1
|
Soudagar MEM, Kiong TS, Jathar L, Nik Ghazali NN, Ramesh S, Awasarmol U, Ong HC. Perspectives on cultivation and harvesting technologies of microalgae, towards environmental sustainability and life cycle analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 353:141540. [PMID: 38423144 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The development of algae is seen as a potential and ecologically sound approach to address the increasing demands in multiple sectors. However, successful implementation of processes is highly dependent on effective growing and harvesting methods. The present study provides a complete examination of contemporary techniques employed in the production and harvesting of algae, with a particular emphasis on their sustainability. The review begins by examining several culture strategies, encompassing open ponds, closed photobioreactors, and raceway ponds. The analysis of each method is conducted in a systematic manner, with a particular focus on highlighting their advantages, limitations, and potential for expansion. This approach ensures that the conversation is in line with the objectives of sustainability. Moreover, this study explores essential elements of algae harvesting, including the processes of cell separation, dewatering, and biomass extraction. Traditional methods such as centrifugation, filtration, and sedimentation are examined in conjunction with novel, environmentally concerned strategies including flocculation, electro-coagulation, and membrane filtration. It evaluates the impacts on the environment that are caused by the cultivation process, including the usage of water and land, the use of energy, the production of carbon dioxide, and the runoff of nutrients. Furthermore, this study presents a thorough examination of the current body of research pertaining to Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) studies, presenting a perspective that emphasizes sustainability in the context of algae harvesting systems. In conclusion, the analysis ends up with an examination ahead at potential areas for future study in the cultivation and harvesting of algae. This review is an essential guide for scientists, policymakers, and industry experts associated with the advancement and implementation of algae-based technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manzoore Elahi M Soudagar
- Institute of Sustainable Energy (ISE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, Uttarakhand - 248002, India; Environmental and Atmospheric Sciences Research Group, Scientific Research Center, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Nasiriyah, 64001, Iraq.
| | - Tiong Sieh Kiong
- Institute of Sustainable Energy (ISE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Laxmikant Jathar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Army Institute of Technology, Pune, 411015, India.
| | - Nik Nazri Nik Ghazali
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - S Ramesh
- Institute of Sustainable Energy (ISE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Umesh Awasarmol
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Army Institute of Technology, Pune, 411015, India.
| | - Hwai Chyuan Ong
- Department of Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang X, Zhou Y, Peng Q, Han Y, Yang J, Xu H, Li C, Li L, Dou S, Yang M, Liu G. Development of plastic flatbed-based algal culture system deployable on non-arable land. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
|
3
|
Chen C, Wen S, Wang Z, Zhang D, Zhang J, Yan C, Cong W. Enhancement of biofilm formation and microalgae growth by preparing cellulose film with rough surface. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-02901-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
4
|
Udayan A, Sirohi R, Sreekumar N, Sang BI, Sim SJ. Mass cultivation and harvesting of microalgal biomass: Current trends and future perspectives. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 344:126406. [PMID: 34826565 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are unicellular photosynthetic organisms capable of producing high-value metabolites like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, pigments, and other high-value metabolites. Microalgal biomass gained more interest for the production of nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, therapeutics, food supplements, feed, biofuel, bio-fertilizers, etc. due to its high lipid and other high-value metabolite content. Microalgal biomass has the potential to convert trapped solar energy to organic materials and potential metabolites of nutraceutical and industrial interest. They have higher efficiency to fix carbon dioxide (CO2) and subsequently convert it into biomass and compounds of potential interest. However, to make microalgae a potential industrial candidate, cost-effective cultivation systems and harvesting methods for increasing biomass yield and reducing the cost of downstream processing have become extremely urgent and important. In this review, the current development in different microalgal cultivation systems and harvesting methods has been discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aswathy Udayan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ranjna Sirohi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul South Korea; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226 029, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nidhin Sreekumar
- Accubits Invent, Accubits Technologies Inc., Thiruvananthapuram 695 004, Kerala, India
| | - Byoung-In Sang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang Jun Sim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Turon V, Ollivier S, Cwicklinski G, Willison JC, Anxionnaz-Minvielle Z. H 2 production by photofermentation in an innovative plate-type photobioreactor with meandering channels. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:1342-1354. [PMID: 33325030 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen production by Rhodobacter capsulatus is an anaerobic, photobiological process requiring specific mixing conditions. In this study, an innovative design of a photobioreactor is proposed. The design is based on a plate-type photobioreactor with an interconnected meandering channel to allow culture mixing and H2 degassing. The culture flow was characterized as a quasi-plug-flow with radial mixing caused by a turbulent-like regime achieved at a low Reynolds number. The dissipated volumetric power was decreased 10-fold while maintaining PBR performances (production and yields) when compared with a magnetically stirred tank reactor. To increase hydrogen production flow rate, several bacterial concentrations were tested by increasing the glutamate concentration using fed-batch cultures. The maximum hydrogen production flow rate (157.7 ± 9.3 ml H2 /L/h) achieved is one of the highest values so far reported for H2 production by R. capsulatus. These first results are encouraging for future scale-up of the plate-type reactor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Violette Turon
- Laboratoire Echangeurs et Réacteurs, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LITEN, DTBH, Laboratoire Echangeurs et Réacteurs, Grenoble, France
| | - Stéphane Ollivier
- Laboratoire Echangeurs et Réacteurs, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LITEN, DTBH, Laboratoire Echangeurs et Réacteurs, Grenoble, France
| | - Gregory Cwicklinski
- Laboratoire Echangeurs et Réacteurs, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LITEN, DTBH, Laboratoire Echangeurs et Réacteurs, Grenoble, France
| | - John C Willison
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, CBM, DIESE, IRIG, DRF, Grenoble, France
| | - Zoé Anxionnaz-Minvielle
- Laboratoire Echangeurs et Réacteurs, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LITEN, DTBH, Laboratoire Echangeurs et Réacteurs, Grenoble, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Assunção J, Malcata FX. Enclosed “non-conventional” photobioreactors for microalga production: A review. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.102107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
7
|
Tan JS, Lee SY, Chew KW, Lam MK, Lim JW, Ho SH, Show PL. A review on microalgae cultivation and harvesting, and their biomass extraction processing using ionic liquids. Bioengineered 2020; 11:116-129. [PMID: 31909681 PMCID: PMC6999644 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2020.1711626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The richness of high-value bio-compounds derived from microalgae has made microalgae a promising and sustainable source of useful product. The present work starts with a review on the usage of open pond and photobioreactor in culturing various microalgae strains, followed by an in-depth evaluation on the common harvesting techniques used to collect microalgae from culture medium. The harvesting methods discussed include filtration, centrifugation, flocculation, and flotation. Additionally, the advanced extraction technologies using ionic liquids as extractive solvents applied to extract high-value bio-compounds such as lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and other bioactive compounds from microalgae biomass are summarized and discussed. However, more work needs to be done to fully utilize the potential of microalgae biomass for the application in large-scale production of biofuels, food additives, and nutritive supplements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Sen Tan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Science, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sze Ying Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Sungai Long Campus, Kajang, Malaysia
| | - Kit Wayne Chew
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Man Kee Lam
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Perak, Malaysia.,Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
| | - Jun Wei Lim
- Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia.,Fundamental and Applied Sciences Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
| | - Shih-Hsin Ho
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bose A, O'Shea R, Lin R, Murphy JD. A perspective on novel cascading algal biomethane biorefinery systems. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 304:123027. [PMID: 32113833 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Synergistic opportunities to combine biomethane production via anaerobic digestion whilst cultivating microalgae have been previously suggested in literature. While biomethane is a promising and flexible renewable energy vector, microalgae are increasingly gaining importance as an alternate source of food and/or feed, chemicals and energy for advanced biofuels. However, simultaneously achieving, grid quality biomethane, effective microalgal digestate treatment, high microalgae growth rate, and the most sustainable use of the algal biomass is a major challenge. In this regard, the present paper proposes multiple configurations of an innovative Cascading Algal Biomethane-Biorefinery System (CABBS) using a novel two-step bubble column-photobioreactor photosynthetic biogas upgrading technology. To overcome the limitations in choice of microalgae for optimal system operation, a microalgae composition based biorefinery decision tree has also been conceptualised to maximise profitability. Techno-economic, environmental and practical aspects have been discussed to provide a comprehensive perspective of the proposed systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Archishman Bose
- Environmental Research Institute, MaREI Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; School of Engineering, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Richard O'Shea
- Environmental Research Institute, MaREI Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; School of Engineering, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Richen Lin
- Environmental Research Institute, MaREI Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; School of Engineering, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jerry D Murphy
- Environmental Research Institute, MaREI Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; School of Engineering, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yan C, Wang Z, Wu X, Wen S, Yu J, Cong W. Outdoor cultivation of Chlorella sp. in an improved thin-film flat-plate photobioreactor in desertification areas. J Biosci Bioeng 2020; 129:619-623. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2019.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
10
|
Bose A, Lin R, Rajendran K, O'Shea R, Xia A, Murphy JD. How to optimise photosynthetic biogas upgrading: a perspective on system design and microalgae selection. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:107444. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.107444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
11
|
Cheng J, Xu J, Lu H, Ye Q, Liu J, Zhou J. Generating cycle flow between dark and light zones with double paddlewheels to improve microalgal growth in a flat plate photo-bioreactor. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 261:151-157. [PMID: 29656228 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Double paddlewheels were proposed to generate cycle flow for increasing horizontal fluid velocity between dark and light zones in a flat plate photo-bioreactor, which strengthened the mass transfer and the mixing effect to improve microalgal growth with 15% CO2. Numerical fluid dynamics were used to simulate the cycle flow field with double paddlewheels. The local flow field measured with particle image velocimetry fitted well with the numerical simulation results. The horizontal fluid velocity in the photo-bioreactor was markedly increased from 5.8 × 10-5 m/s to 0.45 m/s with the rotation of double paddlewheels, resulting in a decreased dark/light cycle period. Therefore, bubble formation time and diameter reduced by 24.4% and 27.4%, respectively. Meanwhile, solution mixing time reduced by 31.3% and mass transfer coefficient increased by 41.2%. The biomass yield of microalgae Nannochloropsis Oceanic increased by 127.1% with double paddlewheels under 15% CO2 condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Junchen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Hongxiang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Qing Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jianzhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Junhu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Evaluation of closed photobioreactor types and operation variables for enhancing lipid productivity of Nannochloropsis sp. KMMCC 290 for biodiesel production. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-017-0107-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
13
|
Wang D, Wu X, Long L, Yuan X, Zhang Q, Xue S, Wen S, Yan C, Wang J, Cong W. Improved antifouling properties of photobioreactors by surface grafted sulfobetaine polymers. BIOFOULING 2017; 33:970-979. [PMID: 29182016 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2017.1394457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
To improve the antifouling (AF) properties of photobioreactors (PBR) for microalgal cultivation, using trihydroxymethyl aminomethane (tris) as the linking agent, a series of polyethylene (PE) films grafted with sulfobetaine (PE-SBMA) with grafting density ranging from 23.11 to 112 μg cm-2 were prepared through surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP). It was found that the contact angle of PE-SBMA films decreased with the increase in the grafting density. When the grafting density was 101.33 μg cm-2, it reached 67.27°. Compared with the PE film, the adsorption of protein on the PE-SBMA film decreased by 79.84% and the total weight of solid and absorbed microalgae decreased by 54.58 and 81.69%, respectively. Moreover, the transmittance of PE-SBMA film recovered to 86.03% of the initial value after cleaning, while that of the PE film recovered to only 47.27%. The results demonstrate that the AF properties of PE films were greatly improved on polySBMA-grafted surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongwei Wang
- a School of Food Engineering and Biological Technology , Tianjin University of Science & Technology , Tianjin , P.R. China
| | - Xia Wu
- b State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , P.R. China
| | - Lixia Long
- c School of Materials Science and Engineering , Tianjin University , Tianjin , P.R. China
| | - Xubo Yuan
- c School of Materials Science and Engineering , Tianjin University , Tianjin , P.R. China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- b State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , P.R. China
| | - Shengzhang Xue
- b State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , P.R. China
| | - Shumei Wen
- b State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , P.R. China
| | - Chenghu Yan
- b State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , P.R. China
| | - Jianming Wang
- a School of Food Engineering and Biological Technology , Tianjin University of Science & Technology , Tianjin , P.R. China
| | - Wei Cong
- b State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kim ZH, Park YS, Ryu YJ, Lee CG. Enhancing biomass and fatty acid productivity of Tetraselmis sp. in bubble column photobioreactors by modifying light quality using light filters. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-017-0200-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
15
|
Zhang Z, Huang JJ, Sun D, Lee Y, Chen F. Two-step cultivation for production of astaxanthin in Chlorella zofingiensis using a patented energy-free rotating floating photobioreactor (RFP). BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 224:515-522. [PMID: 27818161 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.10.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, high light and nitrogen starvation with glucose-fed to the culture was found efficient to induce astaxanthin accumulation in Chlorella zofingiensis. Therefore, a two-step cultivation strategy including high biomass yield fermentation and outdoor induction with an energy-free RFP was conducted. During the fermentation, the highest cell density of 98.4gL-1 and astaxanthin yield of 73.3mgL-1 were achieved, which were higher than those so far reported in C. zofingiensis. During the outdoor induction, astaxanthin content was further increased by 1.5-fold leading to the highest astaxanthin productivity of 5.26mgL-1day-1 under an optimal dilution of 5-fold. Our work thus provided an effective two-step cultivation strategy for production of astaxanthin by C. zofingiensis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Zhang
- Institute for Food & Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117597, Singapore; BIC-ESAT, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jim Junhui Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Dongzhe Sun
- Institute for Food & Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117597, Singapore; BIC-ESAT, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuankun Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Feng Chen
- Institute for Food & Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; BIC-ESAT, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| |
Collapse
|