1
|
Esposito E, Ferrara F, Drechsler M, Bortolini O, Ragno D, Toldo S, Bondi A, Pecorelli A, Voltan R, Secchiero P, Zauli G, Valacchi G. Nutlin-3 Loaded Ethosomes and Transethosomes to Prevent UV-Associated Skin Damage. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:155. [PMID: 38276284 PMCID: PMC10817472 DOI: 10.3390/life14010155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The skin's protective mechanisms, in some cases, are not able to counteract the destructive effects induced by UV radiations, resulting in dermatological diseases, as well as skin aging. Nutlin-3, a potent drug with antiproliferative activity in keratinocytes, can block UV-induced apoptosis by activation of p53. In the present investigation, ethosomes and transethosomes were designed as delivery systems for nutlin-3, with the aim to protect the skin against UV damage. Vesicle size distribution was evaluated by photon correlation spectroscopy and morphology was investigated by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy, while nutlin-3 entrapment capacity was evaluated by ultrafiltration and HPLC. The in vitro diffusion kinetic of nutlin-3 from ethosomes and transethosomes was studied by Franz cell. Moreover, the efficiency of ethosomes and transethosomes in delivering nutlin-3 and its protective role were evaluated in ex vivo skin explants exposed to UV radiations. The results indicate that ethosomes and transethosomes efficaciously entrapped nutlin-3 (0.3% w/w). The ethosome vesicles were spherical and oligolamellar, with a 224 nm mean diameter, while in transethosome the presence of polysorbate 80 resulted in unilamellar vesicles with a 146 nm mean diameter. The fastest nutlin-3 kinetic was detected in the case of transethosomes, with permeability coefficients 7.4-fold higher, with respect to ethosomes and diffusion values 250-fold higher, with respect to the drug in solution. Ex vivo data suggest a better efficacy of transethosomes to promote nutlin-3 delivery within the skin, with respect to ethosomes. Indeed, nutlin-3 loaded transethosomes could prevent UV effect on cutaneous metalloproteinase activation and cell proliferative response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Esposito
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy; (F.F.); (D.R.); (A.B.)
| | - Francesca Ferrara
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy; (F.F.); (D.R.); (A.B.)
| | - Markus Drechsler
- Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI) Keylab “Electron and Optical Microscopy”, University of Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany;
| | - Olga Bortolini
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Prevention, University of Ferrara, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy; (O.B.); (S.T.); (A.P.); (R.V.)
| | - Daniele Ragno
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy; (F.F.); (D.R.); (A.B.)
| | - Sofia Toldo
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Prevention, University of Ferrara, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy; (O.B.); (S.T.); (A.P.); (R.V.)
| | - Agnese Bondi
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy; (F.F.); (D.R.); (A.B.)
| | - Alessandra Pecorelli
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Prevention, University of Ferrara, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy; (O.B.); (S.T.); (A.P.); (R.V.)
| | - Rebecca Voltan
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Prevention, University of Ferrara, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy; (O.B.); (S.T.); (A.P.); (R.V.)
| | - Paola Secchiero
- Department of Translational Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Giorgio Zauli
- Research Department, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh 11462, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Giuseppe Valacchi
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Prevention, University of Ferrara, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy; (O.B.); (S.T.); (A.P.); (R.V.)
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Animal Sciences Department, NC Research Campus, NC State University, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Romani A, Sergi D, Zauli E, Voltan R, Lodi G, Vaccarezza M, Caruso L, Previati M, Zauli G. Nutrients, herbal bioactive derivatives and commensal microbiota as tools to lower the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1152254. [PMID: 37324739 PMCID: PMC10267353 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1152254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak has infected a vast population across the world, causing more than 664 million cases and 6.7 million deaths by January 2023. Vaccination has been effective in reducing the most critical aftermath of this infection, but some issues are still present regarding re-infection prevention, effectiveness against variants, vaccine hesitancy and worldwide accessibility. Moreover, although several old and new antiviral drugs have been tested, we still lack robust and specific treatment modalities. It appears of utmost importance, facing this continuously growing pandemic, to focus on alternative practices grounded on firm scientific bases. In this article, we aim to outline a rigorous scientific background and propose complementary nutritional tools useful toward containment, and ultimately control, of SARS-CoV-2 infection. In particular, we review the mechanisms of viral entry and discuss the role of polyunsaturated fatty acids derived from α-linolenic acid and other nutrients in preventing the interaction of SARS-CoV-2 with its entry gateways. In a similar way, we analyze in detail the role of herbal-derived pharmacological compounds and specific microbial strains or microbial-derived polypeptides in the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 entry. In addition, we highlight the role of probiotics, nutrients and herbal-derived compounds in stimulating the immunity response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Romani
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Domenico Sergi
- Department of Translational Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Enrico Zauli
- Department of Translational Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Rebecca Voltan
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giada Lodi
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mauro Vaccarezza
- Curtin Medical School & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute (CHIRI), Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Lorenzo Caruso
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Maurizio Previati
- Department of Translational Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giorgio Zauli
- Research Department, King Khaled Eye Specialistic Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lodi G, Gentili V, Casciano F, Romani A, Zauli G, Secchiero P, Zauli E, Simioni C, Beltrami S, Fernandez M, Rizzo R, Voltan R. Cell cycle block by p53 activation reduces SARS-CoV-2 release in infected alveolar basal epithelial A549-hACE2 cells. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1018761. [PMID: 36582523 PMCID: PMC9792496 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1018761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV viruses have been shown to downregulate cellular events that control antiviral defenses. They adopt several strategies to silence p53, key molecule for cell homeostasis and immune control, indicating that p53 has a central role in controlling their proliferation in the host. Specific actions are the stabilization of its inhibitor, MDM2, and the interference with its transcriptional activity. The aim of our work was to evaluate a new approach against SARS-CoV-2 by using MDM2 inhibitors to raise p53 levels and activate p53-dependent pathways, therefore leading to cell cycle inhibition. Experimental setting was performed in the alveolar basal epithelial cell line A549-hACE2, expressing high level of ACE2 receptor, to allow virus entry, as well as p53 wild-type. Cells were treated with several concentrations of Nutlin-3 or RG-7112, two known MDM2 inhibitors, for the instauration of a cell cycle block steady-state condition before and during SARS-CoV-2 infection, and for the evaluation of p53 activation and impact on virus release and related innate immune events. The results indicated an efficient cell cycle block with inhibition of the virion release and a significant inhibition of IL-6, NF-kB and IFN-λ expression. These data suggest that p53 is an efficient target for new therapies against the virus and that MDM2 inhibitors deserve to be further investigated in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giada Lodi
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Valentina Gentili
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fabio Casciano
- Department of Translational Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy,Interdepartmental Research Center for the Study of Multiple Sclerosis and Inflammatory and Degenerative Diseases of the Nervous System, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Arianna Romani
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giorgio Zauli
- Research Department, King Khaled Eye Specialistic Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Paola Secchiero
- Department of Translational Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Enrico Zauli
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carolina Simioni
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Silvia Beltrami
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mercedes Fernandez
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Roberta Rizzo
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy,*Correspondence: Roberta Rizzo, ; Rebecca Voltan,
| | - Rebecca Voltan
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy,*Correspondence: Roberta Rizzo, ; Rebecca Voltan,
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Romani A, Zauli E, Zauli G, AlMesfer S, Al-Swailem S, Voltan R. MDM2 inhibitors-mediated disruption of mitochondrial metabolism: A novel therapeutic strategy for retinoblastoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1000677. [PMID: 36338723 PMCID: PMC9632280 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1000677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
MDM2 is the principal inhibitor of p53, and MDM2 inhibitors can disrupt the physical interaction between MDM2 and p53. The half-life of p53 is very short in normal cells and tissues, and an uncontrolled increase in p53 levels has potential harmful effects. It has been shown that p53 is frequently mutated in most cancers; however, p53 mutations are rare in retinoblastoma. Therefore, therapeutic strategies aimed at increasing the expression levels of wild-type p53 are attractive. In this minireview, we discuss the potential use of nutlin-3, the prototype small molecule inhibitor that disrupts the MDM2-p53 interaction, for the treatment of retinoblastoma. Although p53 has pleiotropic biological effects, the functions of p53 depend on its sub-cellular localization. In the nucleus, p53 induces the transcription of a vast array of genes, while in mitochondria, p53 regulates mitochondrial metabolism. This review also discusses the relative contribution of p53-mediated gene transcription and mitochondrial perturbation for retinoblastoma treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Romani
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences and Laboratorio per le Tecnologie delle Terapie Avanzate (LTTA) Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Enrico Zauli
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giorgio Zauli
- Research Department, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh AlMesfer
- Research Department, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samar Al-Swailem
- Research Department, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rebecca Voltan
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences and Laboratorio per le Tecnologie delle Terapie Avanzate (LTTA) Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- *Correspondence: Rebecca Voltan,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zauli G, AlHilali S, Al-Swailem S, Secchiero P, Voltan R. Therapeutic potential of the MDM2 inhibitor Nutlin-3 in counteracting SARS-CoV-2 infection of the eye through p53 activation. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:902713. [PMID: 35911386 PMCID: PMC9329687 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.902713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Starting from the beginning of the severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) global pandemic, most of the published data has concentrated on the respiratory signs and symptoms of Covid-19 infection, underestimating the presence and importance of ocular manifestations, such as conjunctivitis, usually reported in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. With the present review we intend to resume the ocular involvement in SARS-CoV-2 infection and the recent discoveries about the different cell types and tissues of the eye that can be directly infected by SARS-CoV-2 and propagate the infection. Moreover, reviewing literature data about p53 expression in normal and diseased eye tissues, we hypothesize that the pleiotropic protein p53 present at high levels in cornea, conjunctiva and tear film might play a protective role against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Since p53 can be easily up-regulated by using small molecule non-genotoxic inhibitors of MDM2, we propose that topical use of Nutlin-3, the prototype member of MDM2 inhibitors, might protect the anterior surface of the eye from SARS-CoV-2 infection, reducing the spreading of the virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Zauli
- Research Department, King Khaled Eye Specialistic Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Giorgio Zauli
| | - Sara AlHilali
- Research Department, King Khaled Eye Specialistic Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samar Al-Swailem
- Research Department, King Khaled Eye Specialistic Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Paola Secchiero
- Department of Translational Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Rebecca Voltan
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zauli G, Voltan R, Bosco R, Melloni E, Marmiroli S, Rigolin GM, Cuneo A, Secchiero P. Editor's Note: Dasatinib Plus Nutlin-3 Shows Synergistic Antileukemic Activity in Both p53wild-type and p53mutated B Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemias by Inhibiting the Akt Pathway. Clin Cancer Res 2022; 28:2972. [PMID: 35775191 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-1596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
7
|
Voltan R, Secchiero P, Ruozi B, Forni F, Agostinis C, Caruso L, Vandelli MA, Zauli G. Editor's Note: Nanoparticles Engineered with Rituximab and Loaded with Nutlin-3 Show Promising Therapeutic Activity in B-Leukemic Xenografts. Clin Cancer Res 2022; 28:2971. [PMID: 35775192 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-1597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
8
|
Secchiero P, Voltan R, di Iasio MG, Melloni E, Tiribelli M, Zauli G. Editor's Note: The Oncogene DEK Promotes Leukemic Cell Survival and Is Downregulated by Both Nutlin-3 and Chlorambucil in B-Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemic Cells. Clin Cancer Res 2022; 28:2973. [PMID: 35775195 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-1595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
9
|
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Biffi
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Rebecca Voltan
- Department of Morphology, Surgery, Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Barbara Bortot
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giorgio Zauli
- Department of Morphology, Surgery, Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paola Secchiero
- Department of Morphology, Surgery, Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Trapella C, Rizzo R, Gallo S, Alogna A, Bortolotti D, Casciano F, Zauli G, Secchiero P, Voltan R. HelixComplex snail mucus exhibits pro-survival, proliferative and pro-migration effects on mammalian fibroblasts. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17665. [PMID: 30518946 PMCID: PMC6281574 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35816-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Snail mucus is a mixture of active substances commonly thought to have healthy properties for the treatment of skin disorders. Although snail mucus is an ingredient of several cosmetic and para-pharmaceutic products, a comprehensive characterization of chemical composition and biological effects is still missing. Crude purified extracts from Helix aspersa muller mucus (HelixComplex) were prepared and, after chemical characterization, tested on in vitro experimental models. Differently from what expected, HelixComplex was characterized by the presence of small amounts of glycolic acid and allantoin. By using different in vitro assays on fibroblast cultures, we found that HelixComplex lacked of cytotoxicity, protected cells from apoptosis (p < 0.05) and, importantly, was able to significantly induce cell proliferation and migration through direct and indirect mechanisms. These effects were associated to morphological changes, cytoskeleton re-organization and release of cytokines. In conclusion, our findings suggest that snail mucus biological effects are attributable to cell proliferation and migration, and pave the way for further investigating snail mucus potential as therapeutic agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Trapella
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Roberta Rizzo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefania Gallo
- Department of Morphology, Surgery, Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 70, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Andrea Alogna
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Daria Bortolotti
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fabio Casciano
- Department of Morphology, Surgery, Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 70, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giorgio Zauli
- Department of Morphology, Surgery, Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 70, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paola Secchiero
- Department of Morphology, Surgery, Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 70, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Rebecca Voltan
- Department of Morphology, Surgery, Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 70, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Voltan R. p53 and merlin tumor suppressors: Two of a kind. EBioMedicine 2018; 37:23-24. [PMID: 30385232 PMCID: PMC6286265 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Voltan
- Department of Morphology, Surgery, Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 70, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Arcidiacono MV, Rimondi E, Maietti E, Melloni E, Tisato V, Gallo S, Valdivielso JM, Fernández E, Betriu À, Voltan R, Zauli G, Volpato S, Secchiero P. Relationship between low levels of circulating TRAIL and atheromatosis progression in patients with chronic kidney disease. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203716. [PMID: 30204795 PMCID: PMC6133360 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients experience a high risk of cardiovascular disease (CV); however, the factors involved in CV-related morbidity and mortality in these patients have not been fully defined. Tumor necrosis factor related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a cytokine, which exhibits pleiotropic activities on endothelial, vascular smooth muscle and inflammatory cells, with relevant effects on atheromatous plaque formation. On this basis, the present study aims to investigate the role of TRAIL in atheromatosis progression in CKD patients. Methods Circulating TRAIL levels were measured in 378 CKD patients belonging to the Spanish National Observatory of Atherosclerosis in Nephrology (NEFRONA) study. All patients were free of previous CV events. Carotid and femoral B-mode ultrasound was performed to detect the presence of plaque at baseline and after 24 months of follow-up. Results The lowest levels of TRAIL at baseline were significantly (p<0.05) associated with the appearance, after 24 months of follow-up, of at least two new atheromatous plaques in all territories and of one new plaque in the carotid artery, even after adjusting for CV risk factors. In addition, the patients with low levels of TRAIL at baseline were characterized by the presence of at least one hypoechoic plaque in the carotid artery. This association was significant (p<0.05) even after adjusting for CKD stage. Conclusions Overall, the results of our study suggest TRAIL as an assertable independent prognostic biomarker for atheromatosis plaque formation in CKD patients. This observation further supports the potential role of TRAIL for the prevention/treatment of CV disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vittoria Arcidiacono
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Via dell'Istria, Trieste, Italy
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 70, Ferrara, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Erika Rimondi
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 70, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elisa Maietti
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 64/b, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Melloni
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 70, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Veronica Tisato
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 70, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefania Gallo
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 70, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Jose Manuel Valdivielso
- Grupo de Investigación Translacional Vascular y Renal, and RedinRen RETIC, ISCIII, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Lleida (IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain
| | - Elvira Fernández
- Grupo de Investigación Translacional Vascular y Renal, and RedinRen RETIC, ISCIII, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Lleida (IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain
| | - Àngels Betriu
- Grupo de Investigación Translacional Vascular y Renal, and RedinRen RETIC, ISCIII, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Lleida (IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain
| | - Rebecca Voltan
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 70, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giorgio Zauli
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 70, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefano Volpato
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 64/b, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paola Secchiero
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 70, Ferrara, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Marchetti G, Ziliotto N, Meneghetti S, Baroni M, Lunghi B, Menegatti E, Pedriali M, Salvi F, Bartolomei I, Straudi S, Manfredini F, Voltan R, Basaglia N, Mascoli F, Zamboni P, Bernardi F. Changes in expression profiles of internal jugular vein wall and plasma protein levels in multiple sclerosis. Mol Med 2018; 24:42. [PMID: 30134823 PMCID: PMC6085618 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-018-0043-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, demyelinating and degenerative disorder of the central nervous system (CNS). Several observations support interactions between vascular and neurodegenerative mechanisms in multiple sclerosis (MS). To investigate the contribution of the extracranial venous compartment, we analysed expression profiles of internal jugular vein (IJV), which drains blood from CNS, and related plasma protein levels. Methods We studied a group of MS patients (n = 19), screened by echo-color Doppler and magnetic resonance venography, who underwent surgical reconstruction of IJV for chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI). Microarray-based transcriptome analysis was conducted on specimens of IJV wall from MS patients and from subjects undergoing carotid endarterectomy, as controls. Protein levels were determined by multiplex assay in: i) jugular and peripheral plasma from 17 MS/CCSVI patients; ii) peripheral plasma from 60 progressive MS patients, after repeated sampling and iii) healthy individuals. Results Of the differentially expressed genes (≥ 2 fold-change, multiple testing correction, P < 0.05), the immune-related CD86 (8.5 fold-change, P = 0.002) emerged among the up regulated genes (N = 409). Several genes encoding HOX transcription factors and histones potentially regulated by blood flow, were overexpressed. Smooth muscle contraction and cell adhesion processes emerged among down regulated genes (N = 515), including the neuronal cell adhesion L1CAM as top scorer (5 fold-change, P = 5 × 10− 4). Repeated measurements in jugular/peripheral plasma and overtime in peripheral plasma showed conserved individual plasma patterns for immune-inflammatory (CCL13, CCL18) and adhesion (NCAM1, VAP1, SELL) proteins, despite significant variations overtime (SELL P < 0.0001). Both age and MS disease phenotypes were determinants of VAP1 plasma levels. Data supported cerebral related-mechanisms regulating ANGPT1 levels, which were remarkably lower in jugular plasma and correlated in repeated assays but not between jugular/peripheral compartments. Conclusions This study provides for the first time expression patterns of the IJV wall, suggesting signatures of altered vascular mRNA profiles in MS disease also independently from CCSVI. The combined transcriptome-protein analysis provides intriguing links between IJV wall transcript alteration and plasma protein expression, thus highlighting proteins of interest for MS pathophysiology. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s10020-018-0043-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Marchetti
- Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara n 74, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Nicole Ziliotto
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Silvia Meneghetti
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marcello Baroni
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Barbara Lunghi
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Erica Menegatti
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Massimo Pedriali
- Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Sant'Anna University- Hospital, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Salvi
- Center for Immunological and Rare Neurological Diseases, Bellaria Hospital, IRCCS of Neurological Sciences, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ilaria Bartolomei
- Center for Immunological and Rare Neurological Diseases, Bellaria Hospital, IRCCS of Neurological Sciences, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sofia Straudi
- Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, Sant'Anna University- Hospital, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fabio Manfredini
- Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara n 74, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Rebecca Voltan
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Nino Basaglia
- Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara n 74, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesco Mascoli
- Unit of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, S. Anna University-Hospital, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paolo Zamboni
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesco Bernardi
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ziliotto N, Baroni M, Straudi S, Manfredini F, Mari R, Menegatti E, Voltan R, Secchiero P, Zamboni P, Basaglia N, Marchetti G, Bernardi F. Coagulation Factor XII Levels and Intrinsic Thrombin Generation in Multiple Sclerosis. Front Neurol 2018; 9:245. [PMID: 29731736 PMCID: PMC5919941 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Factor XII (FXII) activation initiates the intrinsic (contact) coagulation pathway. It has been recently suggested that FXII could act as an autoimmunity mediator in multiple sclerosis (MS). FXII depositions nearby dentritic cells were detected in the central nervous system of MS patients and increased FXII activity has been reported in plasma of relapsing remitting and secondary progressive MS patients. FXII inhibition has been proposed to treat MS. Objective To investigate in MS patients multiple FXII-related variables, including the circulating amount of protein, its pro-coagulant function, and their variation over time. To explore kinetic activation features of FXII in thrombin generation (TG). Methods In plasma from 74 MS patients and 49 healthy subjects (HS), FXII procoagulant activity (FXII:c) and FXII protein (FXII:Ag) levels were assessed. Their ratio (FXII:ratio) values were derived. Intrinsic TG was evaluated by different triggers. Results Higher FXII:Ag levels (p = 0.003) and lower FXII:ratio (p < 0.001) were detected in MS patients compared with HS. FXII variables were highly correlated over four time points, which supports investigation of FXII contribution to disease phenotype and progression. A significant difference over time was detected for FXII:c (p = 0.031). In patients selected for the lowest FXII:ratio, TG triggered by ellagic acid showed a trend in lower endogenous thrombin potential (ETP) in MS patients compared with HS (p = 0.042). Intrinsic triggering of TG by nucleic acid addition produced longer time parameters in patients than in HS and substantially increased ETP in MS patients (p = 0.004) and TG peak height in HS (p = 0.008). Coherently, lower FXII:ratio and longer lag time (p = 0.02) and time to peak (p = 0.007) point out a reduced response of FXII to activation in part of MS patients. Conclusion In MS patients, factor-specific and modified global assays suggest the presence of increased FXII protein level and reduced function within the intrinsic coagulation pathway. These novel findings support further investigation by multiple approaches of FXII contribution to disease phenotype and progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Ziliotto
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marcello Baroni
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sofia Straudi
- Neuroscience and Rehabilitation Department, Ferrara University Hospital, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fabio Manfredini
- Neuroscience and Rehabilitation Department, Ferrara University Hospital, Ferrara, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Rosella Mari
- Hematology Section, Department of Medical Sciences, Centre for Hemostasis and Thrombosis, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Erica Menegatti
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Rebecca Voltan
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paola Secchiero
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paolo Zamboni
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Nino Basaglia
- Neuroscience and Rehabilitation Department, Ferrara University Hospital, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giovanna Marchetti
- Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesco Bernardi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Voltan R, Rimondi E, Melloni E, Rigolin GM, Casciano F, Arcidiacono MV, Celeghini C, Cuneo A, Zauli G, Secchiero P. Ibrutinib synergizes with MDM-2 inhibitors in promoting cytotoxicity in B chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Oncotarget 2018; 7:70623-70638. [PMID: 27661115 PMCID: PMC5342579 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-leukemic activity of the Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor Ibrutinib in combination with the small molecule MDM-2 inhibitor Nutlin-3 in preclinical models. METHODS The potential efficacy of the Ibrutinib/Nutlin-3 combination was evaluated in vitro in a panel of B leukemic cell lines (EHEB, JVM-2, JVM-3, MEC-1, MEC-2) and in primary B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) patient samples, by assessing cell viability, cell cycle profile, apoptosis and intracellular pathway modulations. Validation of the combination therapy was assessed in a B leukemic xenograft mouse model. RESULTS Ibrutinib exhibited variable anti-leukemic activity in vitro and the combination with Nutlin-3 synergistically enhanced the induction of apoptosis independently from the p53 status. Indeed, the Ibrutinib/Nutlin-3 combination was effective in promoting cytotoxicity also in primary B-CLL samples carrying 17p13 deletion and/or TP53 mutations, already in therapy with Ibrutinib. Molecular analyses performed on both B-leukemic cell lines as well as on primary B-CLL samples, while confirming the switch-off of the MAPK and PI3K pro-survival pathways by Ibrutinib, indicated that the synergism of action with Nutlin-3 was independent by p53 pathway and was accompanied by the activation of the DNA damage cascade signaling through the phosphorylation of the histone protein H2A.X. This observation was confirmed also in the JVM-2 B leukemic xenograft mouse model. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our data emphasize that the Ibrutinib/Nutlin-3 combination merits to be further evaluated as a therapeutic option for B-CLL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Voltan
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Erika Rimondi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Melloni
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Gian Matteo Rigolin
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Hematology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fabio Casciano
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Arcidiacono
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Cuneo
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Hematology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giorgio Zauli
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paola Secchiero
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Fantinati A, Bianco S, Cristofori V, Cavazzini A, Catani M, Zanirato V, Pacifico S, Rimondi E, Milani D, Voltan R, Secchiero P, Trapella C. Expeditious Synthesis and Biological Characterization of Enantio-Enriched (-)-Nutlin-3. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201701059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fantinati
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and LTTA center; University of Ferrara; Via Fossato di Mortara,17 I-44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Sara Bianco
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and LTTA center; University of Ferrara; Via Fossato di Mortara,17 I-44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Virginia Cristofori
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and LTTA center; University of Ferrara; Via Fossato di Mortara,17 I-44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Alberto Cavazzini
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and LTTA center; University of Ferrara; Via Fossato di Mortara,17 I-44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Martina Catani
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and LTTA center; University of Ferrara; Via Fossato di Mortara,17 I-44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Vinicio Zanirato
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and LTTA center; University of Ferrara; Via Fossato di Mortara,17 I-44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Salvatore Pacifico
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and LTTA center; University of Ferrara; Via Fossato di Mortara,17 I-44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Erika Rimondi
- Department of Morphology, Surgery, Experimental Medicine and LTTA center; University of Ferrara; I-44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Daniela Milani
- Department of Morphology, Surgery, Experimental Medicine and LTTA center; University of Ferrara; I-44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Rebecca Voltan
- Department of Morphology, Surgery, Experimental Medicine and LTTA center; University of Ferrara; I-44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Paola Secchiero
- Department of Morphology, Surgery, Experimental Medicine and LTTA center; University of Ferrara; I-44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Claudio Trapella
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and LTTA center; University of Ferrara; Via Fossato di Mortara,17 I-44121 Ferrara Italy
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Secchiero P, Voltan R, Rimondi E, Melloni E, Athanasakis E, Tisato V, Gallo S, Rigolin GM, Zauli G. The γ-secretase inhibitors enhance the anti-leukemic activity of ibrutinib in B-CLL cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:59235-59245. [PMID: 28938632 PMCID: PMC5601728 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ibrutinib blocks B-cell receptor signaling and interferes with leukemic cell-to-microenvironment interactions. Ibrutinib plays a key role in the management of B-CLL and is recommended for first line treatment of high-risk CLL patients with 17p deletion. Therefore, elucidating the factors governing sensitivity/resistance to Ibrutinib represents a relevant issue. For this purpose, in 3 B-CLL patient samples harboring functional TP53 mutations, the frequency of the mutated clones was monitored during in vivo Ibrutinib therapy, revealing a progressive decline of the frequency of TP53mut clones during 12 months of treatment. In parallel, the anti-leukemic activity of Ibrutinib was assessed in vitro on B-CLL patient cell cultures in combination with γ-secretase inhibitors (GSI). In the in vitro assays, the combination of Ibrutinib+GSI exhibited enhanced cytotoxicity on B-CLL cells also in the presence of stroma and it was coupled to the down-regulation of the stroma-activated NOTCH1 and c-MYC pathways. Moreover, the combined treatment was effective in reducing CXCR4 expression and functions. Therefore, the ability of GSI to enhance the Ibrutinib anti-leukemic activity in B-CLL cells, by down-regulating the NOTCH1 and c-MYC pathways, warrants further experimentation for its potential therapeutic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Secchiero
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Rebecca Voltan
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Erika Rimondi
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Melloni
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Veronica Tisato
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefania Gallo
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Gian Matteo Rigolin
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Hematology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giorgio Zauli
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tisato V, Voltan R, Gonelli A, Secchiero P, Zauli G. MDM2/X inhibitors under clinical evaluation: perspectives for the management of hematological malignancies and pediatric cancer. J Hematol Oncol 2017; 10:133. [PMID: 28673313 PMCID: PMC5496368 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-017-0500-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The two murine double minute (MDM) family members MDM2 and MDMX are at the center of an intense clinical assessment as molecular target for the management of cancer. Indeed, the two proteins act as regulators of P53, a well-known key controller of the cell cycle regulation and cell proliferation that, when altered, plays a direct role on cancer development and progression. Several evidence demonstrated that functional aberrations of P53 in tumors are in most cases the consequence of alterations on the MDM2 and MDMX regulatory proteins, in particular in patients with hematological malignancies where TP53 shows a relatively low frequency of mutation while MDM2 and MDMX are frequently found amplified/overexpressed. The pharmacological targeting of these two P53-regulators in order to restore or increase P53 expression and activity represents therefore a strategy for cancer therapy. From the discovery of the Nutlins in 2004, several compounds have been developed and reported with the ability of targeting the P53-MDM2/X axis by inhibiting MDM2 and/or MDMX. From natural compounds up to small molecules and stapled peptides, these MDM2/X pharmacological inhibitors have been extensively studied, revealing different biological features and different rate of efficacy when tested in in vitro and in vivo experimental tumor models. The data/evidence coming from the preclinical experimentation have allowed the identification of the most promising molecules and the setting of clinical studies for their evaluation as monotherapy or in therapeutic combination with conventional chemotherapy or with innovative therapeutic protocols in different tumor settings. Preliminary results have been recently published reporting data about safety, tolerability, potential side effects, and efficacy of such therapeutic approaches. In this light, the aim of this review is to give an updated overview about the state of the art of the clinical evaluation of MDM2/X inhibitor compounds with a special attention to hematological malignancies and to the potential for the management of pediatric cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Tisato
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 66, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Rebecca Voltan
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 66, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Arianna Gonelli
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 66, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paola Secchiero
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 66, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giorgio Zauli
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 66, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Voltan R, Rimondi E, Melloni E, Gilli P, Bertolasi V, Casciano F, Rigolin GM, Zauli G, Secchiero P. Metformin combined with sodium dichloroacetate promotes B leukemic cell death by suppressing anti-apoptotic protein Mcl-1. Oncotarget 2017; 7:18965-77. [PMID: 26959881 PMCID: PMC4951344 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin and the mitochondrial targeting dichloroacetate (DCA) have recently received attention due to their ability to inhibit anaerobic glycolysis, which renders most cancer cells resistant to apoptosis induction. We observed that Metformin alone exhibited a dose-dependent anti-leukemic activity in both B leukemic cell lines and primary B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) patients' cells and its anti-leukemic activity was enhanced when used in combination with DCA. In order to overcome the problems of poor bioavailability and cellular uptake, which limit DCA efficacy, we have designed and synthetized cocrystals consisting of Metformin and DCA (Met-DCA) at different stoichiometric ratios. Of note, the MetH(2)(++)•2DCA(-) cocrystal exhibited enhanced in vitro anti-leukemic activity, with respect to the treatment with the mix consisting of Metformin plus DCA. In particular, the treatment with the cocrystal MetH(2)(++)•2DCA(-) induced a synergistic apoptotic cell death coupled to a marked down-modulation of the anti-apoptotic Mcl-1 protein. Taken together, our data emphasize that innovative compounds based on Metformin-DCA combination merit to be further evaluated as chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of B-CLL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Voltan
- Department of Morphology, Surgery, Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Erika Rimondi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Melloni
- Department of Morphology, Surgery, Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paola Gilli
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Valerio Bertolasi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fabio Casciano
- Department of Morphology, Surgery, Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Gian Matteo Rigolin
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara-Arcispedale S. Anna, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giorgio Zauli
- Department of Morphology, Surgery, Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paola Secchiero
- Department of Morphology, Surgery, Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Voltan R, Secchiero P, Casciano F, Milani D, Zauli G, Tisato V. Redox signaling and oxidative stress: Cross talk with TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand activity. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 81:364-374. [PMID: 27686849 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Redox regulation plays a key role in several physiopathological contexts and free radicals, from nitric oxide and superoxide anion up to other forms of reactive oxygen species (ROS), have been demonstrated to be involved in different biological and regulatory processes. The data reported in the current literature describe a link between ROS, inflammation and programmed cell death that is attracting interest as new pathways to be explored and targeted for therapeutic purposes. In this light, there is also growing attention to the involvement of this link in the activity of the TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL). TRAIL is a member of the TNF ligands super family able to mediate multiple intracellular signals, with the potential to lead to a range of biological effects in different cell types. In particular, the hallmark of TRAIL is the ability to induce selective apoptosis in transformed cells leaving normal cells almost unaffected and this feature has already opened the door to several clinical studies for cancer treatment. Moreover, TRAIL plays a role in several physiological and pathological processes of both innate and adaptive immune systems and of the cardiovascular context, with a strong clinical potential. Nonetheless, several issues still need to be clarified about the signaling mediated by TRAIL to gain deeper insight into its therapeutic potential. In this light, the aim of this review is to summarize the main preclinical evidences about the interplay between TRAIL and redox signaling, with particular emphasis to the implications in vascular physiopathology and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Voltan
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 70, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paola Secchiero
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 70, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fabio Casciano
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 70, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Daniela Milani
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 70, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giorgio Zauli
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 70, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Veronica Tisato
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 70, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Pannella M, Caliceti C, Fortini F, Aquila G, Vieceli Dalla Sega F, Pannuti A, Fortini C, Morelli MB, Fucili A, Francolini G, Voltan R, Secchiero P, Dinelli G, Leoncini E, Ferracin M, Hrelia S, Miele L, Rizzo P. Serum From Advanced Heart Failure Patients Promotes Angiogenic Sprouting and Affects the Notch Pathway in Human Endothelial Cells. J Cell Physiol 2016; 231:2700-10. [PMID: 26987674 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It is unknown whether components present in heart failure (HF) patients' serum provide an angiogenic stimulus. We sought to determine whether serum from HF patients affects angiogenesis and its major modulator, the Notch pathway, in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). In cells treated with serum from healthy subjects or from patients at different HF stage we determined: (1) Sprouting angiogenesis, by measuring cells network (closed tubes) in collagen gel. (2) Protein levels of Notch receptors 1, 2, 4, and ligands Jagged1, Delta-like4. We found a higher number of closed tubes in HUVECs treated with advanced HF patients serum in comparison with cells treated with serum from mild HF patients or controls. Furthermore, as indicated by the reduction of the active form of Notch4 (N4IC) and of Jagged1, advanced HF patients serum inhibited Notch signalling in HUVECs in comparison with mild HF patients' serum and controls. The circulating levels of NT-proBNP (N-terminal of the pro-hormone brain natriuretic peptide), a marker for the detection and evalutation of HF, were positively correlated with the number of closed tubes (r = 0.485) and negatively with Notch4IC and Jagged1 levels in sera-treated cells (r = -0.526 and r = -0.604, respectively). In conclusion, we found that sera from advanced HF patients promote sprouting angiogenesis and dysregulate Notch signaling in HUVECs. Our study provides in vitro evidence of an angiogenic stimulus arising during HF progression and suggests a role for the Notch pathway in it. J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 2700-2710, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Pannella
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Cristiana Caliceti
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Fortini
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giorgio Aquila
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Pannuti
- Stanley Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Cinzia Fortini
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Fucili
- University Hospital of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, E.S. Health Science Foundation, Cotignola, Italy
| | - Gloria Francolini
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation IRCCS, Lumezzane, Italy
| | - Rebecca Voltan
- Department of Morphology, Surgery, and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paola Secchiero
- Department of Morphology, Surgery, and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giovanni Dinelli
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Emanuela Leoncini
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Manuela Ferracin
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvana Hrelia
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lucio Miele
- Stanley Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Paola Rizzo
- Department of Morphology, Surgery, and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Tisato V, Gonelli A, Voltan R, Secchiero P, Zauli G. Clinical perspectives of TRAIL: insights into central nervous system disorders. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:2017-27. [PMID: 26910728 PMCID: PMC4834097 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2164-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand TRAIL is a member of the TNF superfamily that has been firstly studied and evaluated for its anti-cancer activity, and the insights into its biology have already led to the identification of several TRAIL-based anticancer strategies with strong clinical therapeutic potentials. Nonetheless, the TRAIL system is far more complex and it can lead to a wider range of biological effects other than the ability of inducing apoptosis in cancer cells. By virtue of the different receptors and the different signalling pathways involved, TRAIL plays indeed a role in the regulation of different processes of the innate and adaptive immune system and this feature makes it an intriguing molecule under consideration in the development/progression/treatment of several immunological disorders. In this context, central nervous system represents a peculiar anatomic site where, despite its “status” of immune-privileged site, both innate and adaptive inflammatory responses occur and are involved in several pathological conditions. A number of studies have evaluated the role of TRAIL and of TRAIL-related pathways as pro-inflammatory or protective stimuli, depending on the specific pathological condition, confirming a twofold nature of this molecule. In this light, the aim of this review is to summarize the main preclinical evidences of the potential/involvement of TRAIL molecule and TRAIL pathways for the treatment of central nervous system disorders and the key suggestions coming from their assessment in preclinical models as proof of concept for future clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Tisato
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 66, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Arianna Gonelli
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 66, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Rebecca Voltan
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 66, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paola Secchiero
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 66, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giorgio Zauli
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 66, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Trapella C, Voltan R, Melloni E, Tisato V, Celeghini C, Bianco S, Fantinati A, Salvadori S, Guerrini R, Secchiero P, Zauli G. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Characterization of Novel Mitochondria Targeted Dichloroacetate-Loaded Compounds with Antileukemic Activity. J Med Chem 2015; 59:147-56. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Trapella
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Rebecca Voltan
- Department
of Morphology, Surgery, Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Melloni
- Department
of Morphology, Surgery, Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Veronica Tisato
- Department
of Morphology, Surgery, Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Claudio Celeghini
- Department
of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34128 Trieste, Italy
| | - Sara Bianco
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Anna Fantinati
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Severo Salvadori
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Remo Guerrini
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paola Secchiero
- Department
of Morphology, Surgery, Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giorgio Zauli
- Institute for
Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Via dell’Istria 65/1, 34137 Trieste, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Athanasakis E, Melloni E, Rigolin GM, Agnoletto C, Voltan R, Vozzi D, Piscianz E, Segat L, Dal Monego S, Cuneo A, Secchiero P, Zauli G. The p53 transcriptional pathway is preserved in ATMmutated and NOTCH1mutated chronic lymphocytic leukemias. Oncotarget 2015; 5:12635-45. [PMID: 25587027 PMCID: PMC4350355 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
By using next generation sequencing, we have analyzed 108 B chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) patients. Among genes involved in the TP53 pathway, we found frequent mutations in ATM (n=18), TP53 (n=10) and NOTCH1 (n=10) genes, rare mutations of NOTCH2 (n=2) and CDKN1A/p21 (n=1) and no mutations in BAX, MDM2, TNFRSF10A and TNFRSF10B genes. The in vitro treatment of primary B-CLL cells with the activator of p53 Nutlin-3 induced the transcription of p53 target genes, without significant differences between the B-CLL without mutations and those harboring either ATM or NOTCH1 mutations. On the other hand, the subgroup of TP53mutated B-CLL exhibited a significantly lower induction of the p53 target genes in response to Nutlin-3 as compared to the other B-CLL samples. However, among the TP53mutated B-CLL, those showing mutations in the high hot spot region of the DNA binding domain [273-280 aa] maintained a significantly higher p53-dependent transcriptional activity as compared to the other TP53mutated B-CLL samples. Since the ability to elicit a p53-dependent transcriptional activity in vitro has a positive prognostic significance, our data suggest that ATMmutated, NOTCH1mutated and surprisingly, also a subset of TP53mutated B-CLL patients might benefit from therapeutic combinations including small molecule activator of the p53 pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisabetta Melloni
- Department of Morphology, Surgery, Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Gian Matteo Rigolin
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara-Arcispedale S. Anna, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Chiara Agnoletto
- Department of Morphology, Surgery, Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Rebecca Voltan
- Department of Morphology, Surgery, Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Diego Vozzi
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Elisa Piscianz
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Ludovica Segat
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Simeone Dal Monego
- Cluster in Biomedicine, CBM S.c.r.l., Bioinformatic Services, Area Science Park, Trieste, Italy
| | - Antonio Cuneo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara-Arcispedale S. Anna, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paola Secchiero
- Department of Morphology, Surgery, Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giorgio Zauli
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Biffi S, Voltan R, Rampazzo E, Prodi L, Zauli G, Secchiero P. Applications of nanoparticles in cancer medicine and beyond: optical and multimodal in vivo imaging, tissue targeting and drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2015; 12:1837-49. [PMID: 26289673 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2015.1071791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nanotechnology has opened up the way to the engineering of new organized materials endowed with improved performances. In the past decade, engineered nanoparticles (NPs) have been progressively implemented by exploiting synthetic strategies that yield complex materials capable of performing functions with applications also in medicine. Indeed, in the field of 'nanomedicine' it has been explored the possibility to design multifunctional nanosystems, characterized by high analytical performances and stability, low toxicity and specificity towards a given cell target. AREA COVERED In this review article, we summarize the advances in the engineering of NPs for biomedical applications, from optical imaging (OI) to multimodal OI and targeted drug delivery. For this purpose, we will provide some examples of how investigations in nanomedicine can support preclinical and clinical research generating innovative diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in oncology. EXPERT OPINION The progressive breakthroughs in nanomedicine have supported the development of multifunctional and multimodal NPs. In particular, NPs are significantly impacting the diagnostic and therapeutic strategies since they allow the development of: NP-based OI probes containing more than one modality-specific contrast agent; surface functionalized NPs for specific 'molecular recognition'. Therefore, the design and characterization of innovative NP-based systems/devices have great applicative potential into the medical field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Biffi
- a 1 Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo" , via dell'Istria, 65/1, 34137 Trieste, Italy +39 040 3757722 ; +39 040 3785210 ;
| | - Rebecca Voltan
- b 2 University of Ferrara, LTTA Centre, Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine , Via Fossato di Mortara 70, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Enrico Rampazzo
- c 3 University of Bologna, Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician" , Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Prodi
- d 4 University of Bologna, Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician" , Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giorgio Zauli
- e 5 Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo" , via dell'Istria, 65/1, 34137 Trieste, Italy +39 040 3785478 ; +39 040 3785210;
| | - Paola Secchiero
- f 6 University of Ferrara, LTTA Centre, Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine , Via Fossato di Mortara 70, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Biffi S, Petrizza L, Rampazzo E, Voltan R, Sgarzi M, Garrovo C, Prodi L, Andolfi L, Agnoletto C, Zauli G, Secchiero P. Multiple dye-doped NIR-emitting silica nanoparticles for both flow cytometry and in vivo imaging. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra01535e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dye-doped near infrared-emitting silica nanoparticles (DD-NIRsiNPs) represent a valuable tool in bioimaging, because they provide sufficient brightness, resistance to photobleaching and consist of hydrophilic non-toxic materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Biffi
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”
- 34137 Trieste, Italy
| | - Luca Petrizza
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”
- University of Bologna
- 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Enrico Rampazzo
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”
- University of Bologna
- 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Rebecca Voltan
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre
- University of Ferrara
- 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Massimo Sgarzi
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”
- University of Bologna
- 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Garrovo
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”
- 34137 Trieste, Italy
| | - Luca Prodi
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”
- University of Bologna
- 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Agnoletto
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre
- University of Ferrara
- 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giorgio Zauli
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”
- 34137 Trieste, Italy
| | - Paola Secchiero
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre
- University of Ferrara
- 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Tisato V, Norcio A, Voltan R, Celeghini C, Zella D, Secchiero P. MDM2 non-genotoxic inhibitors as innovative therapeutic approaches for the treatment of pediatric malignancies. Curr Med Chem 2013; 20:2226-36. [PMID: 23458617 DOI: 10.2174/0929867311320170007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of p53 as "guardian of the genome", a large number of efforts have been put in place in order to find molecular strategies aiming to restore p53 wild-type functions, particularly in the light of the fact that its pathway results ineffective in most tumors even though they have non-mutated p53. In this context, pediatric cancers, that are mostly p53 wild-type at the time of diagnosis, represent an ideal target for such therapeutic approach. Within the several mechanisms and proteins ruling p53 activity, the murine double minute 2 (MDM2) is its crucial negative regulator, frequently found overexpressed in p53-wild-type tumors. The development of new technologies such as nuclear magnetic resonance structure analyses, computational structure-based design studies, and library peptides screening have recently led to the discovery and characterization of a large number of compounds belonging to different chemical families that are able to target the interaction p53-MDM2, rescuing the p53 wild-type pathway with an overall pro-apoptotic and anticancer activity. Within the preclinical assessment of these molecules, the cis-imidazoline analogue Nutlin-3 has definitely attracted great interest for its in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity in several pediatric cancer models, either as single agent on in combination with standard chemotherapy. In this light, the aim of this review is to summarize the main preclinical evidences of the potential of MDM2 inhibitors for the treatment of childhood cancers and the key suggestions coming from their assessment in the treatment of adult cancers as proof of concept for future pediatric clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Tisato
- Department of Morphology and Embryology and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Rampazzo E, Voltan R, Petrizza L, Zaccheroni N, Prodi L, Casciano F, Zauli G, Secchiero P. Proper design of silica nanoparticles combines high brightness, lack of cytotoxicity and efficient cell endocytosis. Nanoscale 2013; 5:7897-905. [PMID: 23851463 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr02563b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Silica-based luminescent nanoparticles (SiNPs) show promising prospects in nanomedicine in light of their chemical properties and versatility. In this study, we have characterized silica core-PEG shell SiNPs derivatized with PEG moieties (NP-PEG), with external amino- (NP-PEG-amino) or carboxy-groups (NP-PEG-carbo), both in cell cultures as well as in animal models. By using different techniques, we could demonstrate that these SiNPs were safe and did not exhibit appreciable cytotoxicity in different relevant cell models, of normal or cancer cell types, growing either in suspension (JVM-2 leukemic cell line and primary normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells) or in adherence (human hepatocarcinoma Huh7 and umbilical vein endothelial cells). Moreover, by multiparametric flow cytometry, we could demonstrate that the highest efficiency of cell uptake and entry was observed with NP-PEG-amino, with a stable persistence of the fluorescence signal associated with SiNPs in the loaded cell populations both in vitro and in vivo settings suggesting this as an innovative method for cell traceability and detection in whole organisms. Finally, experiments performed with the endocytosis inhibitor Genistein clearly suggested the involvement of a caveolae-mediated pathway in SiNP endocytosis. Overall, these data support the safe use of these SiNPs for diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Rampazzo
- Department of Chemistry G. Ciamician, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Voltan R, Secchiero P, Ruozi B, Forni F, Agostinis C, Caruso L, Vandelli MA, Zauli G. Nanoparticles Engineered with Rituximab and Loaded with Nutlin-3 Show Promising Therapeutic Activity in B-Leukemic Xenografts. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:3871-80. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
30
|
Voltan R, Secchiero P, Ruozi B, Caruso L, Forni F, Palomba M, Zauli G, Vandelli M. Nanoparticles Loaded with Nutlin-3 Display Cytotoxicity Towards p53 wildtype JVM-2 But Not Towards p53 mutated BJAB Leukemic Cells. Curr Med Chem 2013; 20:2712-22. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867311320210007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
31
|
Zauli G, Voltan R, Tisato V, Secchiero P. State of the art of the therapeutic perspective of sorafenib against hematological malignancies. Curr Med Chem 2013; 19:4875-84. [PMID: 22934770 DOI: 10.2174/092986712803341548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The bi-aryl urea multi-kinase inhibitor Sorafenib (BAY 43-9006, Nexavar) was initially approved for the treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma and advanced renal cell carcinoma. Eleven years after its first description in PubMed, the therapeutic potential of Sorafenib has been evaluated in an increasing number of studies, mainly focused on solid tumors. More recently, the potential usefullness of Sorafenib has started to emerge also against hematological malignancies. At the molecular level, besides the RAF kinase pathway, which represents the first therapeutic target of Sorafenib, additional kinases, in particular the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, have been identified as important targets of Sorafenib. A great interest for the potential use of Sorafenib against acute myeloid leukemia (AML) arose when it was demonstrated that a specific mutation of a kinase gene, called FMS-like tyrosin-kinase-3- internal tandem duplication (FLT-3-ITD) and occurring in more than 30% of AML, represents a molecular target of Sorafenib. However, recent phase I and II clinical studies showed that, in spite of its ability to suppress the activity of this mutated kinase, resistence to Sorafenib rapidly occurs in AML, suggesting that Sorafenib will be more effective in combined therapy than used as single drug. Another critical molecular target of Sorafenib is the anti-apoptotic protein Mcl-1. The ability of Sorafenib to rapidly shut-off Mcl-1 in virtually all the hematological malignancies investigated, including the B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia, represents a key element for its antileukemic activity as well as for therapeutic combinations based on Sorafenib. In this respect, it is of particular interest that many chemotherapeutic drugs or innovative anti-neoplastic compounds, such as recombinant TRAIL or inibitors of MDM2 protein, are either unable to down-regulate Mcl-1 or in some instances promote a paradoxical induction of Mcl-1. In this review, the growing evidences for the role of Mcl-1 in mediating the anti-leukemic activity of Sorafenib will be discussed in relationship with promising therapeutic perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Zauli
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Voltan R, Secchiero P, Corallini F, Zauli G. Selective induction of TP53I3/p53-inducible gene 3 (PIG3) in myeloid leukemic cells, but not in normal cells, by Nutlin-3. Mol Carcinog 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.21985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Voltan
- Department of Morphology and Embryology and LTTA Centre; University of Ferrara; Ferrara Italy
| | - Paola Secchiero
- Department of Morphology and Embryology and LTTA Centre; University of Ferrara; Ferrara Italy
| | - Federica Corallini
- Department of Morphology and Embryology and LTTA Centre; University of Ferrara; Ferrara Italy
| | - Giorgio Zauli
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health; IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”; Trieste Italy
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Tisato V, Zauli G, Voltan R, Gianesini S, di Iasio MG, Volpi I, Fiorentini G, Zamboni P, Secchiero P. Endothelial cells obtained from patients affected by chronic venous disease exhibit a pro-inflammatory phenotype. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39543. [PMID: 22737245 PMCID: PMC3380919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The inflammatory properties of vein endothelium in relation to chronic venous disease (CVD) have been poorly investigated. Therefore, new insights on the characteristics of large vein endothelium would increase our knowledge of large vessel physiopathology. Methodology/Principal Findings Surgical specimens of veins were obtained from the tertiary venous network (R3) and/or saphenous vein (SF) of patients affected by CVD and from control individuals. Highly purified venous endothelial cell (VEC) cultures obtained from CVD patients were characterized for morphological, phenotypic and functional properties compared to control VEC. An increase of CD31/PECAM-1, CD146 and ICAM-1 surface levels was documented at flow cytometry in pathological VEC with respect to normal controls. Of note, the strongest expression of these pro-inflammatory markers was observed in VEC obtained from patients with more advanced disease. Similarly, spontaneous cell proliferation and resistance to starvation was higher in pathological than in normal VEC, while the migratory response of VEC showed an opposite trend, being significantly lower in VEC obtained from pathological specimens. In addition, in keeping with a higher baseline transcriptional activity of NF-kB, the release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines osteoprotegerin (OPG) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was higher in pathological VEC cultures with respect to control VEC. Interestingly, there was a systemic correlation to these in vitro data, as demonstrated by higher serum OPG and VEGF levels in CVD patients with respect to normal healthy controls. Conclusion/Significance Taken together, these data indicate that large vein endothelial cells obtained from CVD patients exhibit a pro-inflammatory phenotype, which might significantly contribute to systemic inflammation in CVD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Tisato
- Department of Morphology and Embryology and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giorgio Zauli
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Rebecca Voltan
- Department of Morphology and Embryology and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Maria Grazia di Iasio
- Department of Morphology and Embryology and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Ilaria Volpi
- Department of Morphology and Embryology and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Zamboni
- Vascular Disease Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paola Secchiero
- Department of Morphology and Embryology and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Zauli G, Celeghini C, Melloni E, Voltan R, Ongari M, Tiribelli M, di Iasio MG, Lanza F, Secchiero P. The sorafenib plus nutlin-3 combination promotes synergistic cytotoxicity in acute myeloid leukemic cells irrespectively of FLT3 and p53 status. Haematologica 2012; 97:1722-30. [PMID: 22689683 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2012.062083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both the multi-kinase inhibitor sorafenib and the small molecule inhibitor of the MDM2/p53 interaction, nutlin-3, used alone, have shown promising anti-leukemic activity in acute myeloid leukemia cells. Thus, in this study we investigated the effect of the combination of sorafenib plus nutlin-3 in acute myeloid leukemia. DESIGN AND METHODS Primary acute myeloid leukemia blasts (n=13) and FLT3(wild-type)/p53(wild-type) (OCI-AML3), FLT3(mutated)/p53(wild-type) (MOLM), FLT3(mutated)/p53(mutated) (MV4-11), FLT3(wild-type)/p53(deleted) (HL60) or FLT3(wild-type)/p53(mutated) (NB4) acute myeloid cell lines were exposed to sorafenib, used alone or in association with nutlin-3 at a 1:1 ratio, in a range of clinically achievable concentrations (1-10 μM). Induction of apoptosis and autophagy was evaluated by transmission electron microscopy and by specific flow cytometry analyses. The levels of Mcl-1, p53 and Bak proteins were analyzed by western blotting. Knock-down of Bax and Bak gene expression was performed in transfection experiments with specific short interfering RNA. RESULTS The sorafenib+nutlin-3 drug combination exhibits synergistic cytotoxicity in primary acute myeloid leukemia blasts and in acute myeloid leukemia cell lines with maximal cytotoxicity in FLT3(mutated) MV4-11 and MOLM, followed by the FLT3(wild-type) OCI-AML3, HL60 and NB4 cell lines. The cytotoxic activity of sorafenib+nutlin-3 was characterized by an increase of both apoptosis and autophagy. Moreover, Bax and Bak showed prominent roles in mediating the decrease of cell viability in response to the drug combination in p53(wild-type) OCI-AML3 and p53(deleted) HL-60 cells, respectively, as demonstrated in transfection experiments performed with specific short interfering RNA. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that acute myeloid leukemia cells show a variable but overall good susceptibility to the innovative therapeutic combination of sorafenib+nutlin-3, which differentially involves the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members Bax and Bak in p53(wild-type) and p53(deleted) cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Zauli
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Secchiero P, Rimondi E, di Iasio MG, Voltan R, Gonelli A, Zauli G. Activation of the p53 pathway induces α-smooth muscle actin expression in both myeloid leukemic cells and normal macrophages. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:1829-37. [PMID: 21732354 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A range of cell types of mesenchymal origin express α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), a protein that plays a key role in controlling cell motility and differentiation along the fibrocyte and myofibroblast lineages. Although α-SMA is often expressed in stromal cells associated to a variety of cancers including hematological malignancies, up to now the role of anti-cancer drugs on α-SMA has not been deeply investigated. In this study, we demonstrated that Nutlin-3, the small molecule inhibitor of the MDM2/p53 interactions, significantly up-regulated the mRNA and protein levels of α-SMA in normal macrophages as well as in p53(wild-type) but not in p53(mutated/null) myeloid leukemic cells. The p53-dependence of α-SMA up-regulation induced by Nutlin-3 was demonstrated in experiments performed with siRNA for p53. Of note, Nutlin-3 mediated up-regulation of α-SMA in OCI leukemic cells was accompanied by cell adhesion to plastic substrate and by reduced cell migratory response in transwell assays. Notably, the role of α-SMA induction in the modulation of myeloid cell migration was clearly documented in α-SMA gene knockdown experiments. In addition, Nutlin-3 significantly up-regulated α-SMA expression in primary endothelial cells, but not in fibroblasts and mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). Conversely, transforming growth factor-β1 up-regulated α-SMA in fibroblasts and MSC, but not in macrophages and endothelial cells. Taken together, these data indicate that Nutlin-3 is a potent inducer of α-SMA in both normal and leukemic myeloid cells as well as in endothelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Secchiero
- Department of Morphology and Embryology and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Secchiero P, Melloni E, Voltan R, Norcio A, Celeghini C, Zauli G. MCL1 down-regulation plays a critical role in mediating the higher anti-leukaemic activity of the multi-kinase inhibitor Sorafenib with respect to Dasatinib. Br J Haematol 2012; 157:510-4. [PMID: 22313359 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2012.09042.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
37
|
Voltan R, di Iasio MG, Bosco R, Valeri N, Pekarski Y, Tiribelli M, Secchiero P, Zauli G. Nutlin-3 Downregulates the Expression of the Oncogene TCL1 in Primary B Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemic Cells. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:5649-55. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-1064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
38
|
Zauli G, Voltan R, di Iasio MG, Bosco R, Melloni E, Sana ME, Secchiero P. miR-34a induces the downregulation of both E2F1 and B-Myb oncogenes in leukemic cells. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:2712-24. [PMID: 21367750 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-3244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To elucidate new molecular mechanisms able to downregulate the mRNA levels of key oncogenes, such as B-Myb and E2F1, in a therapeutic perspective. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN B-Myb and E2F1 mRNA levels were evaluated in primary B chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL, n = 10) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML, n = 5) patient cells, in a variety of p53(wild-type) and p53(mutated/deleted) leukemic cell lines, as well as in primary endothelial cells and fibroblasts. Knockdown experiments with siRNA for p53 and E2F1 and overexpression experiments with miR34a were conducted to elucidate the role of these pathways in promoting B-Myb downregulation. RESULTS In vitro exposure to Nutlin-3, a nongenotoxic activator of p53, variably downregulated the expression of B-Myb in primary leukemic cells and in p53(wild-type) myeloid (OCI, MOLM) and lymphoblastoid (SKW6.4, EHEB) but not in p53(mutated) (NB4, BJAB, MAVER) or p53(deleted) (HL-60) leukemic cell lines. The transcriptional repression of B-Myb was also observed in primary normal endothelial cells and fibroblasts. B-Myb downregulation played a critical role in the cell-cycle block in G(1) phase induced by Nutlin-3, as shown by transfection experiments with specific siRNA. Moreover, we have provided experimental evidence suggesting that miR-34a is a central mediator in the repression of B-Myb both directly and through E2F1. CONCLUSIONS Owing to the role of B-Myb and E2F1 transcription factors in controlling cell-cycle progression of leukemic cells, the downregulation of these oncogenes by miR-34a suggests the usefulness of therapeutic approaches aimed to modulate the levels of miR-34a.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Zauli
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Zauli G, Voltan R, Bosco R, Melloni E, Marmiroli S, Rigolin GM, Cuneo A, Secchiero P. Dasatinib plus Nutlin-3 shows synergistic antileukemic activity in both p53 wild-type and p53 mutated B chronic lymphocytic leukemias by inhibiting the Akt pathway. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 17:762-70. [PMID: 21106726 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-2572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze the effect of the combination of Dasatinib, a multikinase inhibitor, plus Nutlin-3, a nongenotoxic activator of the p53 pathway, in primary B chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) patient samples and B leukemic cell line models. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The induction of cytotoxicity was evaluated in both primary B-CLL cell samples (n = 20) and in p53(wild-type) (EHEB, JVM-2) and p53(deleted/mutated) (MEC-2, BJAB) B leukemic cell lines. The role of Akt in modulating leukemic cell survival/apoptosis in response to Dasatinib or Dasatinib + Nutlin-3 was documented by functional experiments carried out using specific pharmacological inhibitors and by overexpression of membrane-targeted constitutively active form of Akt. RESULTS The combination of Dasatinib + Nutlin-3 exhibited a synergistic cytotoxicity in the majority (19 out of 20) of B-CLL samples, including patients carrying 17p- (n = 4), and in both p53(wild-type) and p53(deleted/mutated) B leukemic cell lines. At the molecular level, Dasatinib significantly counteracted the Nutlin-3-mediated induction of the p53 transcriptional targets MDM2 and p21 observed in p53(wild-type) leukemic cells. Conversely, Nutlin-3 did not interfere with the ability of Dasatinib to decrease the phosphorylation levels of ERK1/2, p38/MAPK, and Akt in both p53(wild-type) and p53(deleted/mutated) B leukemic cell lines. A critical role of Akt downregulation in mediating the antileukemic activity of Dasatinib and Dasatinib + Nutlin-3 was demonstrated in experiments carried out by specifically modulating the Akt pathway. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that Dasatinib + Nutlin-3 might represent an innovative therapeutic combination for both p53(wild-type) and p53(deleted/mutated) B-CLL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Zauli
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Secchiero P, Voltan R, di Iasio MG, Melloni E, Tiribelli M, Zauli G. The oncogene DEK promotes leukemic cell survival and is downregulated by both Nutlin-3 and chlorambucil in B-chronic lymphocytic leukemic cells. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 16:1824-33. [PMID: 20215548 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-3031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize the role of the oncogene DEK in modulating the response to either Nutlin-3, a small-molecule inhibitor of the MDM2/p53 interaction, or chlorambucil in primary B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) cells. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN DEK mRNA and protein levels were evaluated in primary B-CLL samples (n = 21), p53(wild-type) SKW6.4, p53(mutated) BJAB lymphoblastoid cell lines, and normal CD19(+) B lymphocytes-treated Nutlin-3 or chlorambucil (10 micromol/L, each). Knocking down experiments with either p53 or DEK small interfering RNA (siRNA) were done to investigate the potential role of p53 in controlling the expression of DEK and the role of DEK in leukemic cell survival/apoptosis. RESULTS Both Nutlin-3 and chlorambucil downregulated DEK in primary B-CLL samples (n = 21) and SKW6.4 but not in BJAB cells. Knocking down p53 attenuated the effect of Nutlin-3 on DEK expression, whereas knocking down DEK significantly increased both spontaneous and Nutlin-3-induced apoptosis. Conversely, counteracting DEK downmodulation by using p53 small interfering RNA reduced Nutlin-3-mediated apoptosis. On the other hand, Nutlin-3 potently induced p53 accumulation, but it did not affect DEK levels in normal CD19(+) B lymphocytes. CONCLUSIONS These data show that the downregulation of DEK in response to either Nutlin-3 or chlorambucil represents an important molecular determinant in the cytotoxic response of leukemic cells, and suggest that strategies aimed to downregulate DEK might improve the therapeutic potential of these drugs.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating/pharmacology
- Apoptosis
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Chlorambucil/pharmacology
- Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone/physiology
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Female
- Humans
- Imidazoles/pharmacology
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Mutation
- Oncogene Proteins/physiology
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Poly-ADP-Ribose Binding Proteins
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Stereoisomerism
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/physiology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Secchiero
- Department of Morphology and Embryology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Celeghini C, Voltan R, Rimondi E, Gattei V, Zauli G. Perifosine selectively induces cell cycle block and modulates retinoblastoma and E2F1 protein levels in p53 mutated leukemic cell lines. Invest New Drugs 2010; 29:392-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s10637-009-9370-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 12/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
42
|
Voltan R, Celeghini C, Melloni E, Secchiero P, Zauli G. Perifosine plus nutlin-3 combination shows a synergistic anti-leukaemic activity. Br J Haematol 2009; 148:957-61. [PMID: 19958355 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2009.08018.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
43
|
Candido R, Toffoli B, Corallini F, Bernardi S, Zella D, Voltan R, Grill V, Celeghini C, Fabris B. Human full-length osteoprotegerin induces the proliferation of rodent vascular smooth muscle cells both in vitro and in vivo. J Vasc Res 2009; 47:252-61. [PMID: 19907187 DOI: 10.1159/000257339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Since elevated plasma levels of osteoprotegerin (OPG) represent a risk factor for death and heart failure in patients affected by diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease, this study aimed to elucidate potential roles of OPG in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Recombinant human full-length OPG, used at concentrations comparable to the elevated levels found in the serum of diabetic patients, significantly increased the proliferation rate of rodent vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). To mimic the moderate chronic elevation of OPG observed in diabetic patients, low doses (1 microg/mouse) of full-length human OPG were injected intraperitoneally every 3 weeks in diabetic apolipoprotein E (apoE)-null mice. The group of animals treated for 12 weeks with recombinant OPG showed a small increase in the total aortic plaque area at necropsy in comparison to vehicle-treated animals. Importantly, while no differences in the amount of interstitial collagen or the degree of macrophage infiltration were observed between OPG-treated and vehicle-treated apoE-null diabetic animals, a significant increase in the number of alpha-actin-positive smooth muscle cells was observed in the plaques of OPG-treated mice. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that OPG promotes VSMC proliferation and might be directly involved in pathogenetic aspects of atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Candido
- Diabetic Center, ASS 1 Triestina, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Gonelli A, Milani D, Rimondi E, Voltan R, Grill V, Celeghini C. Activation of PKC-ε counteracts maturation and apoptosis of HL-60 myeloid leukemic cells in response to TNF family members. Eur J Histochem 2009; 53:e21. [PMID: 30256868 PMCID: PMC3168235 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2009.e21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC)-ε, a component of the serine/threo-nine PKC family, has been shown to influence the survival and differentiation pathways of normal hematopoietic cells. Here, we have modulated the activity of PKC-ε with specific small molecule activator or inhibitor peptides. PKC-ε inhibitor and activator peptides showed modest effects on HL-60 maturation when added alone, but PKC-ε activator peptide significantly counteracted the pro-maturative activity of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α towards the monocytic/macrophagic lineage, as evaluated in terms of CD14 surface expression and morphological analyses. Moreover, while PKC-ε inhibitor peptide showed a reproducible increase of TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced apoptosis, PKC-ε activator peptide potently counteracted the pro-apoptotic activity of TRAIL. Taken together, the anti-maturative and anti-apoptotic activities of PKC-ε envision a potentially important proleukemic role of this PKC family member.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Gonelli
- Department of Morphology and Embryology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara
| | - D Milani
- Department of Morphology and Embryology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara
| | - E Rimondi
- Interdepartmental Center of Molecular Medicine, University of Trieste, Trieste
| | - R Voltan
- Interdepartmental Center of Molecular Medicine, University of Trieste, Trieste
| | - V Grill
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - C Celeghini
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Gonelli A, Milani D, Rimondi E, Voltan R, Grill V, Celeghini C. Activation of PKC-epsilon counteracts maturation and apoptosis of HL-60 myeloid leukemic cells in response to TNF family members. Eur J Histochem 2009; 53:177-82. [PMID: 19864212 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2009.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC)-epsilon, a component of the serine/threonine PKC family, has been shown to influence the survival and differentiation pathways of normal hematopoietic cells. Here, we have modulated the activity of PKC-epsilon with specific small molecule activator or inhibitor peptides. PKC-epsilon inhibitor and activator peptides showed modest effects on HL-60 maturation when added alone, but PKC-epsilon activator peptide significantly counteracted the pro-maturative activity of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha towards the monocytic/macrophagic lineage, as evaluated in terms of CD14 surface expression and morphological analyses. Moreover, while PKC-epsilon inhibitor peptide showed a reproducible increase of TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced apoptosis, PKC-epsilon activator peptide potently counteracted the pro-apoptotic activity of TRAIL. Taken together, the anti-maturative and anti-apoptotic activities of PKC-epsilon envision a potentially important proleukemic role of this PKC family member.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Gonelli
- Department of Morphology and Embryology, University of Ferrara, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Gonelli A, Mischiati C, Guerrini R, Voltan R, Salvadori S, Zauli G. Perspectives of protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors as anti-cancer agents. Mini Rev Med Chem 2009; 9:498-509. [PMID: 19356127 DOI: 10.2174/138955709787847967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Although the role of serine/threonine protein kinase C (PKC) in malignant transformation is known from decades, an anti-PKC based approach in cancer therapy was hampered for the difficulties in developing pharmacological compounds able to selectively inhibit specific PKC isoforms. In this review, the role of PKC-epsilon and PKC-delta in promoting and counteracting tumor progression in different types of cancer, respectively, will be discussed in relationship with promising therapeutic perspectives based either on small molecule inhibitors or on natural compounds. Among a myriad of molecules able to modulate PKC activity, we will focus on the role of the enzastaurin and briostatin-1, which already entered clinical trials for several human cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Gonelli
- Department of Morphology and Embryology, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara, 44100, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Voltan R, Castaldello A, Brocca-Cofano E, De Michele R, Triulzi C, Altavilla G, Tondelli L, Laus M, Sparnacci K, Reali E, Gavioli R, Ensoli B, Caputo A. Priming with a very low dose of DNA complexed with cationic block copolymers followed by protein boost elicits broad and long-lasting antigen-specific humoral and cellular responses in mice. Vaccine 2009; 27:4498-507. [PMID: 19450649 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2008] [Revised: 05/08/2009] [Accepted: 05/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cationic block copolymers spontaneously assemble via electrostatic interactions with DNA molecules in aqueous solution giving rise to micellar structures that protect the DNA from enzymatic degradation both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, we have previously shown that they are safe, not immunogenic and greatly increased antigen-specific CTL responses following six intramuscular inoculations of a very low dose (1microg) of the vaccine DNA as compared to naked DNA. Nevertheless, they failed to elicit detectable humoral responses against the antigen. To gain further insight in the potential application of this technology, here we show that a shorter immunization protocol based on two DNA intramuscular inoculations of 1microg of DNA delivered by these copolymers and a protein boost elicits in mice broad (both humoral and cellular) and long-lasting responses and increases the antigen-specific Th1-type T cell responses and CTLs as compared to priming with naked DNA. These results indicate that cationic block copolymers represent a promising adjuvant and delivery technology for DNA vaccination strategies aimed at combating intracellular pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Voltan
- Department of Histology, Microbiology and Medical Biotechnology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Caputo A, Castaldello A, Brocca-Cofano E, Voltan R, Bortolazzi F, Altavilla G, Sparnacci K, Laus M, Tondelli L, Gavioli R, Ensoli B. Induction of humoral and enhanced cellular immune responses by novel core-shell nanosphere- and microsphere-based vaccine formulations following systemic and mucosal administration. Vaccine 2009; 27:3605-15. [PMID: 19464541 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Revised: 03/12/2009] [Accepted: 03/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Anionic surfactant-free polymeric core-shell nanospheres and microspheres were previously described with an inner core constituted by poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) and a highly hydrophilic outer shell composed of a hydrosoluble co-polymer (Eudragit L100-55). The outer shell is tightly linked to the core and bears carboxylic groups capable of adsorbing high amounts (antigen loading ability of up to 20%, w/w) of native basic proteins, mainly by electrostatic interactions, while preserving their activity. In the present study we have evaluated in mice the safety and immunogenicity of new vaccine formulations composed of these nano- and microspheres and the HIV-1 Tat protein. Vaccines were administered by different routes, including intramuscular, subcutaneous or intranasal and the results were compared to immunization with Tat alone or with Tat delivered with the alum adjuvant. The data demonstrate that the nano- and microspheres/Tat formulations are safe and induce robust and long-lasting cellular and humoral responses in mice after systemic and/or mucosal immunization. These delivery systems may have great potential for novel Tat protein-based vaccines against HIV-1 and hold promise for other protein-based vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Caputo
- Department of Histology, University of Padova, Via A. Gabelli 63, 35122 Padova, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Caputo A, Brocca-Cofano E, Castaldello A, Voltan R, Gavioli R, Srivastava IK, Barnett SW, Cafaro A, Ensoli B. Characterization of immune responses elicited in mice by intranasal co-immunization with HIV-1 Tat, gp140 DeltaV2Env and/or SIV Gag proteins and the nontoxicogenic heat-labile Escherichia coli enterotoxin. Vaccine 2008; 26:1214-27. [PMID: 18243435 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2007] [Revised: 12/19/2007] [Accepted: 12/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The development of a vaccine against HIV/AIDS capable of inducing broad humoral and cellular responses at both systemic and mucosal sites, able to stop or reduce viral infection at the portal of entry, represents the only realistic way to control the infection caused by HIV world-wide. The promising results obtained with the HIV-1 Tat-based vaccines in preclinical and clinical settings, the evidence that a broad immunity against HIV correlates with reduced viral load or virus control, as well as the availability of novel gp140 V2-loop deleted HIV-1 Env (DeltaV2Env) immunogens capable of inducing cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies, have led to the design of new vaccine strategies based on the combination of non-structural and structural proteins. In this study, we demonstrate that immunization with a biologically active HIV-1 Tat protein in combination with the oligomeric HIV-1 gp140 DeltaV2Env and/or SIV Gag proteins, delivered intranasally with the detoxified LTK63 mucosal adjuvant, whose safety has been recently shown in humans, elicits long-lasting local and systemic antibody and cellular immune responses against the co-administered antigens in a fashion similar to immune responses induced by vaccination with Tat, DeltaV2Env and Gag proteins alone. The results indicate lack of antigen interference implying that HIV-1 Tat is an optimal co-antigen for combined vaccine strategies employing DeltaV2Env and/or Gag proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Caputo
- Department of Histology, Microbiology and Medical Biotechnology, University of Padova, Via A. Gabelli 63, 35122 Padova, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Voltan R, Castaldello A, Brocca-Cofano E, Altavilla G, Caputo A, Laus M, Sparnacci K, Ensoli B, Spaccasassi S, Ballestri M, Tondelli L. Preparation and Characterization of Innovative Protein-coated Poly(Methylmethacrylate) Core-shell Nanoparticles for Vaccine Purposes. Pharm Res 2007; 24:1870-82. [PMID: 17476465 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-007-9310-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2007] [Accepted: 04/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims at developing novel core-shell poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) nanoparticles as a delivery system for protein vaccine candidates. MATERIALS AND METHODS Anionic nanoparticles consisting of a core of PMMA and a shell deriving from Eudragit L100/55 were prepared by an innovative synthetic method based on emulsion polymerization. The formed nanoparticles were characterized for size, surface charge and ability to reversibly bind two basic model proteins (Lysozyme, Trypsin) and a vaccine relevant antigen (HIV-1 Tat), by means of cell-free studies. Their in vitro toxicity and capability to preserve the biological activity of the HIV-1 Tat protein were studied in cell culture systems. Finally, their safety and immunogenicity were investigated in the mouse model. RESULTS The nanoparticles had smooth surface, spherical shape and uniform size distribution with a mean diameter of 220 nm. The shell is characterized by covalently bound carboxyl groups negatively charged at physiological pH, able to reversibly adsorb large amounts (up to 20% w/w) of basic proteins (Lysozyme, Trypsin and HIV-1 Tat), mainly through specific electrostatic interactions. The nanoparticles were stable, not toxic to the cells, protected the HIV-1 Tat protein from oxidation, thus preserving its biological activity and increasing its shelf-life, and efficiently delivered and released it intracellularly. In vivo experiments showed that they are well tolerated and elicit strong immune responses against the delivered antigen in mice. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that these new nanoparticles provide a versatile platform for protein surface adsorption and a promising delivery system particularly when the maintenance of the biologically active conformation is required for vaccine efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Voltan
- Department of Histology, Microbiology and Medical Biotechnology, Section of Microbiology, University of Padova, Via A. Gabelli 63, 35122, Padova, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|