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Sinha N, Tajdar Y, Pankaj D, Kumar N, Muni S, Bhushan V. A Study Comparing Centchroman and Evening Primrose Oil in the Treatment of Benign Breast Disease. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND BIOALLIED SCIENCES 2024; 16:S1544-S1548. [PMID: 38882830 PMCID: PMC11174335 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_399_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Females seeking medical attention at breast clinics commonly present with nonmalignant breast conditions, including nonspecific breast pain or distinct masses like fibroadenomas. Due to its variability, it may be difficult to quantify breast pain. The purpose of the research was to compare centchroman and evening primrose oil to identify a cost-effective, secure, and efficient treatment for benign breast disease. Material and Methods In this prospective hospital-based observational study, 100 breast diseases with or without lumpiness for 1 year were included and divided into two groups with 50 cases each, Group-A (Centchroman) and Group-B (Evening primrose oil). Results Centchroman exhibited a significantly greater treatment response for alleviating pain-free mastalgia compared to evening primrose oil. Additionally, centchroman showed an excellent response (P < .05). Among participants with mastalgia, centchroman significantly reduced the number of mastalgia patients with tender nodularity post-treatment (P = .035) than evening primrose oil. On the basis of fibroadenoma, partial and complete response was significantly seen in higher number of cases in the centchroman group (P = .007). Conclusion Centchroman therapy demonstrates that the treatment for benign breast disease is safe, effective, and economical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirupam Sinha
- Department of General Surgery, Sri Aurobindo Institute of Medical Sciences, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
- Department of General Surgery, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Yasir Tajdar
- Department of General Surgery, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Deepak Pankaj
- Department of General Surgery, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Nitesh Kumar
- Department of General Surgery, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Sweta Muni
- Department of Microbiology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Vibhuti Bhushan
- Department of General Surgery, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India
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Yigit B, Kilicarslan G, Citgez B. Identification of Risk Factors for Mastalgia and Its Relationship with Benign or Malignant Breast Diseases. SISLI ETFAL HASTANESI TIP BULTENI 2023; 57:485-494. [PMID: 38268653 PMCID: PMC10805056 DOI: 10.14744/semb.2023.75002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Objectives Mastalgia is a medical condition that primarily affects women of all age groups. Affected individuals experience excruciating pain, tightness, or a burning sensation in the breast tissue. The aim of this study is to observe the clinicopathologic features of women with mastalgia and compare these features with asymptomatic cases. Methods A total of 524 female patients who applied to the general surgery outpatient clinic were prospectively evaluated. The patients were divided into two groups. Group 1 (G1) included patients with mastalgia, while Group 2 (G2) included asymptomatic patients. The two groups were compared in terms of clinical, radiological, and pathological features. Results This study was conducted on 524 women, among whom the prevalence of mastalgia was found to be 61.45%. There were 322 patients in G1 and 202 patients in G2. The mean age was significantly higher in G2 compared to G1 (46.33±10.33 vs. 43.58±10.33, respectively; p=0.001). Premenopausal women rates for G1 and G2 were 73.91% and 59.4%, respectively (p=0.001). The regular exercise rate in G1 was 18.01%, while it was 25.74% in G2 (p=0.034). The past history of breast cancer rate was significantly higher in G2 than in G1 (p=0.015). The consumption of analgesics was significantly lower in G2 compared to G1 (p=0.05). Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were the most commonly used analgesic drug class in both groups, with significant intergroup differences (G1: 27.63%, G2: 19.8%, p=0.043). Screening mammography with or without ultrasound examination was performed significantly more often in G2 compared to G1 (66.33% vs. 55.27% and 82.17% vs. 72.98%, p=0.012 and p=0.016, respectively). No significant difference was found concerning the frequency of benign or malignant pathologies between the groups. Conclusion Breast pain is common and should be considered physiological without other breast symptoms and after excluding non-breast causes. It is safe to provide symptom control advice and reassurance to patients who have breast pain but do not have signs or symptoms indicating a possible serious underlying condition requiring further medical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banu Yigit
- Department of General Surgery, Elazig Fethi Sekin City Hospital, Elazig, Türkiye
| | - Gulhan Kilicarslan
- Department of Radiology, Elazig Fethi Sekin City Hospital, Elazig, Türkiye
| | - Bulent Citgez
- Department of General Surgery, Uskudar University Faculty of Medicine, Memorial Hospital, Istanbul, Türkiye
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Siddique AB, Nath SD, Mubarak M, Akter A, Mehrin S, Hkatun MJ, Liza AP, Islam MS, Amin MZ, Ferdous MZ. Assessment of prevalence and factors affecting Mastalgia among early reproductive-aged women in Bangladesh: a cross-sectional survey. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:2269. [PMID: 37978504 PMCID: PMC10656957 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-17173-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mastalgia, or breast pain, is a prevalent and distressing condition experienced by women, impacting their daily lives and causing complications. It is common among women of reproductive age, with associations found with premenstrual syndrome, fibrocystic breast disease, psychological distress, and, in rare cases, breast cancer. While Western societies have high frequencies of Mastalgia, it is less diagnosed in Asian cultures including Bangladesh. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and factors associated with Mastalgia among early reproductive-aged women in Bangladesh. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted, and data were collected from different regions of the country. A convenience sampling method was used to take 1,214 participants for the study. A pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to ascertain factors that were significantly associated with Mastalgia. The data were analyzed using the SPSS software 26 version. RESULTS All the participants were female (mean age: 22.87 ± 2.64 years; age ranges: 18-35 years). The prevalence of Mastalgia was found to be 35.5%. The study was conducted using a self-reported semi-structured questionnaire. Participants with a higher education level and higher income were more likely to experience Mastalgia. A family history of breast cancer and severe abdominal pain during menstruation were also identified as associated factors for Mastalgia (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study enhances our understanding of Mastalgia in Bangladesh, offering insights for healthcare and policy. Further research is required to uncover its root causes and develop effective interventions. The study highlights the prevalence of mastalgia and its related factors, emphasizing the necessity for increased awareness and support for affected women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Bakkar Siddique
- Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh.
- Centre for Advanced Research Excellence in Public Health, Savar, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh.
| | - Sudipto Deb Nath
- Army Medical College Jashore, Jashore, 7403, Bangladesh
- Department of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, Jashore University of Science & Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh
| | - Mahfuza Mubarak
- Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Amena Akter
- Department of Agriculture, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science & Technology University, Gopalganj, Dhaka, 8100, Bangladesh
| | - Sanjida Mehrin
- Department of Political Studies, Shahjalal University of Science & Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Mst Jemi Hkatun
- Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
| | | | - Md Saiful Islam
- Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
- Centre for Advanced Research Excellence in Public Health, Savar, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
| | - M Ziaul Amin
- Department of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, Jashore University of Science & Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh
| | - Most Zannatul Ferdous
- Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
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Ali AA, Faraj FH. Clinicopathological profile of mastalgia in females: incidence, types, and pathological correlations. a cross-Sectional study. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2023; 85:4764-4772. [PMID: 37811083 PMCID: PMC10553190 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000001159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mastalgia was the most common symptom in patients attending a breast clinic. The two most common types of mastalgia were (cyclical and non-cyclical). The common cause of cyclical was Physiological changes due to premenstrual tension syndrome fibrocystic changes or fibroadenosis and (Aberrations in the Normal Development and Involution of the breast ). Non-cyclical diseases are mainly benign rather than malignant. Solid masses (fibroadenomas), cysts, infections, abscesses, trauma, and nipple discharge (hormones) are rare diseases associated with breast cancer. The aim of this study is to study the incidence of mastalgia, types (cyclical and non-cyclical) and pathological types of mastalgia (benign and malignant pathologies). Material and methods A cross-sectional descriptive study of mastalgia was carried out at the Breast Center Department of Maternity Teaching Hospital located in Erbil, from January 2014 to September 2015. A total of 150 breast pain cases (available clinical data) were studied in detail. Results There are two types of mastalgia based on triple assessments, these are as follows, cyclical 90 cases (60%) and non-cyclical 60 cases (40%). Fibrocystic breast changes or fibroadenosis 35 cases (23.3%) and thirdly nipple discharges as part of fibrocystic (fibroadenosis) five cases (3.3%). Non-cyclical mastalgia was subdivided into benign breast pathologies, fibroadenoma 30 cases (20%), breast cyst 10 cases (6.7%), nipple discharge (hormonal) five cases (3.3%), mastitis three cases (2%) abscess two cases (1.3%), fat necrosis one case (0.7%), and malignant breast pathologies, cancer three cases (2%). Clinicopathological correlations in the current study were highly significant (P<0.005). Conclusion Not all discomfort or pain can be diagnosed as mastalgia; occasionally, chest wall, referral pain, and systemic causes can mimic mastalgia. These results highlight the importance of differentiating between cyclical and non-cyclical mastalgia using clinical assessment, sonography, mammography, and blood investigations. Most mastalgia cases are benign, with cyclical mastalgia primarily related to hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aqeed Abid Ali
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
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Roy S, Singh GN, Verma N, Parasher G, Suryavanshi P. Psychological Assessment and Treatment Effectiveness in Mastalgia: Developing a Treatment Algorithm. Cureus 2023; 15:e46838. [PMID: 38021953 PMCID: PMC10643197 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.46838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mastalgia often impairs the physical, social, and sexual lives of women. It may manifest in both cyclical or acyclical patterns. The psychoneurotic association of mastalgia has been claimed for a long time in various available literature. Several treatment options have been used and are available in the market for mastalgia, but no specific guidelines are currently in place at the global or local levels. This study aims to evaluate the psychological status and effectiveness of various treatment options in women presenting with mastalgia. Methods This study was conducted in the General Surgery outpatient department from February 1 to November 30, 2021, at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. Females of all age groups presenting to the General Surgery outpatient department with unilateral/bilateral breast pain and/or chest wall pain were considered for this study. Pregnant patients, those with a history of allergy to drugs, or those who were lost to follow-up were excluded from the study. The psychological status of patients was assessed using the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-42) scale. Pain assessment was performed using a visual analog scale (VAS). Patients were divided into five categories: (i) isolated chest wall pain, (ii) isolated breast pain, (iii) both chest wall and breast pain, (iv) pain with an associated lump(s), and (v) pain and tenderness isolated over the lump, and two groups: Group-A: VAS≤4, and Group-B: VAS>4. Group B patients in Category iv were randomized into two groups: topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or evening primrose oil+vitamin E. The next line of treatment was tamoxifen 10mg followed by danazol 100mg followed by ormeloxifene 30mg. Results The mean age of 106 participants enrolled was 31.59±10.52 years. The mean scores, using the DASS-42 scale, for depression, anxiety, and stress were 7.31±8.53, 7.08±6.57, and 11.15±8.07, respectively. The depression, anxiety, and stress scores had no significant correlation with pain scores (p =0.84, 0.99, and 0.97 for depression, anxiety, and stress, respectively), or duration (p=0.69, 0.66, and 0.85 for depression, anxiety, and stress, respectively). Twenty-nine of 43 patients (67.44%) responded to topical NSAIDs as first-line treatment, and out of the remaining, 6.98% responded to evening primrose oil + vitamin E, 18.60% to tamoxifen, and 4.65% to danazol. Twenty-nine of 32 patients (90.63%) responded to evening primrose oil+vitamin E as first-line treatment, while 6.25% and 3.12% responded to tamoxifen and danazol, respectively. Conclusions Both topical NSAIDs and evening primrose oil + vitamin E were found effective first-line treatment options in the majority of patients. Hence, it is always advisable to start such patients on topical NSAIDs, or evening primrose oil + vitamin E, before switching over (if no resolution of pain is reported with these drugs) to higher and more severe treatment options. The duration or severity of pain did not correlate with the psychological condition of the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhajeet Roy
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, IND
| | - Gitika N Singh
- General Surgery, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, IND
| | - Nikhil Verma
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, IND
| | - Gunjan Parasher
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, IND
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Pankaj H, Rai P, Singh A, Singh S, Srivastava R, Rudramani. Role of Reassurance and Proper Mechanical Support Advice on Quality of Life and Pain Relief in Patients of the Mastalgia-A Prospective Follow-up Study at A Tertiary Care Center in a Developing Country. Eur J Breast Health 2023; 19:210-214. [PMID: 37415657 PMCID: PMC10320641 DOI: 10.4274/ejbh.galenos.2023.2023-3-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effect of reassurance and proper mechanical support on quality of life (QOL) and visual analogue score (VAS) pain assessment in patients with mastalgia at a range of follow-ups. MATERIALS AND METHODS A prospective follow-up study was conducted among women aged 15-45 years, complaining of breast pain without any abnormality detected clinically and radiologically. After consent to participate and enrollment, all the study participants were counseled and reassured about the non-neoplastic nature of the disease and about wearing proper mechanical support/Bra; this was repeated at each follow-up. VAS was used to assess the pain intensity perceived by the woman at each follow-up, post intervention. The Short Form-36 (SF-36) scale was used to evaluate health related QOL (HRQOL). RESULTS Among 80 patients, 31.2% were wearing a Bra of fabric other than cotton, 21.2% were wearing a loose fit mechanical support/Brassiere, while 10% were not wearing any mechanical support at baseline. The overall mean VAS score was significantly reduced with each follow-up, indicating decreased perception of breast pain over time. There was a significant difference between the mean SF-36 score between base line and after three months (p<0.0001). Mean scores in all domains of the SF-36 increased. The greatest reduction in mean VAS score was seen in 26-35 years age group and women with a body mass index <18.5 kg/m2. CONCLUSION Reassurance and wearing proper mechanical support/Bra are effective for improving QOL and alleviating breast pain/mastalgia. These simple processes should be used for the management of mastalgia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harendra Pankaj
- Department of General Surgery, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Priyanka Rai
- Department of General Surgery, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Amarjot Singh
- Department of General Surgery, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sunil Singh
- Department of General Surgery, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rohit Srivastava
- Department of General Surgery, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rudramani
- Department of General Surgery, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Gao S, Sun Y, Shi H, Fang J, Liu Z. Efficacy and Safety of Acupuncture for Cyclic Mastalgia: Study Protocol for a Randomized, Sham-Controlled Trial. Int J Womens Health 2023; 15:845-855. [PMID: 37275513 PMCID: PMC10237189 DOI: 10.2147/ijwh.s410000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Cyclic mastalgia is prevalent among women and negatively impairs their daily life and work. There is still a lack of effective therapies for mastalgia, and acupuncture may be a promising method. We design this multicenter randomized trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of acupuncture on cyclic mastalgia. Study Design and methods Sixty participants with moderate-to-severe cyclic breast pain (with a duration of 5-21 days and the worst pain scoring 5 points or more on Numerical Rating Scale [NRS]) will be recruited at three hospitals in China. They will be randomly assigned to acupuncture group or sham-acupuncture group at 1:1 ratio to receive 16-session treatment during 3 consecutive menstrual cycles, and follow-up for 6 menstrual cycles after treatment. The primary outcome is the change from baseline in the NRS score on the worst breast pain during the third cycle of treatment period. All statistical tests will be two-sided and P value <0.05 will be considered statistically significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Gao
- Department of Acupuncture, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanjie Sun
- Department of Acupuncture, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hangyu Shi
- Department of Acupuncture, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiufei Fang
- Department of Acupuncture, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhishun Liu
- Department of Acupuncture, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Abd El Maksoud WM, El, El-Amrawy WZ, Sultan MH. Evaluation of therapeutic reduction mammoplasty for management of intractable mastalgia in female patients with large breasts. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF SURGERY 2023; 42:346-354. [DOI: 10.4103/ejs.ejs_70_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Management of Mastalgia. Surg Clin North Am 2022; 102:929-946. [DOI: 10.1016/j.suc.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Yu C, Wang J, Shen B, Li X, Zhang R, Qin Y, Jian G, Guo J. Effectiveness of acupuncture in the treatment of cyclic mastalgia: a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. BMC Complement Med Ther 2022; 22:297. [PMID: 36401325 PMCID: PMC9675264 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-022-03779-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background About 68% of women aged 18–44 years have experienced cyclic mastalgia (CM), which occurs during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle when elevated hormone levels induce greater breast gland thickness. CM has a moderate-to-severe impact on a woman’s quality of life. Prior research has suggested that acupuncture may be beneficial for breast pain relief. In this study, we investigate the effectiveness of manual acupuncture (MA) in the treatment of CM compared with that of sham acupuncture (SA). Methods This is a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. A total of 108 eligible CM patients will be randomly assigned to either MA (n = 54) or SA (n = 54) group using a 1:1 ratio and a stratified, blocked randomization. Acupuncture will be performed two weeks prior to menstruation and discontinued when menses begins. In both the MA and SA group, participants will be given acupuncture three times per week for 2 weeks per menstrual cycle for three consecutive menstrual cycles, encompassing a total of 18 sessions. The primary outcome will be the change in the average daily Breast Pain Visual Analog Scale (VAS-BP) over the first two weeks of menstruation from baseline to endpoints. The number of nominal days of breast pain (NDBP) two weeks before menstruation, World Health Organization Quality-of-Life Scale-Short Form scores, global patient assessment, breast glandular-section thickness, and breast-duct width three days before menstruation will also be measured as secondary outcomes. Discussion This prospective randomized trial will help evaluate the efficacy of acupuncture in treating CM. The results of this study will provide evidence of the therapeutic effectiveness of acupuncture on CM. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05408377, registered on June 7, 2022.
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Dhar A, Kumaraswamy S, Ranjan P, Kataria K, Hari S, Thulkar S, Pandey RM, Srivastava A. Comparison of Efficacy of two Dosages Regimens of Centchroman (Ormeloxifene) with Tamoxifen in Treatment of Cyclical Mastalgia: a Randomized Controlled Trial. Indian J Surg 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12262-022-03473-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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ASOMA GUIDE for Managing Breast Pain. Indian J Surg 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12262-022-03502-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Sinha MK, Barman A, Sahu S, Jha AK, Asharaf AA. Tamoxifen in mastalgia: A meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY CANADA 2022; 44:1084-1094. [PMID: 35752405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogc.2022.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Tamoxifen is prescribed for chronic mastalgia at a dosage of one 10- or 20-mg tablet for 3-6 months. A topical preparation of this drug has recently been approved. The aim of this study was to meta-analyze the effectiveness of tamoxifen and its different regimens for the treatment of mastalgia. We also sought to summarize the side effects and the follow-up results of these treatments. DATA SOURCES We searched the databases of PubMed/ MEDLINE, Central, Embase, and EBSCO from August 2021 to September 2021. STUDY SELECTION Articles on the effects of tamoxifen in mastalgia were searched, and randomized controlled trials were retrieved for inclusion in this study. PRISMA guidelines were followed, and we selected 9 articles for the meta-analysis. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS A proforma was prepared for data collection. RevMan 5.4 software was used for methodological quality assessment, statistical analysis, and preparation of forest plots. Oral tamoxifen performed better than placebo (RR 2.04; 95% CI 1.49-2.78, P < 0.001). No significant difference in efficacy was seen between the 10- and 20-mg dosages (RR 1.08; 95% CI 0.97-1.21, P = 0.18) when used for 3 months. CONCLUSION Oral tamoxifen is helpful in long-standing mastalgia. It is safe and effective at an oral dose of 10 mg.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Apurba Barman
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, AIIMS Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Shantanu Sahu
- Department of General Surgery, AIIMS Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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Jahan M, Bartholomeuz T, Milburn N, Rogers V, Sibbering M, Robertson J. Transforming the 2-week wait (2WW) pathway: management of breast pain in primary care. BMJ Open Qual 2022; 11:bmjoq-2021-001634. [PMID: 35289304 PMCID: PMC8921922 DOI: 10.1136/bmjoq-2021-001634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast pain has no association with breast cancer yet is a frequent reason for referral from Primary to Secondary Care, often on an urgent (2-week wait) referral. The referral often causes significant patient anxiety, further heightened by screening mammograms and/or ultrasound scans in the absence of an associated red flag symptom or finding by the patient or general practitioner. This paper reports the pilot implementation of a specialist Primary Care Breast Pain Clinic in Mid-Nottinghamshire where patients were seen, examined without any imaging and assessed for their risk of familial breast cancer: numerous studies have reported 15%–>30% of patients with breast pain only have a family history of breast cancer. 177 patients with breast pain only were seen in this clinic between March, 2020 and April, 2021 with a 6-month interim suspension due to COVID-19. The mean age of patients was 48.4 years (range: 16–86). 172/177 (97.2%) patients required no imaging although there were three (1.7%) inappropriate referrals and two additional abnormalities (1.1%—hamartoma, thickening/tethering) that were referred onward. There were no cancers. 21 (12.4%) patients were identified to have an increased familial risk of breast cancer and were referred to the specialist familial cancer service. 170/177 patients completed an anonymous questionnaire on leaving the clinic. 167/169 (99%) were reassured regarding their breast pain, 155/156 (99%) were reassured of the Familial Risk Assessment, 162/168 (96%) were reassured regarding their personal risk assessment while 169/170 (99%) were ‘extremely likely/likely to recommend the service’. This specialist Primary Care Breast Pain Clinic provides service improvement across all levels of care (Primary, Secondary and Tertiary). Patients were successfully managed in the community with high levels of patient satisfaction and together this obviated referral to secondary care. The familial breast cancer risk assessment also helped identify unmet need in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Jahan
- Breast Surgery, Sherwood Forest Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton-In-Ashfield, UK
| | - Thilan Bartholomeuz
- Primary Care, Mid-Nottinghamshire Integrated Care Partnership, Nottingham, UK
| | - Nikki Milburn
- Breast Surgery, Sherwood Forest Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton-In-Ashfield, UK
| | - Veronica Rogers
- Breast Surgery, University Hospitals of Derby and Burton NHS Foundation Trust, Derby, UK
| | - Mark Sibbering
- Breast Surgery, University Hospitals of Derby and Burton NHS Foundation Trust, Derby, UK
| | - John Robertson
- Breast Surgery, University of Nottingham Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Derby, UK
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Ghodsi F, Bahrami N, Mafi M, Olfati F. The Effect of Sex Counseling Based on (Permission, Limited Information, Specific Suggestions, Intensive Therapy) Model on Sexual Satisfaction in Women with Cyclic Mastalgia: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF NURSING AND MIDWIFERY RESEARCH 2021; 26:562-568. [PMID: 34900658 PMCID: PMC8607890 DOI: 10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_159_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND More than half of the population of women suffer from cyclic mastalgia which can interfere with women's sexual function and affect their sexual satisfaction. The current study was conducted to determine the effect of sexual counseling on sexual satisfaction in women with cyclic mastalgia. MATERIALS AND METHODS This randomized controlled trial study was performed on 81 women with cyclic mastalgia. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups of intervention (n = 40) and control (n = 41). Intervention was performed as Permission, Limited information, Specific suggestions, Intensive therapy (PLISSIT) sex counseling in four sessions for a maximum of 90 min in the intervention group. The demographic checklist and Index of Sexual Satisfaction (ISS) were used for data collection. Follow-up was performed 1 and 3 months after the intervention. The obtained data were analyzed using repeated-measures test. RESULTS The intervention and control groups were in good balance in terms of demographic characteristics and sexual satisfaction scores prior to the intervention and no statistically significant differences were observed. There was a statistically significant increase in the mean (SD) score of female sexual satisfaction in the intervention group: 93 (12.52), 101.15 (7.70),101.37 (5.31), (F (1,39) = 27.4, p < 0.001). We also observed a decrease in the mean (SD) score of sexual satisfaction in the control group: 93.39 (13.12), 90.68 (8.41), 90.85 (6.57), (F (1,40) = 11.9, p < 0.001) 1 and 3 months following the intervention. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that individual counseling by PLISSIT sex counseling could lead to improvement in sexual satisfaction index in women with cyclic breast pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Ghodsi
- Master in Midwifery Counseling, Student Research Committee, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Nasim Bahrami
- Reproductive Health, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Maryam Mafi
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Forouzan Olfati
- Reproductive Health, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
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Ahmad Adni LL, Norhayati MN, Mohd Rosli RR, Muhammad J. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy of Evening Primrose Oil for Mastalgia Treatment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18126295. [PMID: 34200727 PMCID: PMC8296106 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Mastalgia, or breast pain, is common among women which can lead to significant impairment in daily living. Hence, finding an effective treatment that can alleviate the symptom is very important. Thus, we carry out this study to determine the efficacy of evening primrose oil (EPO) for mastalgia treatment in women. The review included published randomised clinical trials that evaluated EPO used for treating mastalgia against a placebo or other treatments, irrespective of the blinding procedure, publication status, or sample size. Two independent authors screened the titles and abstracts of the identified trials; full texts of relevant trials were evaluated for eligibility. Two reviewers independently extracted data on the methods, interventions, outcomes, and risk of bias. The random-effects model was used for estimating the risk ratios and mean differences with 95% confidence intervals. Thirteen trials with 1752 randomised patients were included. The results showed that EPO has no difference to reduce breast pain compared to topical NSAIDS, danazol, or vitamin E. The number of patients who achieved pain relief was no different compared to the placebo or other treatments. The EPO does not increase adverse events, such as nausea, abdominal bloating, headache or giddiness, increase weight gain, and altered taste compared to a placebo or other treatments. EPO is a safe medication with similar efficacy for pain control in women with mastalgia compared to a placebo, topical NSAIDS, danazol, or vitamin E.
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Randomized Controlled Trial of Breast Nodule Lysis Versus Tamoxifen for the Treatment of Mammary Gland Hyperplasia. Indian J Surg 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12262-021-02750-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Bolat H, Aşcı Ö, Kocaöz S, Kocaöz S. Noncyclical and cyclical mastalgia in Turkish women: Prevalans, risk factors, health-care seeking and quality of life. Health Care Women Int 2021; 43:160-175. [PMID: 33764860 DOI: 10.1080/07399332.2021.1887194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Our aim in this study was to determine the prevalence of cyclical and noncyclical mastalgia, its underlying risk factors, and to examine its effect on women's quality of life. This study was conducted on 415 women, among whom the prevalence of mastalgia was found as 20.7%. It was found that experiencing intense stress, daily coffee and chocolate consumption, breast surgery history and the menstruation pattern were risk factors associated with mastalgia. Some domains of quality of life were found to be negatively affected in women who had mastalgia. Awareness among women about the risk factors of mastodynia and lifestyle changes is needed to improve mastalgia management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hacı Bolat
- Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Medical Faculty, Surgical Sciences Department, Department of General Surgery, Niğde, Turkey
| | - Özlem Aşcı
- Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Niğde Zübeyde Hanım School of Health, Midwifery Department, Niğde, Turkey
| | - Servet Kocaöz
- Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health Ankara City Hospital, Surgical Departments, Department of General Surgery, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Semra Kocaöz
- Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Niğde Zübeyde Hanım School of Health, Nursing Department, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Nursing, Niğde, Turkey
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Jaiswal G, Thakur GS. An alternative yogic approach for cyclical mastalgia-A narrative review. J Family Med Prim Care 2021; 10:601-608. [PMID: 34041048 PMCID: PMC8138339 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1688_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mastalgia or breast pain common benign breast disorder in women in her reproductive life. Mastalgia estimate prevalence 41-71%. It affects to overall quality of life and associated with anxiety, stress, and other psychological factors. Objective The purpose of the study was to conduct a review of alternative therapy in the management of mastalgia. Method A review was conducted using search terms cyclical mastalgia (CM), yoga therapy, breast treatment, primrose oil, oestrogen, progesterone and all the probable term in national and international data repositories such as PubMed, Scopus, science direct, google scholar, web of science in English language. Result The review of alternative therapies in the management of CM suggests that most of the studies used primrose oil, vitamins, and physical activity. There are very few studies conducted in relation to yoga and cyclical mastalgia. Further, most of the studies explored effect of alternative therapies on psychological outcomes. None of the studies investigated efficacy of these therapies on hormonal changes. Conclusion Evidence suggests that biochemical clinical trial is effective with side effect, primrose oil and seeds treatment is less effective. One evidence-based study with integrated yoga therapy should be considered in the management of cyclical mastalgia. More high-quality trial with yogic approach needed to first line management of patients presenting with CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Jaiswal
- Department of Yoga, Chauras Campus, H.N.B. Garhwal University, Srinagar, Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ghanshyam S Thakur
- Department of Yoga, Chauras Campus, H.N.B. Garhwal University, Srinagar, Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India
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Fakhravar S, Bahrami N, Qurbani M, Olfati F. The Effect of Healthy Lifestyle Promotion Intervention on Quality of Life in Cyclic Mastalgia via Individual Counseling: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY BASED NURSING AND MIDWIFERY 2021; 9:55-63. [PMID: 33521149 PMCID: PMC7829592 DOI: 10.30476/ijcbnm.2020.85560.1274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Despite high number of visited cases, there are no certain therapeutic guidelines for mastalgia. Generally pain is associated with poor quality of life in all dimensions. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of healthy lifestyle promotion intervention on the quality of life in cyclic mastalgia. Methods This study was a randomized controlled trial (RCT) conducted on women suffering from cyclic mastalgia at the age of 20 and older before menopausal age referred to the health centers of Karaj,Iran from September 2017 to August 2018. The participants were randomly assigned to intervention (N=40) and control groups (N=40). Intervention was carried out in two 46-minute sessions and two 90-minute sessions for the intervention group. The quality of life was assessed before and after the intervention in both groups using the World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF). The data were analyzed through SPSS statistical software(version 21) using independent sample t-test, Chi-square,and Paired t-test. Besides, P<0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results Before the intervention, both groups were matched in terms of marital status, educational level, occupation, history of breastfeeding, and mean scores of quality of life (P>0.05). After the intervention, the mean score of life quality in physical, social, environmental, and general health dimensions in the intervention group increased significantly compared to the control group (P>0.001). This difference was not statistically significant in the mental health dimension (P=0.086). Conclusion The present study indicated that healthy lifestyle promotion intervention could improve the quality of life of women with cyclic mastalgia.Trial Registration Number: IRCT2017100236513N1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solmaz Fakhravar
- Student Research Committee, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Nasim Bahrami
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Mostafa Qurbani
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Forouzan Olfati
- Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
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Effects of sagging breasts and other risk factors associated with mastalgia: a case-control study. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2620. [PMID: 33514830 PMCID: PMC7846783 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82099-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to compare patients with and without mastalgia and to analyze the factors affecting mastalgia and its severity. The patient’s age, height, weight, educational status, marital status, and occupation were recorded in all subjects. In addition, the women were asked about the presence of any risk factors for mastalgia, such as tea and coffee consumption, smoking, alcohol consumption, and weight gain. The sternal notch to nipple distance (SNND) was measured to determine whether there was breast sagging. Mastalgia was significantly more common in women with BMIs of > 30 kg/m2 (OR: 2.94, CI 1.65–5.24), those who were primary school graduates or illiterate (OR: 2.96, CI 1.6–5.46), and those with SNND values of 22–25 cm (OR: 2.94, CI 1.79–4.82). In these women, drinking more than 6 cups of tea a day (OR: 2.15, CI 1.32–3.5), smoking at least 10 cigarettes a day (OR: 2.94, CI 1.78–4.83), and drinking alcohol at least once a week (OR: 2.1, CI 1.12–3.91) were found to be important factors that increased the risk of mastalgia. As a result, it has been found that severe mastalgia complaints cause by obesity, sagging breasts, never giving birth, unemployment anxiety, regular smoking, alcohol use, and excessive tea consumption.
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Abstract
Background: Mastalgia is one of the most common breast disorders and may adversely affect a person's daily activities and health-related quality of life, along with possible psychological discomfort. In our study, we investigated whether there is a relationship between mastalgia and anxiety and depression. Methods: In this prospective study, patients with mastalgia comprised the mastalgia group (n=130) and those without any complaints were included as the control group (n=128). Sociodemographic characteristics such as age, marital status, and educational level were recorded. Both groups were evaluated using the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Results: The mean age of the participants was 34.45 ± 6.06 years for the mastalgia group and 35.15 ± 6.39 years for the control group. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of age (p = 0.371), marital status (p = 0.336), job status (p = 0.320) or educational level (p = 0.285). However, the anxiety scale and depression scale scores were significantly higher in the mastalgia group compared to the control group (p < 0.001). In addition, the evaluation showed that the BAI and BDI scores were significantly high in the cyclic mastalgia group (p < 0.001). The correlation analyses of the patient group revealed that there was a positive correlation between duration of disease and BAI and BDI scores [(r=0.453, p<0.001); (r=0.228, p=0.009), respectively]. Similarly, there was a positive correlation between educational level and BAI and BDI scores [(r=0.579, p<0.001); (r=0.523, p<0.001), respectively]. Conclusion: In our study, anxiety and depression were found to be more common in mastalgia patients than healthy controls for various reasons. Thus, physicians should look for any signs of psychological discomfort in patients presenting with mastalgia and, if necessary, consult a psychiatrist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Kağan Katar
- General Surgery, Yozgat Bozok University Faculty of Medicine, Yozgat, TUR
| | - Murat Başer
- General Surgery, Yozgat Bozok University Faculty of Medicine, Yozgat, TUR
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Chinese herbal medicine (Rupi Sanjie capsule) for the treatment of breast pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Integr Med Res 2020; 10:100491. [PMID: 33134080 PMCID: PMC7588707 DOI: 10.1016/j.imr.2020.100491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breast pain is one of the most common breast disorders, affecting 41%–69% women in the clinical populations. Chinese herbal medicine (Rupi Sanjie, RPSJ) capsule has been recommended to be commonly used for breast pain in China. This review aimed to systematically collect latest evidence and critically evaluate the eff ;ectiveness and safety of RPSJ capsule for breast pain. Methods We searched 6 databases from their inception to June 1, 2020 for randomized clinical trials (RCTs) comparing RPSJ capsule with conventional drug therapies, placebo or no treatment. Primary outcomes were breast pain relief, reduction of breast mass and clinical cure rate. Results Seventeen RCTs were included in total, involving 2899 participants with breast pain. RPSJ capsule showed a significant effects in shortening duration of the breast pain (MD-6.51 days, 95%CI [-8.57, -4.45], n = 82, 1 trial), shortening the duration of breast mass (MD-5.17 days, 95%CI [-7.56, -2.78], n = 82, 1 trial), improving clinical cure rate (RR 1.55, 95% CI [1.21, 2.00], I² = 64%, n = 1398, 10 trials) and total effective rate (RR 1.08, 95% CI [1.03, 1.14], I² = 71%, n = 2170, 14 trials) compared to Tamoxifen (TAM). The meta-analysis showed that the incidence of total adverse events was higher in TAM group than the RPSJ capsule group (RR 0.30, 95%CI [0.21, 0.42], I² = 49%, n = 2122, 13 trials). Conclusions RPSJ capsule appears to be a potentially effective in treating breast pain and seems generally safe for clinical application. However, this potential benefit is inconclusive due to generally weak evidence, and the findings should be further confirmed in large and rigorous trials.
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Brisbine BR, Steele JR, Phillips EJ, McGhee DE. Breast pain affects the performance of elite female athletes. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:528-533. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1712016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brooke R. Brisbine
- Biomechanics Research Laboratory, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
- Movement Science, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
| | - Julie R. Steele
- Biomechanics Research Laboratory, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Elissa J. Phillips
- Performance Networks & Partnerships, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
| | - Deirdre E. McGhee
- Biomechanics Research Laboratory, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
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How Do Health Anxiety, Somatosensory Amplification, and Depression Levels Relate to Non-cyclical Mastalgia? A Case–Control Study. Indian J Surg 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12262-019-02014-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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Suhani S, Srivastava A, Parshad R, Seenu V, Kataria K, Rathode Y. Complete Estrogen Blockade in Recalcitrant Mastalgia: A Pilot Study. Indian J Surg 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12262-018-1822-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Holbrook AI, Zhang J, D'amico K, Liu Y, Newell MS. The Association of Breast Pain with Malignancy. JOURNAL OF BREAST IMAGING 2019; 1:177-181. [PMID: 38424755 DOI: 10.1093/jbi/wbz029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Breast pain is a common reason for imaging evaluation; however, the limited literature available suggests a low incidence of malignancy with isolated pain. The goal of this study is to calculate the risk of cancer in patients with breast pain, and to compare to the screening mammography cancer detection rates. METHODS This retrospective, institutional review board-approved study included all patients for whom a breast pain history sheet was filled out between November 3, 2013, and July 28, 2016. Those without at least two years of follow-up were excluded. From the medical record, any malignancy found at the site of pain at presentation or within two years was noted. Screening cancer detection rate was calculated from the mammography tracking software, and the Chi-square test was used to evaluate the significance of the difference between the cancer detection rates in patients with pain versus that detected by screening. RESULTS Of 421 patients who met the inclusion criteria, 4 (1.0%) had cancer at the site of pain, with a rate of malignancy of 9.5/1000 (95% CI: 3.5/1000 to 25.2/1000). The screening cancer detection rate was 7.3/1000 (P = 0.403), which was not significantly different. All cancers occurred in patients with coexisting palpable abnormalities; none was found when pain was the only symptom. CONCLUSION The rate of malignancy in patients with breast pain did not differ significantly from that detected by screening mammography. In patients with isolated breast pain without a palpable abnormality, there were no cases of malignancy. Imaging patients for the sole purpose of evaluating breast pain may not be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna I Holbrook
- Emory University, Department of Radiology and Imaging Science, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - James Zhang
- Emory University, Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Biology, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - Yuan Liu
- Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Atlanta, GA
| | - Mary S Newell
- Emory University, Department of Radiology and Imaging Science, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
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Ooi SL, Watts S, McClean R, Pak SC. Vitex Agnus-Castus for the Treatment of Cyclic Mastalgia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2019; 29:262-278. [PMID: 31464546 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2019.7770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cyclic mastalgia (CM) is premenstrual bilateral and diffuse breast pain that presents cyclically and affects women in their reproductive years. It may associate with latent hyperprolactinemia due to the insufficient inhibitory effect of dopamine on the pituitary gland. Vitex agnus-castus (VAC) is known for its dopaminergic activity and its possible actions on CM and latent hyperprolactinemia. However, the treatment effect of VAC on CM remains unclear. Materials and Methods: To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials that report on the efficacy of VAC treatment in CM patients, literature search was performed in major research databases. Results: This review includes 25 studies (17 randomized control trials plus eight nonrandomized trials). VAC was effective in relieving breast pain intensity and lowering the increased serum prolactin level in reproductive age CM patients (18-45 years) with or without premenstrual syndromes. Typical dosage was 20-40 mg/day with a treatment duration of 3 months. A conservative meta-analysis included only six studies (n = 718, VAC = 356, placebo = 362) and revealed a moderate effect size (SMD: 0.67, 95% CI: 0.5-0.85) favoring VAC over a placebo. Seven trials demonstrated VAC to be a noninferior alternative to pharmaceutical therapies for CM, including dopamine agonists, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and hormonal contraceptives. VAC was safe and associated with only mild and reversible adverse events. However, the risk of bias in most studies was unclear due to insufficient information. Conclusions: VAC is a safe and effective treatment option for CM. More high-quality clinical trials are needed to strengthen the evidence base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Liang Ooi
- Center for Complementary & Alternative Medicine, Singapore, Singapore.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, Australia
| | - Stephanie Watts
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, Australia
| | - Rhett McClean
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, Australia
| | - Sok Cheon Pak
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, Australia
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Breast pain and cancer: should we continue to work-up isolated breast pain? Breast Cancer Res Treat 2019; 177:619-627. [PMID: 31309396 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-019-05354-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the cancer detection rate (CDR) in patients presenting with isolated breast pain. METHODS A retrospective review was performed of consecutive patients presenting to a large tertiary care academic center or an affiliated hospital with isolated breast pain from October 1, 2013 to September 30, 2015. Medical records were reviewed for patient demographics, pain characteristics, imaging findings, and outcome. RESULTS The study cohort was comprised of 971 exams in 953 patients, with a median age of 50 years. A total of 62.5% (607/971) of the cases were assessed by mammography and ultrasound, 24.4% (237/971) by ultrasound only, and 13.1% (127/971) by mammography only. Including the abnormalities detected in the asymptomatic breast, 88.7% (861/971) of the cases were negative or had benign findings (BI-RADS 1 and 2), 6.8% (66/971) were probably benign (BI-RADS 3), 3.9% (38/971) were suspicious (BI-RADS 4), and 0.6% (6/971) were highly suggestive of malignancy (BI-RADS 5). CDR on initial work-up was 0.8% (8/953), of which 0.6% (4/690) was in average-risk patients while 1.5% (4/263) was in higher-than-average risk patients. CONCLUSIONS CDR in patients presenting with isolated breast pain overall was low, comparable to the expected incidence of breast cancer in asymptomatic women. Work-up for isolated breast pain may therefore be unnecessary and lead to overutilization of healthcare resources. Routine screening mammography should be encouraged and higher-than-average risk patients may benefit from additional tests.
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Khadka S, Adhikary S, Rajbanshi S, Khaniya S, Agrawal CS, Niraula S, Srivastava A. Effective Regression of Mastalgia with Centchroman and Tamoxifen: a Randomised Comparison. Indian J Surg 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12262-018-1790-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Hajizadeh K, Alizadeh Charandabi SM, Hasanzade R, Mirghafourvand M. Effect of vitamin E on severity and duration of cyclic mastalgia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Complement Ther Med 2019; 44:1-8. [PMID: 31126540 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A systematic review was conducted to assess the effect of vitamin E on the severity and duration of Cyclic Mastalgia compared to vitamin B6, fish oil, herbal medicines and placebo. DESIGN A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. METHODS A search was carried out in PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, Scopus and Google Scholar and Persian databases for articles published from 1980 to 2018. The data obtained were analyzed in RevMan and reported in forest plots. The Odds Ratio (OR) was used to find the effect for the dichotomous data and the Standardized Mean Difference (SMD) for the continuous data. The heterogeneity of the studies was assessed using I2 and the Random Effects Model was used instead of the Fixed Effects Model if I2>25%. RESULTS A total of 1051 titles and abstracts were extracted. Fourteen articles ultimately remained, and 11 of them were entered into the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis showed significant differences between vitamin E and placebo in the severity (SMD=-0.51; 95% CI=-0.21 to -0.82) and duration (MD=-1.47; 95% CI=-0.91 to -2.57) of cyclic mastalgia, although herbal medicines had a greater effect on the severity of mastalgia than vitamin E (SMD = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.06 to 0.96). CONCLUSION Although herbal medicines are more effective than vitamin E, vitamin E reduces both the severity and duration of the disorder compared to placebos, which only reduce its severity, and can therefore be considered a treatment with minimum side-effects. Due to the high heterogeneity of the studies, the researchers recommend further research on the subject using a standard tool based on the CONSORT statement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadije Hajizadeh
- Students' Research Committee, Midwifery Department, Tabriz University of Medical sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Robab Hasanzade
- Students' Research Committee, Midwifery Department, Tabriz University of Medical sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mojgan Mirghafourvand
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
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Whitney CA, Dorfman CS, Shelby RA, Keefe FJ, Gandhi V, Somers TJ. Reminders of cancer risk and pain catastrophizing: relationships with cancer worry and perceived risk in women with a first-degree relative with breast cancer. Fam Cancer 2019; 18:9-18. [PMID: 29679190 DOI: 10.1007/s10689-018-0082-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
First-degree relatives of women with breast cancer may experience increased worry or perceived risk when faced with reminders of their own cancer risk. Worry and risk reminders may include physical symptoms (e.g., persistent breast pain) and caregiving experiences. Women who engage in pain catastrophizing may be particularly likely to experience increased distress when risk reminders are present. We examined the degree to which persistent breast pain and experience as a cancer caregiver were related to cancer worry and perceived risk in first-degree relatives of women with breast cancer (N = 85) and how catastrophic thoughts about breast pain could impact these relationships. There was a significant interaction between persistent breast pain and pain catastrophizing in predicting cancer worry (p = .03); among women who engaged in pain catastrophizing, cancer worry remained high even in the absence of breast pain. Pain catastrophizing also moderated the relationships between caregiving involvement and cancer worry (p = .003) and perceived risk (p = .03). As the degree of caregiving responsibility increased, cancer worry and perceived risk increased for women who engaged in pain catastrophizing; levels of cancer worry and perceived risk remained low and stable for women who did not engage in pain catastrophizing regardless of caregiving experience. The results suggest that first-degree relatives of breast cancer survivors who engage in pain catastrophizing may experience greater cancer worry and perceived risk and may benefit from interventions aimed at reducing catastrophic thoughts about pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colette A Whitney
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, 2200 W. Main Street, Suite 340, Durham, NC, 27705, USA
| | - Caroline S Dorfman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, 2200 W. Main Street, Suite 340, Durham, NC, 27705, USA
| | - Rebecca A Shelby
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, 2200 W. Main Street, Suite 340, Durham, NC, 27705, USA
| | - Francis J Keefe
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, 2200 W. Main Street, Suite 340, Durham, NC, 27705, USA
| | - Vicky Gandhi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, 2200 W. Main Street, Suite 340, Durham, NC, 27705, USA
| | - Tamara J Somers
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, 2200 W. Main Street, Suite 340, Durham, NC, 27705, USA.
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ACR Appropriateness Criteria ® Breast Pain. J Am Coll Radiol 2019; 15:S276-S282. [PMID: 30392596 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacr.2018.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Breast pain is a common complaint. However, in the absence any accompanying suspicious clinical finding (eg, lump or nipple discharge), the association with malignancy is very low (0%-3.0%). When malignancy-related, breast pain tends to be focal (less than one quadrant) and persistent. Pain that is clinically insignificant (nonfocal [greater than one quadrant], diffuse, or cyclical) requires no imaging beyond what is recommended for screening. In cases of pain that is clinically significant (focal and noncyclical), imaging with mammography, digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT), and ultrasound are appropriate, depending on the patient's age. The American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria are evidence-based guidelines for specific clinical conditions that are reviewed annually by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The guideline development and revision include an extensive analysis of current medical literature from peer reviewed journals and the application of well-established methodologies (RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation or GRADE) to rate the appropriateness of imaging and treatment procedures for specific clinical scenarios. In those instances where evidence is lacking or equivocal, expert opinion may supplement the available evidence to recommend imaging or treatment.
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Ghassab-Abdollahi N, Mirghafourvand M, Osouli Tabrizi S. The effect of centchroman on mastalgia: a systematic review. EUR J CONTRACEP REPR 2019; 24:71-79. [PMID: 30730217 DOI: 10.1080/13625187.2018.1564816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We carried out a systematic review of the literature to evaluate the effect of centchroman on mastalgia as well as any side effects. METHODS The databases of the Cochrane Library, Medline (PubMed), Embase, ProQuest and ClinicalTrials.gov were systematically searched. The quality of randomised controlled clinical trials (RCTs) was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised clinical trials. The quality of non-randomised clinical trials was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool for non-randomised studies of interventions (ROBINS-I). Owing to different outcomes reporting, a meta-analysis of the results was not possible. RESULTS Thirteen papers were included in the study. Of these, 12 showed a significant effect of centchroman in reducing breast pain at 3 months. One study that compared the effect of centchroman with that of tamoxifen reported a significant reduction in breast pain in both groups at 3 months; the difference between the two groups was not significant. Six studies showed the effectiveness of centchroman at 6 months. None of the papers reported any serious side effects of centchroman. CONCLUSIONS Since a meta-analysis could not be conducted and the quality of the papers was low, there was insufficient evidence to evaluate the effect of centchroman on mastalgia. It is therefore recommended to conduct well-designed RCTs to compare the effect of centchroman on mastalgia with that of a placebo or other medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Ghassab-Abdollahi
- a Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery , Students' Research Committee , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Mojgan Mirghafourvand
- b Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.,c Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Shirin Osouli Tabrizi
- a Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery , Students' Research Committee , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
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Fakhravar S, Bahrami N, Olfati F. Effect of individual counseling on pain quality in the women with cyclic mastalgia: a clinical trial. THE JOURNAL OF QAZVIN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.29252/qums.22.4.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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Nigam A, Goenka A, Shrivastava N. A Comparative Study of Effect of Ormeloxifene and Evening Primrose Oil in Treatment of Mastalgia. Indian J Surg 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12262-018-1793-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Freitas-Junior R, Martins E, Metran-Nascente C, Carvalho AA, da Silva MF, Soares LR, Ximenes CA. Double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial on the use of paracetamol for performing mammography. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e0261. [PMID: 29595685 PMCID: PMC5895405 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000010261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was conducted within the Goias Mastology Research Network. To verify the possibility of diminishing pain, and discomfort during the mammography using analgesic administration. METHODS Randomized, double-blinded, placebo controlled trial, testing paracetamol to diminish the pain, and discomfort during mammography. Three hundred patients who came for screening mammography were randomized for this study. A questionnaire with 2 parts was used: the first had questions that concerned the patient identification, and factors related to the pain during mammography; and the second asked about the scale of discomfort (no discomfort; uncomfortable; very uncomfortable; intolerable), and the pain (analogical linear scale) during the mammography. Each patient received 1000 mg of paracetamol, or placebo. Afterwards each patient filled out the second part of the questionnaire. Six patients were excluded from the analysis; this resulted in 149 in the paracetamol group, and 145 in the placebo group. RESULTS The 2 groups were homogenous concerning the mean of the ages, weight, height, and breast size. The mean of the pain was 3.5 in the paracetamol, and 2.8 in the placebo group (P = .12). There were fewer women experiencing mild pain in the paracetamol group when compared with those in placebo group (relative risk [RR] 0.76, confidence interval [CI] 95% 0.52-0.98). There was no significant difference between the 2 groups, according to the degrees of discomfort (P = .69). CONCLUSION The use of paracetamol can reduces the mild pain for women undergoing mammography.
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Groen JW, Grosfeld S, Wilschut JA, Bramer WM, Ernst MF, Mullender MM. Cyclic and non-cyclic breast-pain: A systematic review on pain reduction, side effects, and quality of life for various treatments. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2017; 219:74-93. [PMID: 29059585 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2017.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
CYCLIC AND NON-CYCLIC BREAST-PAIN A systematic review on pain reduction, side effects, and quality of life for various treatments. BACKGROUND No clear systematic-review on all the various treatment regimen for (Non-) cyclical-breast-pain currently exists. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to assess the various forms of therapy for treatment of breast-pain and the evidence for their effectiveness. SEARCH STRATEGY Search-terms included 'mastalgia' and 'therapy' or 'hormones' or 'nsaid' or 'psychotherapy' or 'analgesia' or 'surgery', and synonyms. SELECTION CRITERIA The review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic-reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines. RCT's and pro-/retrospective studies reporting on treatment of breast-pain were considered eligible. Minimal follow-up and sample-size criteria were 6 months and 10 patients respectively. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Data was extracted using standardized tables and encompassed number of subjects, type of breast-pain and treatment, efficacy of treatment and clinical complications/side-effects. No pooling of data could be achieved due to heterogeneity amongst studies. MAIN RESULTS Twenty-three studies were included, that reported on 2100 patients in total. Topical-Diclofenac was found to reduce pain by 58.7 and 63.3 on a Visual-Analogue-Scale (VAS) in cyclical and non-cyclical-breast-pain respectively. Persistent cyclical-breast-pain can be treated with short courses (2-6 months) of either Bromocryptine (VAS↓=25.4) or Danazol (VAS↓=33.6) as long as benefits outweigh the side-effects. Last-resort options for unresponsive and severe debilitating breast-pain include surgery in the form of bilateral mastectomy with reconstruction. CONCLUSIONS Pain reduction in patients with breast-pain can be achieved with analgesics, hormonal-regimen and possibly surgery as a last resort. Additional studies are needed with well-described patient-characteristics, robust study set-up, and longer follow-up times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Willem Groen
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Biostatistics, VU Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Sissi Grosfeld
- Alexander Monro Clinics, Bilthoven, Professor Bronkhorstlaan 10, 3723 MB, The Netherlands
| | | | - Wichor M Bramer
- Medical Library, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Miranda F Ernst
- Alexander Monro Clinics, Bilthoven, Professor Bronkhorstlaan 10, 3723 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Magriet M Mullender
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Biostatistics, VU Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Saghafi N, Rhkhshandeh H, Pourmoghadam N, Pourali L, Ghazanfarpour M, Behrooznia A, Vafisani F. Effectiveness of Matricaria chamomilla (chamomile) extract on pain control of cyclic mastalgia: a double-blind randomised controlled trial. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2017; 38:81-84. [PMID: 29072514 DOI: 10.1080/01443615.2017.1322045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Breast pain (mastalgia) often precedes menstrual period, which is of mild to moderate severity. This study was performed to determine the effectiveness of chamomile on pain control of cyclic mastalgia. This double-blind randomised controlled clinical trial was conducted on 60 patients with mastalgia referred to the breast clinic of an academic hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. The patients were randomly allocated into two groups: chamomile (n = 30) and placebo (n = 30). Primary outcomes were: (1) assessment of the visual analogue scale (VAS) and (2) assessment of the breast pain chart (BPC) 8 weeks after initial intervention. All the participants were asked to take drops three times a day each time having five drops for two consecutive months. Significant decline was observed in both the groups (chamomile and placebo) after two months (p < .0001 and p = .048, respectively) compared to baseline and between two groups (p = .007). Chamomile was a well-tolerated, secure and effective drug for treating women with mild to moderate mastalgia. Impact statement What is already known on this subject: Breast pain (mastalgia) is a common chief complaint reported by many women. The 'cyclic' type, which usually occurs monthly prior to the onset of menstrual period, is of moderate severity. In 30% of the cases, mastalgia is severe and disturbs normal life, leading to sexual, physical, and social dysfunction as well as depression and anxiety. The cause of cyclical mastalgia is not known, but given the fact that it begins in the luteal phase, it can be caused by hormonal stimulation. A variety of therapies have been recommended. Such therapies include prescription of vitamin B2, B6, E and C, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), diuretics, thyroxin, progesterone, Tamoxifen, Danazol, Bromocriptine and plant extracts like vitexagnus castus, evening primrose oil (EPO). However, given the side effects of hormonal treatment, many women have developed a propensity towards the use of herbal medicine. What do the results of this study add: Chamomile presents a safe, well-tolerated and effective treatment for women with moderate mastalgia. What are the implications of these finding for clinical practice and/or further research: Considering that Danazol, Bromocriptine and Tamoxifen are standard treatments for mastalgia, it would be helpful to carry out a trial study to compare the effect of chamomile extract versus standard treatments. The physicians can prescribe chamomile as a safe alternative treatment for mastalgia.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Saghafi
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
| | - H Rhkhshandeh
- b Pharmacological Research Center of Medical Plants , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
| | - N Pourmoghadam
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
| | - L Pourali
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
| | - M Ghazanfarpour
- c Research Committee of Department of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, Nursing and Midwifery School , Mashhad University of Medical Science , Mashhad , Iran
| | - A Behrooznia
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
| | - F Vafisani
- d BC of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
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Le NK, García-Molina C, Kumar A, Griffin L, Dayicioglu D. Pain and Anxiety Levels of Patients Undergoing Tissue Expansion After Mastectomies: A Case Series Study. Cancer Control 2017; 24:1073274817729893. [PMID: 28975839 PMCID: PMC5937238 DOI: 10.1177/1073274817729893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The tissue expansion process is done after mastectomies to increase the submuscular space
in preparation for the placement of permanent breast implant. The process is often
believed to be painful by patients who are often intimidated by the prospect of
mechanically stretching out their skin and muscle. This study aims to quantify the pain
experienced by patients and determine the different pain management techniques used. We
used a case series approach, in which patients who were undergoing serial tissue expansion
process were asked to rate their pain and anxiety on a scale from 1 to 10, using a
questionnaire and the visual analog scale. Pain was rated during and after the expansion
procedure, and patients were also surveyed to find the most commonly used and most
effective pain management technique. Patients typically reported very little pain during
and after the procedure, with an average of 0.4 to 2.5 pain experienced out of 10. The
pain did not last, on average, longer than 1 day. Furthermore, the most widely used and
most helpful pain medication was ibuprofen. During the tissue expansion procedure, the
mean anxiety level was 0.64 (1.3). The findings show that tissue expansion process is a
relatively low pain procedure and is not a contraindication for undergoing breast
reconstruction. Ibuprofen, a mild treatment with few side effects, was efficacious in pain
relief though most patients required no pain relief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole K Le
- 1 Department of Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Carla García-Molina
- 2 The Center for Women's Oncology, Don & Erika Wallace Comprehensive Breast Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Ambuj Kumar
- 3 Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Lisa Griffin
- 2 The Center for Women's Oncology, Don & Erika Wallace Comprehensive Breast Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Deniz Dayicioglu
- 1 Department of Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.,2 The Center for Women's Oncology, Don & Erika Wallace Comprehensive Breast Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
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Jaafarnejad F, Adibmoghaddam E, Emami SA, Saki A. Compare the effect of flaxseed, evening primrose oil and Vitamin E on duration of periodic breast pain. JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND HEALTH PROMOTION 2017; 6:85. [PMID: 29114553 PMCID: PMC5651668 DOI: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_83_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast periodic pain is the most common disorder of the breast which leads to consultation with knowledgeable people like a midwife. The aim of this study was to compare the therapeutic effect of flaxseed, evening primrose oil, and Vitamin E on the duration of the period of breast pain. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study is a quasi-randomized clinical trial conducted in 2015 on ninety patients complaining of breast periodic pain referring to Gynecologic Clinics of Ghaem Hospital or residents living in dormitories of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. Randomization was conducted based on the study environment. The first group received 30 g of powdered flaxseed, the second group received two 1000 mg capsules of evening primrose, and the third group received 1 capsule of 400 IU Vitamin E, daily and for two menstrual cycles. Cyclical breast pain was measured at the beginning and end of both intervention periods by daily subscription form of pain duration. Data analysis was performed by SPSS 16 software and Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Chi-square, Friedman, Fisher's, and one-sided ANOVA tests. The level of significance was set at P < 0.05. RESULTS The mean duration of breast pain in flaxseed group within 2 months of intervention decreased significantly (confidence interval [CI] =95%, P = 0.006), but despite reducing the duration of pain in evening primrose oil group (CI = 95%, P = 0.058) and Vitamin E (CI = 95%, P = 0.306), this reduction was not significant. In overall, the average duration of breast pain in all three flaxseed, evening primrose oil, and Vitamin E groups was not significantly different before the intervention (CI = 95%, P = 0.286), 1 month after the intervention (CI = 95%, P = 0.195), and 2 months after the intervention (CI = 95%, P = 0.667). CONCLUSION The use of flaxseed, evening primrose oil, or Vitamin E may reduce breast pain, and this is a significant reduction in flaxseed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Jaafarnejad
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Elham Adibmoghaddam
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyyed Ahmad Emami
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Azadeh Saki
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Duffy GF, Shupe ES, Kuczmarski MF, Zonderman AB, Evans MK. Motivations for Botanical Use by Socioeconomically Diverse, Urban Adults: Does Evidence Support Motivation? J Altern Complement Med 2017; 23:812-818. [PMID: 28437143 PMCID: PMC5655417 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2016.0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study objectives were to characterize botanical dietary supplement (BDS) use and to compare the motivations for botanical supplement (BS) use to the efficacy of the botanical in a socioeconomically and racially diverse urban adult population. METHODS Subjects were from the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span (HANDLS) study, a 20-year prospective health disparities study with African American and white adults from Baltimore, Maryland. All study participants completed two dietary recalls and a dietary supplement (DS) questionnaire in Wave 3 (n = 2140). Diet quality was evaluated by the Healthy Eating Index-2010 and the Mean Adequacy Ratio for 17 micronutrients. A comparison of reported motivations to efficacy reported in the literature of single BS was conducted. RESULTS Approximately 50% (1062/2140) of participants took DS. Of these, 8% (n = 178) reported taking either BS or BDS. It was found that BDS users had better diet quality than DS users as well as nonusers of DS. The top three motivations for BDS users were to improve overall health, to maintain health, and to supplement the diet. There is limited evidence for the efficacy of most BS. Review of the efficacy of the 15 BS reported by ≥5% of the study population revealed beneficial health roles for only fiber, gingko biloba extract EGb 761, and hawthorn berry. CONCLUSION To the authors' knowledge, this study is the first to report a better quality diet with BDS use for a racially diverse urban population. Yet, improvement in diet is needed because overall quality did not achieve current recommendations. To improve overall health, it may be beneficial for this population to focus on dietary modifications to reduce the risks associated with chronic diseases. In general, the reported motivations for BS use were not supported by clinical evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace F. Duffy
- Department of Behavioral Health and Nutrition, University of Delaware, Newark, DE
| | - Emily Stave Shupe
- Department of Behavioral Health and Nutrition, University of Delaware, Newark, DE
| | | | - Alan B. Zonderman
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Michele K. Evans
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
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Karimian F, Keramati MR, Abbaszadeh-kasbi A. Patient Complaints in Benign vs. Malignant Breast Disease. Indian J Surg Oncol 2017; 8:298-303. [DOI: 10.1007/s13193-017-0626-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Rajswaroob U, Kannan R, Kannan NS, Tirouaroul T. Effectiveness of Centchroman on Regression of Fibroadenosis and Mastalgia. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10:PC10-PC14. [PMID: 27891390 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/20108.8604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fibroadenosis and mastalgia are common among the women in reproductive age group. Treatment for these conditions is not yet standardised. Most of the drugs used for fibroadenosis and mastalgia are expensive and have side effects. AIM To find out the efficacy of centchroman, a Selective Estrogens Receptor Modulator (SERM) on regression of fibroadenosis and mastalgia. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty one patients with mastalgia/fibroadenosis were treated with centchroman 30mg once daily on alternate days for a period of 3 months and followed up weekly for six months with Mastalgia chart and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) pain score. RESULTS Before starting treatment, four patients presented with pain score of 6 followed by, 37 patients with a score of 4 and 10 patients with a score of 2. All the patients were started on tab centchroman 30mg OD alternate days and were reviewed on weekly basis with Mastalgia chart and VAS pain score for three months. On fifth and sixth visit, 46 patients reported with pain score 0, one with pain score of 2 and four with pain score of 6. The efficacy of centchroman was found to be significant (p-value = 0.001). Three patients (5.9%) reported epigastric pain and ten patients (19.6%) reported menstrual delay. A total of 38 patients did not complain of any side effect. CONCLUSION Our study proves that centchroman is a safe and cost effective drug with significant efficacy on regression of fibroadenosis and mastalgia with minimal side effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udayakumar Rajswaroob
- Resident, Department of General Surgery, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth , Pillaiyarkuppam, Pondicherry, India
| | - Rajendiran Kannan
- Associate Professor, Department of General Surgery, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth , Pillaiyarkuppam, Pondicherry, India
| | - Narayanasamy Subbaraju Kannan
- Associate Professor, Department of General Surgery, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth , Pillaiyarkuppam, Pondicherry, India
| | - T Tirouaroul
- Professor and Head, Department of General Surgery, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth , Pillaiyarkuppam, Pondicherry, India
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Arslan M, Küçükerdem HS, Can H, Tarcan E. Retrospective Analysis of Women with Only Mastalgia. THE JOURNAL OF BREAST HEALTH 2016; 12:151-154. [PMID: 28331753 DOI: 10.5152/tjbh.2016.2944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mastalgia is the most common symptom in women, who has gone under breast imaging. 70% of women face with mastalgia at least once in their lifetime. In our study, we aimed to investigate the examinations and the results of the females referred to our outpatient clinics with mastalgia and to determine the frequency of malignancy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Files of all women patients referred to General Surgery Outpatient Clinics between 01.06.2014-31.05.2015 has been investigated retrospectively. Cases only with breast pain complaint (n=789) out of 2798 women has been included in the study. Women with lump in breast, nipple discharge, redness, breast retraction and pregnant and lactating women were excluded. Breast examination findings, ultrasonography (USG), mammography results, whether biopsies are done or not and diagnoses have been investigated retrospectively. RESULTS Mean age was 42.97±12.36 (16-74) years. 59.7% (n=471) of the women had bilateral mastalgia and 91.1% (n=719) of the breast examinations were found to be normal. USG was required from 664 (84.2%) women and mammography was required from 448 (56.8%) women. Considering diagnoses; fibrocystic changes in 32.3% (n=201), ductal ectasia in 8.8% (n=55), fibroadenomas in 6.1% (n=38), reactive lymphoid hyperplasia in 1.1% (n=7) was observed. Only 1 (0.2%) woman was diagnosed with invasive ductal carcinoma. CONCLUSION According to researches, 0.5% of the women with mastalgia were diagnosed with breast cancer. In our study this rate was found as 0.2%. Women with only mastalgia without any abnormality in physical examination should be informed about dealing with pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Arslan
- Clinic of Family Medicine, İzmir Katip Çelebi University Atatürk Training and Research Hospital, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Halime Seda Küçükerdem
- Clinic of Family Medicine, İzmir Katip Çelebi University Atatürk Training and Research Hospital, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Hüseyin Can
- Clinic of Family Medicine, İzmir Katip Çelebi University Atatürk Training and Research Hospital, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Ercüment Tarcan
- Clinic of General Medicine, İzmir Katip Çelebi University Atatürk Training and Research Hospital, İzmir, Turkey
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Gautam S, Srivastava A, Kataria K, Dhar A, Ranjan P, Kumar J. New Breast Pain Chart for Objective Record of Mastalgia. Indian J Surg 2016; 78:245-8. [PMID: 27358525 DOI: 10.1007/s12262-016-1492-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastalgia is the commonest affliction of mammary gland among ladies of the reproductive age group. Since etiopathogenesis and therapy are different for cyclical and noncyclical pain, it is imperative to ascertain the exact type correctly. This is usually done in the breast clinics by advising the patient to fill a pain diary over a period of 2 months over two menstrual cycles. The Cardiff pain chart records the severity of pain in the form of a triangle for mild to moderate pain and a square for severe pain. Moreover, Cardiff pain chart does not allow a patient to record the severity of pain on days of menses, as she has to put the letter "P" in the box. These problems have been resolved in the new breast pain chart. In the new pain chart, the lady records pain severity in the form of visual linear analogue scale score on every day of menstrual cycle. She enters her menstrual experience on a separate part of chart, which allows us to visualize the full month's pain severity in an uncluttered way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakuntla Gautam
- Department of Surgical Disciplines, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Anurag Srivastava
- Department of Surgical Disciplines, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Kamal Kataria
- Department of Surgical Disciplines, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Anita Dhar
- Department of Surgical Disciplines, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Piyush Ranjan
- Department of Surgical Disciplines, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Janmejay Kumar
- Department of Surgical Disciplines, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029 India
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Zeren S, Bayhan Z, Koçak C. Clinical Approach to Patients with Mastalgia in Breast Disease Outpatient Clinic. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS 2016. [DOI: 10.5799/jcei.328663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Shobeiri F, Oshvandi K, Nazari M. Cyclical mastalgia: Prevalence and associated determinants in Hamadan City, Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Janaki KL, Kannan NS, Palaniappan M, Nandi P. Profile of Breast Diseases in Post Pubertal Women Assessed By Clinical Breast Examination - A Community Based Study in Rural Pondicherry. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10:PC07-11. [PMID: 27042516 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/17264.7276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Breast diseases in women, whether benign or malignant, are very commonly encountered. Benign diseases are under reported and cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality in women. This study was undertaken with an aim to study the profile of various breast disease in the community. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this observational study all the post pubertal women residing in the selected village (n=1000) were included. The study was done from September 2013 to August 2015. A thorough history taking was done with the help of a predesigned proforma followed by a clinical breast examination and further investigation at our hospital if necessary. RESULTS It was found in this study that mastalgia, both cyclical and non-cyclical as well as lumps were a common finding in the general population. Significant proportions of women were found to be in the peri-menopausal age group. Median age of menarche was 13 years; menopause was 45 years. The average age at first childbirth was 21 years with 1 year being the median duration of breast-feeding. A total of 128 women (1 in 8) had positive symptomatology with 94 (1 in 11) of them having a breast disease on examination. One was diagnosed with breast cancer. The prevalence of cyclical mastalgia was 1 in 11, non-cyclical mastalgia 1 in 34, fibroadenosis 1 in 23 and fibroadenoma 1 in 100. The awareness regarding risk factors and the availability of screening program was very poor. The average age of presentation of mastalgia was 34 years; fibroadenosis was 35 years and fibroadenoma 29 years. None of the women interacted with or had consulted a practitioner regarding mastalgia as it was not perceived to be a sign of malignancy and did not cause any significant discomfort. CONCLUSION It was thus concluded from this study that benign breast diseases are a common occurrence in the general population. Breast cancer continues to be diagnosed only at later stages owing to lack of awareness and inadequately structured screening program. The concept of self-breast examination seems to be poorly understood. CBE is more fruitful with subsequent radiological and histopathological investigation, if warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavasseri L Janaki
- Resident, Department of General Surgery, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College & Research Institute, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth , Pillaiyarkuppam, Pondicherry, India
| | - Narayanasamy Subbaraju Kannan
- Associate Professor, Department of General Surgery, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College & Research Institute, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth , Pillaiyarkuppam, Pondicherry, India
| | - M Palaniappan
- Professor, Department of General Surgery, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College & Research Institute, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth , Pillaiyarkuppam, Pondicherry, India
| | - Partha Nandi
- Professor, Department of Community Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College & Research Institute, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth , Pillaiyarkuppam, Pondicherry, India
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