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Singh L, Chinnaswamy G, Meel R, Radhakrishnan V, Madan R, Kulkarni S, Sasi A, Kaur T, Dhaliwal RS, Bakhshi S. Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Genetics of Retinoblastoma: ICMR Consensus Guidelines. Indian J Pediatr 2024:10.1007/s12098-024-05085-2. [PMID: 38492167 DOI: 10.1007/s12098-024-05085-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB) is the most common intraocular tumor in childhood. It is mainly caused by mutations in both alleles of the RB1 tumor suppressor gene that is found on chromosome 13 and regulates the cell cycle. Approximately 8000 children are diagnosed with RB globally each year, with an estimated 1500 cases occurring in India. The survival rate of RB has improved to more than 90% in the developed world. Leukocoria and proptosis are the most common presenting features of RB in Asian Indian populations. Most cases of RB are diagnosed by fundus examination followed by ultrasound. The International Classification of Retinoblastoma is the most used scheme for the staging and classification of intraocular RB in India. Prenatal testing and preimplantation genetic testing for RB may be beneficial in high-risk families. Histopathologic risk factors such as massive choroidal invasion and post-laminar optic nerve help in predicting the occurrence of metastasis in children with RB, while presence of microscopic residual disease requires aggressive adjuvant treatment in eyes enucleated for group E RB. The review provides a consensus document on diagnosis and genetics of RB in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lata Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.
| | - Girish Chinnaswamy
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, India
| | - Rachna Meel
- Department of Oculoplasty and Ocular Oncology Services, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Venkatraman Radhakrishnan
- Department of Medical Oncology and Pediatric Oncology, Cancer Institute (W.I.A), Adyar, Chennai, India
| | - Renu Madan
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Suyash Kulkarni
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, India
| | - Archana Sasi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dr. B.R.A. Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Tanvir Kaur
- Division of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD Division), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), New Delhi, India
| | - R S Dhaliwal
- Division of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD Division), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), New Delhi, India
| | - Sameer Bakhshi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dr. B.R.A. Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Romani A, Zauli E, Zauli G, AlMesfer S, Al-Swailem S, Voltan R. MDM2 inhibitors-mediated disruption of mitochondrial metabolism: A novel therapeutic strategy for retinoblastoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1000677. [PMID: 36338723 PMCID: PMC9632280 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1000677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
MDM2 is the principal inhibitor of p53, and MDM2 inhibitors can disrupt the physical interaction between MDM2 and p53. The half-life of p53 is very short in normal cells and tissues, and an uncontrolled increase in p53 levels has potential harmful effects. It has been shown that p53 is frequently mutated in most cancers; however, p53 mutations are rare in retinoblastoma. Therefore, therapeutic strategies aimed at increasing the expression levels of wild-type p53 are attractive. In this minireview, we discuss the potential use of nutlin-3, the prototype small molecule inhibitor that disrupts the MDM2-p53 interaction, for the treatment of retinoblastoma. Although p53 has pleiotropic biological effects, the functions of p53 depend on its sub-cellular localization. In the nucleus, p53 induces the transcription of a vast array of genes, while in mitochondria, p53 regulates mitochondrial metabolism. This review also discusses the relative contribution of p53-mediated gene transcription and mitochondrial perturbation for retinoblastoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Romani
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences and Laboratorio per le Tecnologie delle Terapie Avanzate (LTTA) Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Enrico Zauli
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giorgio Zauli
- Research Department, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh AlMesfer
- Research Department, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samar Al-Swailem
- Research Department, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rebecca Voltan
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences and Laboratorio per le Tecnologie delle Terapie Avanzate (LTTA) Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- *Correspondence: Rebecca Voltan,
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Singh L, Atilano SR, Jager MJ, Kenney MC. Mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms and biogenesis genes in primary and metastatic uveal melanoma cell lines. Cancer Genet 2021; 256-257:91-99. [PMID: 34082186 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was designed to identify mitochondrial (mt) DNA variations in primary and metastatic uveal melanoma (UM) cell lines and their relation with cell metabolism to gain insight into metastatic progression. METHOD The entire mtDNA genomes were sequenced using Sanger sequencing from two primary UM cell lines (92.1 and MEL270) and two cell lines (OMM2.3 and OMM2.5) derived from liver metastases of the MEL270 patient. The mtDNA copy numbers determined by the ratio of nDNA versus mtDNA. qRT-PCR was used to evaluate expression levels of mitochondrial biogenesis genes. RESULTS Sequencing showed that cell line MEL270 and metastases-derived OMM2.3 and OMM2.5 cell lines had homoplasmic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) representing J1c7a haplogroup, whereas 92.1 cells had mtDNA H31a haplogroup. mtDNA copy numbers were significantly higher in primary cell lines. The metastatic UM cells showed down-regulation of POLG, TFAM, NRF-1 and SIRT1 compared to their primary MEL270 cells. PGC-1α was downregulated in 92.1 and upregulated in MEL270, OMM2.3 and OMM2.5. CONCLUSIONS Our finding suggests that within metastatic cells, the heteroplasmic SNPs, copy numbers and mitochondrial biogenesis genes are modulated differentially compared to their primary UM cells. Therefore, investigating pathogenic mtDNA variants associated with cancer metabolic susceptibility may provide future therapeutic strategies in metastatic UM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lata Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States; Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | - Shari R Atilano
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
| | - Martine J Jager
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - M Cristina Kenney
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States.
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Kim H, Komiyama T, Nitta M, Kawamura Y, Hasegawa M, Shoji S, Orihashi Y, Inomoto C, Kajiwara H, Nakamura N, Kobayashi H, Miyajima A. D-loop Mutations in Renal Cell Carcinoma Improve Predictive Accuracy for Cancer-Related Death by Integrating with Mutations in the NADH Dehydrogenase Subunit 1 Gene. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E998. [PMID: 31810328 PMCID: PMC6947453 DOI: 10.3390/genes10120998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is associated with various genetic alterations. Although whole-genome/exome sequencing analysis has revealed that nuclear genome alterations are associated with clinical outcomes, the association between nucleotide alterations in the mitochondrial genome and RCC clinical outcomes remains unclear. In this study, we analyzed somatic mutations in the mitochondrial D-loop region, using RCC samples from 61 consecutive patients with localized RCC. Moreover, we analyzed the relationship between D-loop mutations and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (MT-ND1) mutations, which we previously found to be associated with clinical outcomes in localized RCC. Among the 61 localized RCCs, 34 patients (55.7%) had at least one mitochondrial D-loop mutation. The number of D-loop mutations was associated with larger tumor diameter (> 32 mm) and higher nuclear grade (≥ ISUP grade 3). Moreover, patients with D-loop mutations showed no differences in cancer-specific survival when compared with patients without D-loop mutations. However, the co-occurrence of D-loop and MT-ND1 mutations improved the predictive accuracy of cancer-related deaths among our cohort, increasing the concordance index (C-index) from 0.757 to 0.810. Thus, we found that D-loop mutations are associated with adverse pathological features in localized RCC and may improve predictive accuracy for cancer-specific deaths when combined with MT-ND1 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakushi Kim
- Department of Urology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Isehara 259-1193, Japan; (M.N.); (Y.K.); (M.H.); (S.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Tomoyoshi Komiyama
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Isehara 259-1193, Japan; (T.K.); (Y.O.); (H.K.)
| | - Masahiro Nitta
- Department of Urology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Isehara 259-1193, Japan; (M.N.); (Y.K.); (M.H.); (S.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Yoshiaki Kawamura
- Department of Urology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Isehara 259-1193, Japan; (M.N.); (Y.K.); (M.H.); (S.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Masanori Hasegawa
- Department of Urology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Isehara 259-1193, Japan; (M.N.); (Y.K.); (M.H.); (S.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Sunao Shoji
- Department of Urology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Isehara 259-1193, Japan; (M.N.); (Y.K.); (M.H.); (S.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Yasushi Orihashi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Isehara 259-1193, Japan; (T.K.); (Y.O.); (H.K.)
| | - Chie Inomoto
- Department of Pathology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Isehara 259-1193, Japan; (C.I.); (H.K.); (N.N.)
| | - Hiroshi Kajiwara
- Department of Pathology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Isehara 259-1193, Japan; (C.I.); (H.K.); (N.N.)
| | - Naoya Nakamura
- Department of Pathology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Isehara 259-1193, Japan; (C.I.); (H.K.); (N.N.)
| | - Hiroyuki Kobayashi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Isehara 259-1193, Japan; (T.K.); (Y.O.); (H.K.)
| | - Akira Miyajima
- Department of Urology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Isehara 259-1193, Japan; (M.N.); (Y.K.); (M.H.); (S.S.); (A.M.)
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