. [PMID: 31082429 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are longer than 200 nts non-coding transcripts and have recently emerged as one of the largest and significantly diverse RNA families whereas microRNAs (miRNAs) are highly conserved short single-stranded ncRNAs (∼18-22 nucleotides). As families of small and long evolutionarily conserved ncRNAs, lncRNAs activate and repress genes via a variety of mechanisms at both transcriptional and translational levels, while miRNAs regulate protein-coding gene expression mainly through mRNA degradation or silencing, These ncRNAs have been proved to be involved in multiple biological functions, such as proliferation, differentiation, migration, angiogenesis and apoptosis. Today, while majority of studies have focused on defining the regulatory functions of lncRNAs and miRNAs, limited information have now available for the mutual regulations of lncRNAs, miRNAs and mRNA. Thus, the underlying molecular mechanisms, in particularly the interactions among lncRNAs, miRNAs and mRNA in development, growth, metastasis and therapeutic potential of cancer still remain obscure. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is known as the third most common and fourth leading cancer death worldwide. Increasing evidence showed the close correlations among aberrant expressions of lncRNAs, miRNAs and the occurrence, development of CRC. This review summarize the potential links among these RNAs in following three areas: 1, The biogenesis and roles of miRNAs in CRC; 2, The biogenesis and functions of lncRNAs in CRC; 3, The interactions among lncRNAs, miRNAs and mRNA in tumorigensis, growth, progression, EMT formation, chemoradiotherapy resistance, and therapeutic potential in CRC. We believe that identifying diverging lncRNAs, miRNAs and relevant genes, their interactions and complex molecular regulatory networks will provide important clues for understanding the mechanism and developing novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for CRC. Further efforts are warranted to bring the promise of regulating their activities into clinical utilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Juan Tang
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, The Second Clinical Collage of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510120, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Clinical Collage of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510120, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, The Second Clinical Collage of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510120, China.
| | - Swei Sunny Hann
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, The Second Clinical Collage of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510120, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, The Second Clinical Collage of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510120, China.
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Li L, Jones K, Mei H. Doublecotin-Like Kinase 1 Increases Chemoresistance of Colorectal Cancer Cells through the Anti-Apoptosis Pathway. JOURNAL OF STEM CELL RESEARCH & THERAPY 2019; 9. [PMID: 31372308 DOI: 10.4172/2157-7633.1000447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Colorectal Cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer diagnosed and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States. Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) are believed to be the primary reason for the recurrence of CRC. Specific stem cell marker, doublecortin-like kinase 1 (DCLK1) plays critical roles in the tumorigenesis and progression of CRC. Up-regulation of DCLK1 is correlated with poor prognosis. Whether DCLK1 is correlated with enhanced chemoresistance of CRC cells is unclear. We aim to reveal the association of DCLK1 with chemoresistance of CRC cells and the underlying molecular mechanisms. Methods Stable DCLK1 over-expression cells (DCLK1+) were established using the HCT116 cells (WT). DCLK1+ and WT cells were treated with 5-Fluorouracil (5-Fu) at different doses for 24 or 48 hours. MTT assay was used to evaluate cell viability and IC50 of 5-Fu was determined. Quantitative real-time PCR was applied to determine the gene expression of caspase-3 (casp-3), casp-4, and casp-10. Cleaved casp-3 expression was investigated using Western blot and immunofluorescence. Results Our results demonstrated that IC50 of 5-Fu for the DCLK1+ cells was significantly higher than that of the WT cells for both 24 and 48-hour treatment (p=0.002 and 0.048 respectively), indicating increased chemoresistance of the DCLK1+ cells. Gene expression of casp-3, casp-4, and casp-10 were significantly inhibited in the DCLK1+ cells after 5-Fu treatment compared to the WT cells (p=7.616e-08, 1.575e-05 and 5.307e-08, respectively). Cleaved casp-3 amount and casp-3 positive cells were significantly decreased in the DCLK1+ cells after 5-Fu treatment compared to the WT cells (p=0.015). Conclusions In conclusion, our results demonstrated that DCLK1 overexpression enhanced the chemoresistance of CRC cells to 5-Fu treatment by suppressing gene expression of key caspases in the apoptosis pathway and activation of the apoptosis pathway. DCLK1 can be an intriguing therapeutic target for the effective treatment of CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianna Li
- Biology Department, Tougaloo College, Tougaloo, USA
| | - Kierra Jones
- Biology Department, Tougaloo College, Tougaloo, USA
| | - Hao Mei
- Department of Data Science, University of Mississippi Medical Center, USA
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Ahmadyousefi Y, Malih S, Mirzaee Y, Saidijam M. Nucleic acid aptamers in diagnosis of colorectal cancer. Biochimie 2018; 156:1-11. [PMID: 30244135 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acid aptamers are promising recognition ligands for diagnostic applications. They are short DNA or RNA molecules isolated from large random libraries through the Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential enrichment (SELEX) procedure. These molecules, with a particular three-dimensional shape, bind to a wide range of targets from small molecules to whole cells with high affinity and specificity. The unique properties of nucleic acid aptamers including high binding affinity and specificity, thermostability, ease of chemical production, ease of chemical modification, target adaptability, simple storage, resistance to denaturation, low immunogenicity, and low cost make them potential diagnostic tools for clinical use. Colorectal cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in humans and the third leading cause of cancer deaths in the world. Due to low response rate to current therapies in advanced stages of the disease, early detection of CRC can be useful in disease management. This review highlights recent advances in the development of nucleic acid aptamer-based methods for diagnosis, prognosis, and theranosis of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaghoub Ahmadyousefi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Sara Malih
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Younes Mirzaee
- Research Deputy of Jahad-e-Daneshgahi Institute, Ilam Branch, Ilam, Iran.
| | - Massoud Saidijam
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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BMI1 Roles in Cancer Stem Cells and Its Association with MicroRNAs Dysregulation in Cancer: Emphasis on Colorectal Cancer. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER MANAGEMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.5812/ijcm.82926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Karimi Mazraehshah M, Tavangar SM, Saidijam M, Amini R, Bahreini F, Karimi Dermani F, Najafi R. Anticancer effects of miR-200c in colorectal cancer through BMI1. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:10005-10012. [PMID: 30171714 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most leading cancer deaths throughout the world. MiR-200c has been shown to have a critical role in cancer initiation and progression. In this study, we investigated the miR-200c expression in CRC tissues and its effects on CRC cell lines which were mediated by polycomb complex protein (BMI1). Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (QRT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry were used to detect miR-200c and BMI1 expression in tumor tissues from 38 patients with CRC and 38 normal colon tissues. HCT-116 and SW-48 cells were transfected by locked nucleic acid (LNA)-anti-miR-200c. Western blot analysis and real-time PCR were applied to determine the BMI1 protein and microRNA (miRNA) levels. The apoptosis was analyzed via annexin/propidium iodide staining, and cell invasion was evaluated by transwell assay. MiR-200c was markedly downregulated in CRC tissues, whereas the protein expression of BMI1 in CRC tissues was upregulated compared with normal colon tissues. In the colon cancer cell lines, transfection of LNA-anti-miR-200c increased BMI1 gene and protein expression as well as the cell invasion. Downregulation of miR-200c by LNA decreased the apoptotic cells. The results from this study revealed that miR-200c may have antitumor effects through inhibition of BMI1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seyed Mohammad Tavangar
- Department of Pathology, Dr. Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Massoud Saidijam
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Razieh Amini
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Bahreini
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Karimi Dermani
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Rezvan Najafi
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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28
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Dermani FK, Amini R, Saidijam M, Pourjafar M, Saki S, Najafi R. Zerumbone inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cancer stem cells properties by inhibiting the β-catenin pathway through miR-200c. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:9538-9547. [PMID: 29943808 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most lethal and rampant human malignancies in the world. Zerumbone, a sesquiterpene isolated from subtropical ginger, has been found to exhibit an antitumor effect in various cancer types. However, the effect of Zerumbone on the biological properties of CRC, including epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer stem cells (CSCs) has not been fully elucidated. Here, we investigated the inhibitory action of Zerumbone on the EMT process, CSC markers, and the β-catenin signaling pathway in the presence or absence of miR-200c. The effect of Zerumbone on HCT-116 and SW-48 cells viability was examined by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. The effects of Zerumbone on EMT-related genes, CSCs markers, cell migration, invasion, sphere-forming, and β-catenin signaling pathway were explored. To evaluate the role of miR-200c in anticancer effects by Zerumbone, miR-200c was downregulated by LNA-anti-miR-200c. Zerumbone significantly inhibited cell viability, migration, invasion, and sphere-forming potential in HCT-116 and SW-48 cell lines. Zerumbone significantly suppressed the EMT and CSC properties as well as downregulated the β-catenin. Silencing of miR200c reduced the inhibitory effects of Zerumbone on EMT and CSCs in CRC cells. These data indicated that Zerumbone may be a promising candidate for reducing the risk of CRC progression by suppressing the β-catenin pathway via miR-200c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Karimi Dermani
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Razieh Amini
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Massoud Saidijam
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mona Pourjafar
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Sahar Saki
- Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Rezvan Najafi
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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29
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Tanzadehpanah H, Mahaki H, Moradi M, Afshar S, Rajabi O, Najafi R, Amini R, Saidijam M. Human serum albumin binding and synergistic effects of gefitinib in combination with regorafenib on colorectal cancer cell lines. COLORECTAL CANCER 2018. [DOI: 10.2217/crc-2017-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the combination effect of gefitinib (GEF) and regorafenib (REG) against HCT116, CT26 and SW948 colorectal cancer cell lines. Results showed synergistic effects on HCT116 and CT26 cells, while the additive effect was observed on SW948 cells. Combination of GEF and REG induced sub-G1 peak as the apoptotic population on HCT116 cells, through flow cytometry histogram. Downregulation of AKT1 and TGFB2 and upregulation of CASP3 were observed in the combination of GEF and REG in HCT116 cells, using quantitative real-time PCR analysis. HSA binding properties exhibit that the first drug increased binding affinity between the second drug and HSA; as a result, HSA could transport both drugs. Thus, we hope this study creates a promising strategy to treat colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Tanzadehpanah
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Hanie Mahaki
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Moradi
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Saeid Afshar
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Omid Rajabi
- Medical Chemistry Department, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Rezvan Najafi
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Razieh Amini
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Massoud Saidijam
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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30
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Mohammadi Y, Tavangar SM, Saidijam M, Amini R, Etemadi K, Karimi Dermani F, Najafi R. DCLK1 plays an important role in colorectal cancer tumorgenesis through the regulation of miR-200c. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 103:301-307. [PMID: 29656186 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Doublecortin-like kinase 1 (DCLK1) is a protein kinase that is known as a specific cancer stem cell (CSC) marker in colorectal cancer (CRC). Deregulation of DCLK1 expression has been reported in various cancers. We measured the protein expression of DCLK1 in 38 CRC and normal colon samples by immunohistochemistry (IHC). HCT-116 and SW-48 cells were transfected with DCLK1 siRNA and analyzed for expression of DCLK1 and miR-200c. The effects of DCLK1 knockdown on cell migration, invasion, sphere-forming, and apoptosis were explored. It was found that DCLK1 protein expression levels were significantly higher in CRC tissue than in normal colon specimens. Silencing of DCLK1 significantly inhibited cell migration, invasion, and sphere-forming potential; it also induced apoptosis as well as increased expression of miR-200c. Furthermore, silencing of miR-200c significantly up-regulated DCLK1 expression. Overall, our data demonstrated that DCLK1 plays an important role in cancer progression and is involved in the regulation of miR-200c expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasaman Mohammadi
- Research center for molecular medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Tavangar
- Department of Pathology, Dr. Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Massoud Saidijam
- Research center for molecular medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Razieh Amini
- Research center for molecular medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Katayoon Etemadi
- Research center for molecular medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Karimi Dermani
- Research center for molecular medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Rezvan Najafi
- Research center for molecular medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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31
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Karimi Dermani F, Amini R, Saidijam M, Najafi R. miR‐200c, a tumor suppressor that modulate the expression of cancer stem cells markers and epithelial‐mesenchymal transition in colorectal cancer. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:6288-6295. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fateme Karimi Dermani
- Research Center for Molecular MedicineHamadan University of Medical SciencesHamadanIran
| | - Razieh Amini
- Research Center for Molecular MedicineHamadan University of Medical SciencesHamadanIran
| | - Massoud Saidijam
- Research Center for Molecular MedicineHamadan University of Medical SciencesHamadanIran
| | - Rezvan Najafi
- Research Center for Molecular MedicineHamadan University of Medical SciencesHamadanIran
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