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Möller J, Recsei C, Russell R, Darwish T. Enhanced oxidative stability of deuterated squalene: the impact of labelling extent on chemical resilience. RSC Adv 2024; 14:26002-26006. [PMID: 39161447 PMCID: PMC11331757 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra05543h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The extent to which deuteration affects the oxidative stability of squalene, a nutrient and a commonly-used ingredient in cosmetics and vaccine adjuvants, has been quantified as a function of the extent of labelling. The formation of comedogenic peroxides was inhibited by levels of overall deuteration as low as 19%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Möller
- Technische Universität München Arcisstraße 21 80333 München Germany
| | - Carl Recsei
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, National Deuteration Facility New Illawarra Rd, Lucas Heights 2234 New South Wales Australia
| | - Robert Russell
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, National Deuteration Facility New Illawarra Rd, Lucas Heights 2234 New South Wales Australia
| | - Tamim Darwish
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, National Deuteration Facility New Illawarra Rd, Lucas Heights 2234 New South Wales Australia
- University of Canberra Bruce 2617 Australian Capital Territory Australia
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2
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Raspe D, Silva IDA, Silva EDA, Saldaña M, Silva CDA, Cardozo-Filho L. Valorization of Carapa guianensis Aubl. seeds treated by compressed n-propane. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2024; 96:e20230435. [PMID: 38985028 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202420230435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the oil content obtained from andiroba seeds by pressurized n-propane at different conditions of temperature (25, 35, and 45 °C) and pressure (40, 60, and 80 bar), and conventional extraction technique using n-hexane as the solvent. Kinetic extraction curves were fitted using Sovová's mathematical model. The chemical characterization of the oil was reported as well as the protein content in the extraction by-product. Pressurized extractions conducted at 25 °C provided the highest oil recovery (~45 wt%) from the seeds. The increase in pressure at 25 ºC favored obtaining oil with higher Stigmasterol contents, however, the Squalene content was higher in the oil obtained at 40 bar. The oils with the highest concentration phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity were obtained at 80 bar. Extraction with n-propane provided oils with higher levels of phenolic compounds, however, with antioxidant activity similar to conventional extraction. For all evaluated extractions, the product showed a predominance of oleic and palmitic acids, with similar values of oxidative stability. The extraction of the by-product with the highest soluble protein content was obtained under mild processing conditions (25 °C and 40 bar) with n-propane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djéssica Raspe
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Departamento de Ciências Agrárias, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Inaldo DA Silva
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Rua Augusto Correa, s/n, 66075-910 Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Edson DA Silva
- Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Rua da Faculdade, 645, 85903-000 Toledo, PR, Brazil
| | - Marleny Saldaña
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Camila DA Silva
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Centro de Tecnologia, Departamento de Tecnologia, Av. Ângelo Moreira da Fonseca, 1800, 87506-370 Umuarama, PR, Brazil
| | - Lúcio Cardozo-Filho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Departamento de Ciências Agrárias, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
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Xu M, Yang N, Pan J, Hua Q, Li CX, Xu JH. Remodeling the Homologous Recombination Mechanism of Yarrowia lipolytica for High-Level Biosynthesis of Squalene. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:9984-9993. [PMID: 38635942 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c01779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Squalene is a high-value antioxidant with many commercial applications. The use of microbial cell factories to produce squalene as an alternative to plant and animal extracts could meet increasing market demand. Yarrowia lipolytica is an excellent host for squalene production due to its high levels of acetyl-CoA and a hydrophobic environment. However, the need for precise and complicated gene editing has hindered the industrialization of this strain. Herein, the rapid construction of a strain with high squalene production was achieved by enhancing the homologous recombination efficiency in Y. lipolytica. First, remodeling of the homologous recombination efficiency resulted in a 10-fold increase in the homologous recombination rate. Next, the whole mevalonate pathway was integrated into the chromosome to enhance squalene production. Then, a higher level of squalene accumulation was achieved by increasing the level of acetyl coenzyme A and regulating the downstream steroid synthesis pathway. Finally, the squalene production reached 35 g/L after optimizing the fermentation conditions and performing a fed-batch culture in a 5 L jar fermenter. This is the highest squalene production ever reported to date by de novo biosynthesis without adding any inhibitors, paving a new path toward the industrial production of squalene and its downstream products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Nan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jiang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Qiang Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Chun-Xiu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jian-He Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
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Schütte L, Hausmann K, Schwarz C, Ersoy F, Berger RG. The Nitrogen Content in the Fruiting Body and Mycelium of Pleurotus Ostreatus and Its Utilization as a Medium Component in Thraustochytrid Fermentation. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:284. [PMID: 38534558 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11030284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Following the idea of a circular bioeconomy, the use of side streams as substitutes for cultivation media (components) in bioprocesses would mean an enormous economic and ecological advantage. Costly compounds in conventional media for the production of the triterpene squalene in thraustochytrids are the main carbon source and complex nitrogen sources. Among other side streams examined, extracts from the spent mycelium of the basidiomycete Pleurotus ostreatus were best-suited to acting as alternative nitrogen sources in cultivation media for thraustochytrids. The total nitrogen (3.76 ± 0.01 and 4.24 ± 0.04%, respectively) and protein (16.47 ± 0.06 and 18.57 ± 0.18%, respectively) contents of the fruiting body and mycelium were determined. The fungal cells were hydrolyzed and extracted to generate accessible nitrogen sources. Under preferred conditions, the extracts from the fruiting body and mycelium contained 73.63 ± 1.19 and 89.93 ± 7.54 mM of free amino groups, respectively. Cultivations of Schizochytrium sp. S31 on a medium using a mycelium extract as a complex nitrogen source showed decelerated growth but a similar squalene yield (123.79 ± 14.11 mg/L after 216 h) compared to a conventional medium (111.29 ± 19.96 mg/L, although improvable by additional complex nitrogen source).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Schütte
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Katharina Hausmann
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Franziska Ersoy
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ralf G Berger
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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Schütte L, Hanisch PG, Scheler N, Haböck KC, Huber R, Ersoy F, Berger RG. Squalene production under oxygen limitation by Schizochytrium sp. S31 in different cultivation systems. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:201. [PMID: 38349390 PMCID: PMC10864429 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13051-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
The triterpene squalene is widely used in the food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries due to its antioxidant, antistatic and anti-carcinogenic properties. It is usually obtained from the liver of deep sea sharks, which are facing extinction. Alternative production organisms are marine protists from the family Thraustochytriaceae, which produce and store large quantities of various lipids. Squalene accumulation in thraustochytrids is complex, as it is an intermediate in sterol biosynthesis. Its conversion to squalene 2,3-epoxide is the first step in sterol synthesis and is heavily oxygen dependent. Hence, the oxygen supply during cultivation was investigated in our study. In shake flask cultivations, a reduced oxygen supply led to increased squalene and decreased sterol contents and yields. Oxygen-limited conditions were applied to bioreactor scale, where squalene accumulation and growth of Schizochytrium sp. S31 was determined in batch, fed-batch and continuous cultivation. The highest dry matter (32.03 g/L) was obtained during fed-batch cultivation, whereas batch cultivation yielded the highest biomass productivity (0.2 g/L*h-1). Squalene accumulation benefited from keeping the microorganisms in the growth phase. Therefore, the highest squalene content of 39.67 ± 1.34 mg/g was achieved by continuous cultivation (D = 0.025 h-1) and the highest squalene yield of 1131 mg/L during fed-batch cultivation. Volumetric and specific squalene productivity both reached maxima in the continuous cultivation at D = 0.025 h-1 (6.94 ± 0.27 mg/L*h-1 and 1.00 ± 0.03 mg/g*h-1, respectively). Thus, the choice of a suitable cultivation method under oxygen-limiting conditions depends heavily on the process requirements. KEY POINTS: • Measurements of respiratory activity and backscatter light of thraustochytrids • Oxygen limitation increased squalene accumulation in Schizochytrium sp. S31 • Comparison of different cultivation methods under oxygen-limiting conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Schütte
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Patrick G Hanisch
- Department of Engineering and Management, Munich University of Applied Sciences HM, Munich, Germany
| | - Nina Scheler
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Katharina C Haböck
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Robert Huber
- Department of Engineering and Management, Munich University of Applied Sciences HM, Munich, Germany
| | - Franziska Ersoy
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ralf G Berger
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Tian J, Jiang Q, Bao X, Yang F, Li Y, Sun H, Yao K, Yin Y. Plant-derived squalene supplementation improves growth performance and alleviates acute oxidative stress-induced growth retardation and intestinal damage in piglets. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2023; 15:386-398. [PMID: 38058564 PMCID: PMC10695848 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Piglets are particularly susceptible to oxidative stress, which causes inferior growth performance and intestinal damage. Squalene (SQ), a natural bioactive substance enriched in shark liver oil, shows excellent antioxidant properties and can currently be obtained at a low cost from deodorizer distillate during the production of plant oil. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of plant-derived SQ supplementation on the growth performance of piglets and explore the beneficial roles of SQ against oxidative stress and intestinal injury in diquat-challenged piglets. Forty piglets were randomly divided into five groups and fed a basal diet supplemented with SQ at 0, 500, 1000, or 2000 mg/kg for 5 weeks. Acute oxidative stress was induced in the piglets with diquat (10 mg/kg BW) at the fourth week of the experiment, followed by a 7-d recovery period. Results showed that before the diquat challenge, SQ supplementation significantly improved growth performance (average daily gain and feed conversion ratio) and serum antioxidant status, and after the diquat challenge, SQ supplementation significantly mitigated diquat-induced growth arrest, intestinal villous atrophy, intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis, intestinal hyperpermeability, and deficiency of intestinal epithelial tight junction proteins (zonula occludens-1, occludin, and claudin-3). Under oxidative stress induced by diquat, SQ supplementation consistently improved the antioxidant status of the small intestine, liver, and muscle. In vitro, SQ was shown to alleviate hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced increase of the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species and apoptosis of porcine intestinal epithelial cells. Taken together, SQ supplementation improves growth performance and effectively alleviates acute oxidative stress-induced growth retardation and intestinal injury via improving antioxidant capacity in piglets. Our findings may provide an efficient strategy for alleviating oxidative stress-induced inferior growth performance and intestinal damage in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junquan Tian
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100008, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410000, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410000, China
| | - Xuetai Bao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100008, China
| | - Fan Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100008, China
| | - Yuying Li
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410205, China
| | - Haihui Sun
- Yichun Dahaigui Life Science Co., Ltd, Yichun, 336000, China
| | - Kang Yao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100008, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100008, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410000, China
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Zhang X, Zhuang X, Xiong T, Huang S, Qian X, Guo T, Chen M, Xie W, Huang Y. Extraction from different parts of Citrus maxima flowers using ultrasound as an aid and study of their composition and function. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2023; 100:106632. [PMID: 37826891 PMCID: PMC10582574 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasonic assisted extraction is frequently referred to as a green environmental protection method. The flower of Citrus maxima (FCM) has been used as a health tea drink in China, although the tea drink lacks clear compound composition identification and functional research. In order to fully use Citrus fruit by-products and further explore the functional features of FCM, this paper isolated, identified, and assessed the chemical compounds in the petals, stems, styles, receptacles, stamens, and buds of FCM extract. There are 88 compounds were recovered, including 23 compounds in the bud, 21 compounds in the petal, 19 compounds in the stem, 11 compounds in the receptacle, 20 compounds in the stamen, and 13 compounds in the style. Antioxidant experiments revealed that the FCM's various compounds had observable impacts in scavenging free radicals (38.44%-58.35%). The aforementioned study demonstrates that the pomelo by-products were developed into useful components using ultrasonic aided extraction technique. FCM has flavor-rich compounds that make it suited for use as an antioxidant tea beverage and offers practical suggestions for preparing healthy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Zhang
- Jiaying University, Meizhou 514015, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Conservation and Precision Utilization of Characteristic Agricultural Resources in Mountainous Areas, Meizhou 514015, China.
| | | | | | - Siyi Huang
- Jiaying University, Meizhou 514015, China
| | - Xiaobing Qian
- Guangzhou Restaurant Group Likoufu (Meizhou) Food Co., Ltd., Meizhou, Guangdong 514779, China
| | - Tianqi Guo
- Jiaying University, Meizhou 514015, China.
| | - Mengyu Chen
- Jiaying University, Meizhou 514015, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Conservation and Precision Utilization of Characteristic Agricultural Resources in Mountainous Areas, Meizhou 514015, China
| | - Wenyi Xie
- Jiaying University, Meizhou 514015, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Conservation and Precision Utilization of Characteristic Agricultural Resources in Mountainous Areas, Meizhou 514015, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Jiaying University, Meizhou 514015, China.
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Ma G, Wang Y, Li Y, Zhang L, Gao Y, Li Q, Yu X. Antioxidant properties of lipid concomitants in edible oils: A review. Food Chem 2023; 422:136219. [PMID: 37148851 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Edible oils are indispensable for human life, providing energy and necessary fatty acids. Nevertheless, they are vulnerable to oxidation via a number of different mechanisms. Essential nutrients deteriorate as well as toxic substances are produced when edible oils are oxidized; thus, they should be retarded wherever possible. Lipid concomitants have a strong antioxidant capacity and are a large class of biologically active chemical substances in edible oils. They have shown remarkable antioxidant properties and were documented to improve the quality of edible oils in varied ways. An overview of the antioxidant properties of the polar, non-polar, and amphiphilic lipid concomitants present in edible oils is provided in this review. Interactions among various lipid concomitants and the probable mechanisms are also elucidated. This review may provide a theoretical basis and practical reference for food industry practitioners and researchers to understand the underlying cause of variations in the quality of edible oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaiqin Ma
- Shaanxi Union Research Center of University and Enterprise for Functional Oil Engineering Technology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Shaanxi Union Research Center of University and Enterprise for Functional Oil Engineering Technology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Yuefan Li
- Shaanxi Union Research Center of University and Enterprise for Functional Oil Engineering Technology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Lingyan Zhang
- Shaanxi Union Research Center of University and Enterprise for Functional Oil Engineering Technology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Shaanxi Union Research Center of University and Enterprise for Functional Oil Engineering Technology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Qi Li
- Shaanxi Union Research Center of University and Enterprise for Functional Oil Engineering Technology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Xiuzhu Yu
- Shaanxi Union Research Center of University and Enterprise for Functional Oil Engineering Technology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, PR China.
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Wei J, Yang Y, Peng Y, Wang S, Zhang J, Liu X, Liu J, Wen B, Li M. Biosynthesis and the Transcriptional Regulation of Terpenoids in Tea Plants ( Camellia sinensis). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24086937. [PMID: 37108101 PMCID: PMC10138656 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24086937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Terpenes, especially volatile terpenes, are important components of tea aroma due to their unique scents. They are also widely used in the cosmetic and medical industries. In addition, terpene emission can be induced by herbivory, wounding, light, low temperature, and other stress conditions, leading to plant defense responses and plant-plant interactions. The transcriptional levels of important core genes (including HMGR, DXS, and TPS) involved in terpenoid biosynthesis are up- or downregulated by the MYB, MYC, NAC, ERF, WRKY, and bHLH transcription factors. These regulators can bind to corresponding cis-elements in the promoter regions of the corresponding genes, and some of them interact with other transcription factors to form a complex. Recently, several key terpene synthesis genes and important transcription factors involved in terpene biosynthesis have been isolated and functionally identified from tea plants. In this work, we focus on the research progress on the transcriptional regulation of terpenes in tea plants (Camellia sinensis) and thoroughly detail the biosynthesis of terpene compounds, the terpene biosynthesis-related genes, the transcription factors involved in terpene biosynthesis, and their importance. Furthermore, we review the potential strategies used in studying the specific transcriptional regulation functions of candidate transcription factors that have been discriminated to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junchi Wei
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yun Yang
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Ye Peng
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Shaoying Wang
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xiaobo Liu
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Beibei Wen
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Meifeng Li
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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