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Alenbawi J, Al-Sarraj YA, Umlai UKI, Kadhi A, Hendi NN, Nemer G, Albagha OME. Genome-wide association study and meta-analysis of phytosterols identifies a novel locus for serum levels of campesterol. Hum Genomics 2024; 18:85. [PMID: 39090729 PMCID: PMC11295598 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-024-00649-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Sitosterolemia is a rare inherited disorder caused by mutations in the ABCG5/ABCG8 genes. These genes encode proteins involved in the transport of plant sterols. Mutations in these genes lead to decreased excretion of phytosterols, which can accumulate in the body and lead to a variety of health problems, including premature coronary artery disease. We conducted the first genome-wide association study (GWAS) in the Middle East/North Africa population to identify genetic determinants of plant sterol levels in Qatari people. GWAS was performed on serum levels of β-sitosterol and campesterol using the Metabolon platform from Qatar Biobank (QBB) and genome sequence data provided by Qatar Genome Program. A trans-ancestry meta-analysis of data from our Qatari cohort with summary statistics from a previously published large cohort (9758 subjects) of European ancestry was conducted. Using conditional analysis, we identified two independent single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with β-sitosterol (rs145164937 and rs4299376), and two others with campesterol (rs7598542 and rs75901165) in the Qatari population in addition to previously reported variants. All of them map to the ABCG5/8 locus except rs75901165 which is located within the Intraflagellar Transport 43 (IFT43) gene. The meta-analysis replicated most of the reported variants, and our study provided significant support for the association of variants in SCARB1 and ABO with sitosterolemia. Evaluation of a polygenic risk score devised from European GWAS data showed moderate performance when applied to QBB (adjusted-R2 = 0.082). These findings provide new insights into the genetic architecture of phytosterol metabolism while showing the importance including under-represented populations in future GWAS studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamil Alenbawi
- Division of Genomics and Translational Biomedicine, College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, P.O. Box 34110, Doha, Qatar
| | - Yasser A Al-Sarraj
- Division of Genomics and Translational Biomedicine, College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, P.O. Box 34110, Doha, Qatar
- Qatar Genome Program (QGP), Qatar Foundation Research, Development and Innovation, Qatar Foundation (QF), P.O. Box 5825, Doha, Qatar
| | - Umm-Kulthum I Umlai
- Division of Genomics and Translational Biomedicine, College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, P.O. Box 34110, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ayat Kadhi
- Division of Genomics and Translational Biomedicine, College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, P.O. Box 34110, Doha, Qatar
- College of Health and Sciences, University of Doha for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 24449, Doha, Qatar
| | - Nagham N Hendi
- Division of Genomics and Translational Biomedicine, College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, P.O. Box 34110, Doha, Qatar
| | - Georges Nemer
- Division of Genomics and Translational Biomedicine, College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, P.O. Box 34110, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Omar M E Albagha
- Division of Genomics and Translational Biomedicine, College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, P.O. Box 34110, Doha, Qatar.
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK.
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Singh S, Shukla A, Sharma S. Overview of Natural Supplements for the Management of Diabetes and Obesity. Curr Diabetes Rev 2024; 20:e061123223235. [PMID: 37933216 DOI: 10.2174/0115733998262859231020071715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive compounds found in various natural sources, such as fruits, vegetables, and herbs, have been studied for their potential benefits in managing obesity and diabetes. These compounds include polyphenols, flavonoids, other antioxidants, fiber, and certain fatty acids. Studies have found that these compounds may improve insulin sensitivity, regulate blood sugar levels, and promote weight loss. However, the effects of these compounds can vary depending on the type and amount consumed, as well as individual factors, such as genetics and lifestyle. Nutraceutical substances have multifaceted therapeutic advantages, and they have been reported to have disease-prevention and health-promoting properties. Several clinically used nutraceuticals have been shown to target the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus, obesity, and metabolic syndrome and their complications and modulate various clinical outcomes favorably. This review aims to highlight and comment on some of the most prominent natural components used as antidiabetics and in managing obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Singh
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, 17km Stone, NH-2, Mathura-Delhi Road Mathura, Chaumuhan, Uttar Pradesh 281406, India
| | - Arpit Shukla
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, 17km Stone, NH-2, Mathura-Delhi Road Mathura, Chaumuhan, Uttar Pradesh 281406, India
| | - Shiwangi Sharma
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, 17km Stone, NH-2, Mathura-Delhi Road Mathura, Chaumuhan, Uttar Pradesh 281406, India
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3
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Carreira NP, de Lima MC, Sartorelli DS, Crivellenti LC. Relationship between diet quality and biochemical profile in Brazilian overweight pregnant women. Nutrition 2023; 113:112056. [PMID: 37354652 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2023.112056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the Adapted Diet Quality Index for Pregnant Women (IQDAG) and the biochemical profile of overweight pregnant adult women. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study, using baseline data from a randomized controlled clinical trial conducted with 239 pregnant women in Brazil. The usual diet was obtained through two dietary recalls and the Multiple Source Method. Diet quality was assessed using the IQDAG, which has nine components: eight for adequacy and one for moderation. Fasting blood glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, triacylglycerols, and C-reactive protein were measured to evaluate the biochemical profile. Adjusted linear regression models were used to evaluate the association between the score of the IQDAG (and its components) and the biochemical profile. The significance level considered was P ≤ 0.05. RESULTS The mean index score was 75.4 points. An inverse association was observed between the consumption of legumes and total cholesterol level (β = -4.76; 95% confidence interval [CI], -9.16 to -0.35; P = 0.03) and low-density lipoprotein (β = -4.13; 95% CI, -7.56 to -0.69; P = 0.02), and a direct association between calcium intake and total cholesterol (β = 0.02; 95% CI, 0.002-0.41; P = 0.03). No other associations were observed between the investigated variables. CONCLUSIONS The data from the present study suggest that higher consumption of legumes is associated with lower levels of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein. A higher intake of calcium was directly associated with total cholesterol . Further research is required to fully understand how diet quality affects pregnant women's biochemical profiles and what that means for the health of the mother and the fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Posses Carreira
- Graduate Program in Public Health, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Carolina de Lima
- Graduate Program in Public Health, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela Saes Sartorelli
- Department of Social Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lívia Castro Crivellenti
- Graduate Program in Public Health, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Fang X, Song J, Zhou K, Zi X, Sun B, Bao H, Li L. Molecular Mechanism Pathways of Natural Compounds for the Treatment of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Molecules 2023; 28:5645. [PMID: 37570615 PMCID: PMC10419790 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease in the world, and its incidence continues to increase each year. Yet, there is still no definitive drug that can stop its development. This review focuses mainly on lipotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, and intestinal flora dysbiosis to understand NAFLD's pathogenesis. In this review, we used NCBI's PubMed database for retrieval, integrating in vivo and in vitro experiments to reveal the therapeutic effects of natural compounds on NAFLD. We also reviewed the mechanisms by which the results of these experiments suggest that these compounds can protect the liver from damage by modulating inflammation, reducing oxidative stress, decreasing insulin resistance and lipid accumulation in the liver, and interacting with the intestinal microflora. The natural compounds discussed in these papers target a variety of pathways, such as the AMPK pathway and the TGF-β pathway, and have significant therapeutic effects. This review aims to provide new possible therapeutic lead compounds and references for the development of novel medications and the clinical treatment of NAFLD. It offers fresh perspectives on the development of natural compounds in preventing and treating NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Lijing Li
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (X.F.)
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Chauhan R, Kalra M, Singh S, Kotwal J, Sachdev A. Stomatocytes, a whistleblower for future familial cardiovascular events: Unraveling the diagnosis of sitosterolemia in an Indian family. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2023; 70:e30269. [PMID: 36861256 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.30269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Richa Chauhan
- Department of Hematology, Sir Gangaram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Manas Kalra
- Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, Sir Gangaram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Surbhi Singh
- Department of Hematology, Sir Gangaram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Jyoti Kotwal
- Department of Hematology, Sir Gangaram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Anupam Sachdev
- Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, Sir Gangaram Hospital, New Delhi, India
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Rachmawati R, Idroes R, Suhartono E, Maulydia NB, Darusman D. In Silico and In Vitro Analysis of Tacca Tubers ( Tacca leontopetaloides) from Banyak Island, Aceh Singkil Regency, Indonesia, as Antihypercholesterolemia Agents. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238605. [PMID: 36500698 PMCID: PMC9737010 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tacca leontopetaloides (T. leontopetaloides) contain a number of active compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, phenolics, steroids, and alkaloids. The active compounds from plants have been shown to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease by lowering cholesterol levels by inhibiting the enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzym A (HMG-CoA) reductase activity. This study aims to investigate the potential active compounds in the ethanolic extract of Tacca tubers (T. leontopetaloides) from the Banyak Islands, Aceh Singkil Regency, Aceh Province both in vitro and in silico. Tacca tubers contain secondary metabolites including flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, steroids and saponins, according to phytochemical screening. In vitro investigation of ethanolic extract of Tacca tuber revealed inhibitory activity of HMG Co-A reductase with an IC50 value of 4.92 ppm. Based on the in silico study, active compound from the extract, namely Stigmasterol with the highest binding affinities with HMG Co-A reductase (-7.2 kcal/mol). As a comparison, the inhibition of HMG Co-A reductase activity by simvastatin with an IC50 4.62 ppm and binding affinity -8.0 Kcal/mol. Our findings suggest that the ethanolic extract of Tacca tuber (T. leontopetaloides) from Banyak Islands, Aceh Province has the potential to inhibit the activity of HMG Co-A reductase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachmawati Rachmawati
- Graduate School of Mathematics and Applied Sciences, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia
- Department of Nutrition, Health Polytechnic of Aceh Ministry of Health, Aceh Besar 23241, Indonesia
| | - Rinaldi Idroes
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia
- Correspondence:
| | - Eko Suhartono
- Department of Medical Chemistry/Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Lambung Mangkurat University, Banjarbaru 70124, Indonesia
| | - Nur Balqis Maulydia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia
| | - Darusman Darusman
- Faculty of Agriculture, Soil Science Department, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia
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Diet evolution of carnivorous and herbivorous mammals in Laurasiatheria. BMC Ecol Evol 2022; 22:82. [PMID: 35729512 PMCID: PMC9210794 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-022-02033-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Laurasiatheria contains taxa with diverse diets, while the molecular basis and evolutionary history underlying their dietary diversification are less clear. Results In this study, we used the recently developed molecular phyloecological approach to examine the adaptive evolution of digestive system-related genes across both carnivorous and herbivorous mammals within Laurasiatheria. Our results show an intensified selection of fat and/or protein utilization across all examined carnivorous lineages, which is consistent with their high-protein and high-fat diets. Intriguingly, for herbivorous lineages (ungulates), which have a high-carbohydrate diet, they show a similar selection pattern as that of carnivorous lineages. Our results suggest that for the ungulates, which have a specialized digestive system, the selection intensity of their digestive system-related genes does not necessarily reflect loads of the nutrient components in their diets but appears to be positively related to the loads of the nutrient components that are capable of being directly utilized by the herbivores themselves. Based on these findings, we reconstructed the dietary evolution within Laurasiatheria, and our results reveal the dominant carnivory during the early diversification of Laurasiatheria. In particular, our results suggest that the ancestral bats and the common ancestor of ruminants and cetaceans may be carnivorous as well. We also found evidence of the convergent evolution of one fat utilization-related gene, APOB, across carnivorous taxa. Conclusions Our molecular phyloecological results suggest that digestive system-related genes can be used to determine the molecular basis of diet differentiations and to reconstruct ancestral diets. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12862-022-02033-6.
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Novel Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical-Based Approaches for Cardiovascular Diseases Prevention Targeting Atherogenic Small Dense LDL. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14040825. [PMID: 35456658 PMCID: PMC9027611 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14040825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Compelling evidence supports the causative link between increased levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) development. For that reason, the principal aim of primary and secondary cardiovascular prevention is to reach and sustain recommended LDL-C goals. Although there is a considerable body of evidence that shows that lowering LDL-C levels is directly associated with CVD risk reduction, recent data shows that the majority of patients across Europe cannot achieve their LDL-C targets. In attempting to address this matter, a new overarching concept of a lipid-lowering approach, comprising of even more intensive, much earlier and longer intervention to reduce LDL-C level, was recently proposed for high-risk patients. Another important concern is the residual risk for recurrent cardiovascular events despite optimal LDL-C reduction, suggesting that novel lipid biomarkers should also be considered as potential therapeutic targets. Among them, small dense LDL particles (sdLDL) seem to have the most significant potential for therapeutic modulation. This paper discusses the potential of traditional and emerging lipid-lowering approaches for cardiovascular prevention by targeting sdLDL particles.
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Biogenic Phytochemicals Modulating Obesity: From Molecular Mechanism to Preventive and Therapeutic Approaches. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:6852276. [PMID: 35388304 PMCID: PMC8977300 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6852276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of obesity and over bodyweight is emerging as a major health concern. Obesity is a complex metabolic disease with multiple pathophysiological clinical conditions as comorbidities are associated with obesity such as diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disorders, sleep apnea, osteoarthritis, some cancers, and inflammation-based clinical conditions. In obese individuals, adipocyte cells increased the expression of leptin, angiotensin, adipocytokines, plasminogen activators, and C-reactive protein. Currently, options for treatment and lifestyle behaviors interventions are limited, and keeping a healthy lifestyle is challenging. Various types of phytochemicals have been investigated for antiobesity potential. Here, we discuss pathophysiology and signaling pathways in obesity, epigenetic regulations, regulatory mechanism, functional ingredients in natural antiobesity products, and therapeutic application of phytochemicals in obesity.
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Prasad M, Jayaraman S, Eladl MA, El-Sherbiny M, Abdelrahman MAE, Veeraraghavan VP, Vengadassalapathy S, Umapathy VR, Jaffer Hussain SF, Krishnamoorthy K, Sekar D, Palanisamy CP, Mohan SK, Rajagopal P. A Comprehensive Review on Therapeutic Perspectives of Phytosterols in Insulin Resistance: A Mechanistic Approach. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27051595. [PMID: 35268696 PMCID: PMC8911698 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural products in the form of functional foods have become increasingly popular due to their protective effects against life-threatening diseases, low risk of adverse effects, affordability, and accessibility. Plant components such as phytosterol, in particular, have drawn a lot of press recently due to a link between their consumption and a modest incidence of global problems, such as Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cancer, and cardiovascular disease. In the management of diet-related metabolic diseases, such as T2DM and cardiovascular disorders, these plant-based functional foods and nutritional supplements have unquestionably led the market in terms of cost-effectiveness, therapeutic efficacy, and safety. Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder categoriszed by high blood sugar and insulin resistance, which influence major metabolic organs, such as the liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle. These chronic hyperglycemia fallouts result in decreased glucose consumption by body cells, increased fat mobilisation from fat storage cells, and protein depletion in human tissues, keeping the tissues in a state of crisis. In addition, functional foods such as phytosterols improve the body’s healing process from these crises by promoting a proper physiological metabolism and cellular activities. They are plant-derived steroid molecules having structure and function similar to cholesterol, which is found in vegetables, grains, nuts, olive oil, wood pulp, legumes, cereals, and leaves, and are abundant in nature, along with phytosterol derivatives. The most copious phytosterols seen in the human diet are sitosterol, stigmasterol, and campesterol, which can be found in free form, as fatty acid/cinnamic acid esters or as glycosides processed by pancreatic enzymes. Accumulating evidence reveals that phytosterols and diets enriched with them can control glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as insulin resistance. Despite this, few studies on the advantages of sterol control in diabetes care have been published. As a basis, the primary objective of this review is to convey extensive updated information on the possibility of managing diabetes and associated complications with sterol-rich foods in molecular aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monisha Prasad
- Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College & Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical & Technical Sciences, Chennai 600077, India; (M.P.); (K.K.)
| | - Selvaraj Jayaraman
- Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College & Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical & Technical Sciences, Chennai 600077, India; (M.P.); (K.K.)
- Correspondence: (S.J.); (V.P.V.); (P.R.)
| | - Mohamed Ahmed Eladl
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Mohamed El-Sherbiny
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh 71666, Saudi Arabia; (M.E.-S.); (M.A.E.A.)
| | | | - Vishnu Priya Veeraraghavan
- Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College & Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical & Technical Sciences, Chennai 600077, India; (M.P.); (K.K.)
- Correspondence: (S.J.); (V.P.V.); (P.R.)
| | - Srinivasan Vengadassalapathy
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical & Technical Sciences, Chennai 602105, India;
| | - Vidhya Rekha Umapathy
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Pallikaranai, Chennai 600100, India;
| | | | - Kalaiselvi Krishnamoorthy
- Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College & Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical & Technical Sciences, Chennai 600077, India; (M.P.); (K.K.)
| | - Durairaj Sekar
- Cellular and Molecular Research Centre, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical & Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India;
| | - Chella Perumal Palanisamy
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, College of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan 250353, China;
| | - Surapaneni Krishna Mohan
- Departments of Biochemistry, Molecular Virology, Research, Clinical Skills & Simulation, Panimalar Medical College Hospital & Research Institute, Varadharajapuram, Poonamallee, Chennai 600123, India;
| | - Ponnulakshmi Rajagopal
- Department of Central Research Laboratory, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai 600095, India
- Correspondence: (S.J.); (V.P.V.); (P.R.)
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Tada H, Kojima N, Takamura M, Kawashiri MA. Sitosterolemia. Adv Clin Chem 2022; 110:145-169. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2022.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Makran M, Barberá R, Cilla A. Gene-diet interaction in plasma lipid response to plant sterols and stanols: A review of clinical trials. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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Nattagh-Eshtivani E, Barghchi H, Pahlavani N, Barati M, Amiri Y, Fadel A, Khosravi M, Talebi S, Arzhang P, Ziaei R, Ghavami A. Biological and pharmacological effects and nutritional impact of phytosterols: A comprehensive review. Phytother Res 2021; 36:299-322. [PMID: 34729825 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Phytosterols (PSs), classified into plant sterols and stanols, are bioactive compounds found in foods of plant origin. PSs have been proposed to exert a wide number of pharmacological properties, including the potential to reduce total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels and thereby decreasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Other health-promoting effects of PSs include anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects. Also, anticancer effects have been strongly suggested, as phytosterol-rich diets may reduce the risk of cancer by 20%. The aim of this review is to provide a general overview of the available evidence regarding the beneficial physiological and pharmacological activities of PSs, with special emphasis on their therapeutic potential for human health and safety. Also, we will explore the factors that influence the physiologic response to PSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyas Nattagh-Eshtivani
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hanieh Barghchi
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Naseh Pahlavani
- Nutrition and Biochemistry Department, School of Medicine, Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Mehdi Barati
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Yasaman Amiri
- Medical School, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Abdulmannan Fadel
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Maryam Khosravi
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saeedeh Talebi
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Pishva Arzhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Diet Therapy, Faculty of Nutritional Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Rahele Ziaei
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Abed Ghavami
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Wu Y. Molecular phyloecology suggests a trophic shift concurrent with the evolution of the first birds. Commun Biol 2021; 4:547. [PMID: 33986452 PMCID: PMC8119460 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02067-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Birds are characterized by evolutionary specializations of both locomotion (e.g., flapping flight) and digestive system (toothless, crop, and gizzard), while the potential selection pressures responsible for these evolutionary specializations remain unclear. Here we used a recently developed molecular phyloecological method to reconstruct the diets of the ancestral archosaur and of the common ancestor of living birds (CALB). Our results suggest a trophic shift from carnivory to herbivory (fruit, seed, and/or nut eater) at the archosaur-to-bird transition. The evolutionary shift of the CALB to herbivory may have essentially made them become a low-level consumer and, consequently, subject to relatively high predation risk from potential predators such as gliding non-avian maniraptorans, from which birds descended. Under the relatively high predation pressure, ancestral birds with gliding capability may have then evolved not only flapping flight as a possible anti-predator strategy against gliding predatory non-avian maniraptorans but also the specialized digestive system as an evolutionary tradeoff of maximizing foraging efficiency and minimizing predation risk. Our results suggest that the powered flight and specialized digestive system of birds may have evolved as a result of their tropic shift-associated predation pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghua Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China.
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China.
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15
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Tada H, Nomura A, Ogura M, Ikewaki K, Ishigaki Y, Inagaki K, Tsukamoto K, Dobashi K, Nakamura K, Hori M, Matsuki K, Yamashita S, Yokoyama S, Kawashiri MA, Harada-Shiba M. Diagnosis and Management of Sitosterolemia 2021. J Atheroscler Thromb 2021; 28:791-801. [PMID: 33907061 PMCID: PMC8326170 DOI: 10.5551/jat.rv17052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sitosterolemia is an inherited metabolic disorder characterized by increased levels of plant sterols, such as sitosterol. This disease is caused by loss-of-function genetic mutations in ATP-binding cassette (ABC) subfamily G member 5 or member 8 (
ABCG5
or
ABCG8
, respectively), both of which play important roles in selective excretion of plant sterols from the liver and intestine, leading to failure to prevent absorption of food plant sterols. This disorder has been considered to be extremely rare. However, accumulated clinical data as well as genetics suggest the possibility of a much higher prevalence. Its clinical manifestations resemble those observed in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), including tendon xanthomas, hyper LDL-cholesterolemia, and premature coronary atherosclerosis. We provide an overview of this recessive genetic disease, diagnostic as well as therapeutic tips, and the latest diagnostic criteria in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Tada
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Akihiro Nomura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Masatsune Ogura
- Department of Molecular Innovation in Lipidology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute
| | - Katsunori Ikewaki
- Division of Neurology, Anti-Aging, and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College
| | - Yasushi Ishigaki
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University
| | - Kyoko Inagaki
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Nippon Medical School
| | | | - Kazushige Dobashi
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi
| | - Kimitoshi Nakamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Mika Hori
- Department of Endocrinology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University
| | - Kota Matsuki
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine
| | | | | | - Masa-Aki Kawashiri
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Mariko Harada-Shiba
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute
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16
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Gachumi G, Poudel A, Wasan KM, El-Aneed A. Analytical Strategies to Analyze the Oxidation Products of Phytosterols, and Formulation-Based Approaches to Reduce Their Generation. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13020268. [PMID: 33669349 PMCID: PMC7920278 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13020268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytosterols are a class of lipid molecules present in plants that are structurally similar to cholesterol and have been widely utilized as cholesterol-lowering agents. However, the susceptibility of phytosterols to oxidation has led to concerns regarding their safety and tolerability. Phytosterol oxidation products (POPs) present in a variety of enriched and non-enriched foods can show pro-atherogenic and pro-inflammatory properties. Therefore, it is crucial to screen and analyze various phytosterol-containing products for the presence of POPs and ultimately design or modify phytosterols in such a way that prevents the generation of POPs and yet maintains their pharmacological activity. The main approaches for the analysis of POPs include the use of mass spectrometry (MS) linked to a suitable separation technique, notably gas chromatography (GC). However, liquid chromatography (LC)-MS has the potential to simplify the analysis due to the elimination of any derivatization step, usually required for GC-MS. To reduce the transformation of phytosterols to their oxidized counterparts, formulation strategies can theoretically be adopted, including the use of microemulsions, microcapsules, micelles, nanoparticles, and liposomes. In addition, co-formulation with antioxidants, such as tocopherols, may prove useful in substantially preventing POP generation. The main objectives of this review article are to evaluate the various analytical strategies that have been adopted for analyzing them. In addition, formulation approaches that can prevent the generation of these oxidation products are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Gachumi
- Drug Discovery and Development Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; (G.G.); (A.P.)
| | - Asmita Poudel
- Drug Discovery and Development Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; (G.G.); (A.P.)
| | - Kishor M. Wasan
- iCo Therapeutics Inc., Vancouver, BC V6Z 2T3, Canada;
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Skymount Medical Group Inc., Calgary, AB T3C 0J8, Canada
| | - Anas El-Aneed
- Drug Discovery and Development Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; (G.G.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-306-966-2013
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17
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Khateeb S, Albalawi A, Alkhedaide A. Regulatory effect of diosgenin on lipogenic genes expression in high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 28:1026-1032. [PMID: 33424396 PMCID: PMC7783812 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is one of the most serious health problems in the world, increasing the risk of other chronic diseases. Alterations in fatty acid synthesis related genes are crucially involved in obesity progression. Diosgenin (DG) was one of the phytosterols compounds with vital activity against lipid disorders. Therefore, this study was intended to evaluate the protective effect of DG on lipogenesis in the high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity in mice, via investigating the expression of two of the fatty acid synthesis–involved genes; sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP-1c) and fatty acid synthase (FASN) genes. Thirty adult male mice were divided into 3 groups. Control group, fed with normal diet; HFD group, mice fed with a high-fat diet and HFD + DG group, mice fed with a high-fat diet and supplemented in parallel with DG for 6 consecutive weeks. The effect of DG on Body weights, liver enzymes, lipid profile, were evaluated. Histopathological fatty changes as well as SREBP-1c and FASN gene expression were also investigated. DG significantly alleviated body weight gain, adjusted liver enzymes, and improved lipid profile. Additionally, DG ameliorated the histopathological changes by reducing the lipid vacuoles and hence the hepatosteatosis. Accordingly, DG significantly downregulated the two-fold increase in the SREBP-1c and FASN gene expression observed in the HFD group. In conclusion, DG possesses a beneficial impact against diet-induced obesity in mice, which makes it a good candidate for NAFLD and obesity prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Khateeb
- Biochemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Fayum University, Fayum, Egypt.,Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aishah Albalawi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel Alkhedaide
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Turabah University College, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
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18
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Lee JH, Song DY, Jun SH, Song SH, Shin CH, Ki CS, Lee K, Song J. High prevalence of increased sitosterol levels in hypercholesterolemic children suggest underestimation of sitosterolemia incidence. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238079. [PMID: 32845916 PMCID: PMC7449458 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sitosterolemia is an inherited lipid disorder which presents with elevated serum sitosterol and can result in an increased risk of premature cardiovascular disease. However, sitosterol cannot be accurately measured by routine diagnostic assays, meaning that sitosterolemia diagnosis can often be difficult, especially with many clinical features overlapping with familial hypercholesterolemia. With such complications resulting in increasing reports of misdiagnosis, the prevalence of sitosterolemia is predicted to be much higher than previously reported. Methods Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was utilized to measure sitosterol levels of normocholesterolemic and hypercholesterolemic children. Subsequently, an epidemiologically determined cutoff level of sitosterol was calculated and applied to estimate the prevalence of children with increased sitosterol and identify potential sitosterolemia patients. Massively parallel sequencing was used to confirm the diagnosis in suspected patients. Results Samples from 109 normocholesterolemic and 220 hypercholesterolemic were tested for phytosterols. Sitosterol and campesterol levels were significantly increased in hypercholesterolemic children (mean 22.0±45.9 μmol/L for sitosterol and 26.0±32.8 μmol/L for campesterol) compared to normocholesterolemic children (mean 12.1±4.9 μmol/L for sistosterol and 14.8±6.7 μmol/L for campesterol). Via application of a cutoff of 35.9 μmol/L, the prevalence rates for increased and overtly increased sitosterol in hypercholesterolemic children were 6.4% and 1.4% respectively. Furthermore, 3 suspected sitosterolemia patients were identified, with 2 patients receiving molecular confirmation for sitosterolemia diagnosis. Conclusions Our findings reaffirm that the prevalence of sitosterolemia is probably much higher than previously reported, which also indicates the significant risk of misdiagnosis of sitosterolemia with familial hypercholesterolemia. Special lipid testing including sitosterol, especially in children with uncontrolled hypercholesterolemia, is recommended in children in order to identify potential sitosterolemia patients that would otherwise be neglected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Hee Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Da Young Song
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun-Hee Jun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Song
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Choong Ho Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Kyunghoon Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- * E-mail: (KL); (JS)
| | - Junghan Song
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- * E-mail: (KL); (JS)
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19
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Tolve R, Cela N, Condelli N, Di Cairano M, Caruso MC, Galgano F. Microencapsulation as a Tool for the Formulation of Functional Foods: The Phytosterols' Case Study. Foods 2020; 9:foods9040470. [PMID: 32283860 PMCID: PMC7230576 DOI: 10.3390/foods9040470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia, which is an increase in total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) serum cholesterol, is an important risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases. Lifestyle modifications underpin any action plan for reducing serum cholesterol. Phytosterols are natural compounds belonging to the triterpenes family. Thanks to their structural analogy with cholesterol, phytosterols have the ability to reduce serum LDL-cholesterol levels. Phytosterols are used to enrich or fortify a broad spectrum of food products. Like unsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol, phytosterols are easily oxidized. Microencapsulation could be a useful tool to overcome this and other drawbacks linked to the use of phytosterols in food fortification. In this review, in addition to explaining the phytosterols’ mechanisms of action, a focus on the use of free and encapsulated phytosterols for the formulation of functional foods, taking also into account both technological and legislative issues, is given.
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20
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Chen L, Chen XW, Huang X, Song BL, Wang Y, Wang Y. Regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism in health and disease. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2019; 62:1420-1458. [PMID: 31686320 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-019-1563-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Glucose and fatty acids are the major sources of energy for human body. Cholesterol, the most abundant sterol in mammals, is a key component of cell membranes although it does not generate ATP. The metabolisms of glucose, fatty acids and cholesterol are often intertwined and regulated. For example, glucose can be converted to fatty acids and cholesterol through de novo lipid biosynthesis pathways. Excessive lipids are secreted in lipoproteins or stored in lipid droplets. The metabolites of glucose and lipids are dynamically transported intercellularly and intracellularly, and then converted to other molecules in specific compartments. The disorders of glucose and lipid metabolism result in severe diseases including cardiovascular disease, diabetes and fatty liver. This review summarizes the major metabolic aspects of glucose and lipid, and their regulations in the context of physiology and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligong Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Xiao-Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Xun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Bao-Liang Song
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Yan Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Yiguo Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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21
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Jaramillo-Madrid AC, Ashworth J, Fabris M, Ralph PJ. Phytosterol biosynthesis and production by diatoms (Bacillariophyceae). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2019; 163:46-57. [PMID: 31005802 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Diatoms are abundant unicellular marine photosynthetic algae that have genetically diversified their physiology and metabolism while adapting to numerous environments. The metabolic repertoire of diatoms presents opportunities to characterise the biosynthesis and production of new and potentially valuable microalgal compounds, including sterols. Sterols of plant origin, known as phytosterols, have been studied for health benefits including demonstrated cholesterol-lowering properties. In this review we summarise sterol diversity, the unique metabolic features of sterol biosynthesis in diatoms, and prospects for the extraction of diatom phytosterols in comparison to existing sources. We also review biotechnological efforts to manipulate diatom biosynthesis, including culture conditions and avenues for the rational engineering of metabolism and cellular regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Justin Ashworth
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Michele Fabris
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia; CSIRO Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, PO Box 2583, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
| | - Peter J Ralph
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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22
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23
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Tao C, Shkumatov AA, Alexander ST, Ason BL, Zhou M. Stigmasterol accumulation causes cardiac injury and promotes mortality. Commun Biol 2019; 2:20. [PMID: 30675518 PMCID: PMC6335236 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0245-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is expected to remain the leading cause of death worldwide despite the introduction of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors that effectively control cholesterol. Identifying residual risk factors for cardiovascular disease remains an important step for preventing and clinically managing the disease. Here we report cardiac injury and increased mortality occurring despite a 50% reduction in plasma cholesterol in a mouse model of phytosterolemia, a disease characterized by elevated levels of dietary plant sterols in the blood. Our studies show accumulation of stigmasterol, one of phytosterol species, leads to left ventricle dysfunction, cardiac interstitial fibrosis and macrophage infiltration without atherosclerosis, and increased mortality. A pharmacological inhibitor of sterol absorption prevents cardiac fibrogenesis. We propose that the pathological mechanism linking clinical sitosterolemia to the cardiovascular outcomes primarily involves phytosterols-induced cardiac fibrosis rather than cholesterol-driven atherosclerosis. Our studies suggest stigmasterol is a potent and independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Tao
- Cardiometabolic Disorders Therapeutic Area, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Artem A. Shkumatov
- Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Shawn T. Alexander
- Cardiometabolic Disorders Therapeutic Area, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Brandon L. Ason
- Cardiometabolic Disorders Therapeutic Area, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Mingyue Zhou
- Cardiometabolic Disorders Therapeutic Area, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA USA
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Ponnulakshmi R, Shyamaladevi B, Vijayalakshmi P, Selvaraj J. In silico and in vivo analysis to identify the antidiabetic activity of beta sitosterol in adipose tissue of high fat diet and sucrose induced type-2 diabetic experimental rats. Toxicol Mech Methods 2019; 29:276-290. [PMID: 30461321 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2018.1545815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue is the primary site of storage for excess energy as triglyceride and it helps in synthesizing a number of biologically active compounds that regulate metabolic homeostasis. Consumption of high dietary fat increases stored fat mass and is considered as a main risk factor for metabolic diseases. Beta-sitosterol (β-sitosterol) is a plant sterol. It has the similar chemical structure like cholesterol. Clinical and experimental studies have shown that β-sitosterol has anti-diabetic, hypolipidemic, anti-cancer, anti-arthritic, and hepatoprotective role. However, effect of β-sitosterol on insulin signaling molecules and glucose oxidation has not been explored. Hence in the present study we aimed to discover the protective role of β-sitosterol on the expression of insulin signaling molecules in the adipose tissue of high-fat diet and sucrose-induced type-2 diabetic experimental rats. Effect dose of β-sitosterol (20 mg/kg b.wt, orally for 30 days) was given to high fat diet and sucrose-induced type-2 diabetic rats to study its anti-diabetic activity. Results of the study showed that the treatment with β-sitosterol to diabetes-induced rats normalized the altered levels of blood glucose, serum insulin and testosterone, lipid profile, oxidative stress markers, antioxidant enzymes, insulin receptor (IR), and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) proteins. Our present findings indicate that β-sitosterol improves glycemic control through activation of IR and GLUT4 in the adipose tissue of high fat and sucrose-induced type-2 diabetic rats. Insilico analysis also coincides with invivo results. Hence it is very clear that β-sitosterol can act as potent antidiabetic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ponnulakshmi
- a Central Research Laboratory , Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University) , Chennai , India
| | - B Shyamaladevi
- b Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals , Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science, Saveetha University , Chennai , India
| | - P Vijayalakshmi
- c Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics , Holy cross college , Trichy , India
| | - J Selvaraj
- b Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals , Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science, Saveetha University , Chennai , India
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Nderitu KW, Mwenda NS, Macharia NJ, Barasa SS, Ngugi MP. Antiobesity Activities of Methanolic Extracts of Amaranthus dubius, Cucurbita pepo, and Vigna unguiculata in Progesterone-Induced Obese Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2017; 2017:4317321. [PMID: 28947909 PMCID: PMC5602495 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4317321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Amaranthus dubius, Vigna unguiculata, and Cucurbita pepo are traditionally used to manage obesity in Kenya but lack scientific validation to support their use. The aim of this study was to determine the antiobesity activity of methanolic leaf extracts of these plants in progesterone-induced obese mice. The activity of the methanolic leaf extracts was orally bioscreened in progesterone-induced obese mice at 200 mg/kg/bw and 400 mg/kg/bw. Body mass index was calculated once per week for four weeks and blood samples were obtained at the end of the experiment for lipid profile analysis. Antiobesity activities of the extracts were compared with the controls. Leaf extracts of A. dubius, C. pepo, and V. unguiculata, at dose concentrations of 200 mg/kgbw and 400 mg/kgbw, showed significant effects on body mass index (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the three extracts on lipid parameter profiles (p > 0.05). The present study showed high food intake in the negative control group as compared with normal control, positive control, and treatment groups. These extracts contained various phytochemicals such as saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and steroids and therefore validate use of aforementioned plants in the suppression of obesity and their use for management of obesity is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Wanjiku Nderitu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Science, University of Eldoret, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Njagi Shadrack Mwenda
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ndegwa John Macharia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Science, University of Eldoret, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Stephen Super Barasa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Science, University of Eldoret, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Mathew Piero Ngugi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
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26
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Yoo EG. Sitosterolemia: a review and update of pathophysiology, clinical spectrum, diagnosis, and management. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2016; 21:7-14. [PMID: 27104173 PMCID: PMC4835564 DOI: 10.6065/apem.2016.21.1.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Sitosterolemia is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by increased plant sterol levels, xanthomas, and accelerated atherosclerosis. Although it was originally reported in patients with normolipemic xanthomas, severe hypercholesterolemia have been reported in patients with sitosterolemia, especially in children. Sitosterolemia is caused by increased intestinal absorption and decreased biliary excretion of sterols resulting from biallelic mutations in either ABCG5 or ABCG8, which encode the sterol efflux transporter ABCG5 and ABCG8. Patients with sitosterolemia show extreme phenotypic heterogeneity, ranging from almost asymptomatic individuals to those with severe hypercholesterolemia leading to accelerated atherosclerosis and premature cardiac death. Hematologic manifestations include hemolytic anemia with stomatocytosis, macrothrombocytopenia, splenomegaly, and abnormal bleeding. The mainstay of therapy includes dietary restriction of both cholesterol and plant sterols and the sterol absorption inhibitor, ezetimibe. Foods rich in plant sterols include vegetable oils, wheat germs, nuts, seeds, avocado, shortening, margarine and chocolate. Hypercholesterolemia in patients with sitosterolemia is dramatically responsive to low cholesterol diet and bile acid sequestrants. Plant sterol assay should be performed in patients with normocholesterolemic xanthomas, hypercholesterolemia with unexpectedly good response to dietary modifications or to cholesterol absorption inhibitors, or hypercholesterolemia with poor response to statins, or those with unexplained hemolytic anemia and macrothrombocytopenia. Because prognosis can be improved by proper management, it is important to find these patients out and diagnose correctly. This review article aimed to summarize recent publications on sitosterolemia, and to suggest clinical indications for plant sterol assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Gyong Yoo
- Department of Pediatrics, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
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27
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Botelho PB, Guimarães JP, Mariano KR, Afonso MDS, Koike MK, Lottenberg AMP, Castro IA. Effect of echium oil combined with phytosterols on biomarkers of atherosclerosis in LDLr-knockout mice: Echium oil is a potential alternative to marine oils for use in functional foods. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201500004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Borges Botelho
- LADAF; Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Jéssica Pereira Guimarães
- LADAF; Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Karina Rocha Mariano
- LADAF; Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Milessa da Silva Afonso
- Lipids Laboratory (LIM 10); Faculty of Medical Sciences; University of São Paulo. Av. Dr. Arnaldo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Márcia Kiyomi Koike
- Lipids Laboratory (LIM 10); Faculty of Medical Sciences; University of São Paulo. Av. Dr. Arnaldo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Pita Lottenberg
- Lipids Laboratory (LIM 10); Faculty of Medical Sciences; University of São Paulo. Av. Dr. Arnaldo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Inar Alves Castro
- LADAF; Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
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Granado-Lorencio F, de Las Heras L, Millán CS, Garcia-López FJ, Blanco-Navarro I, Pérez-Sacristán B, Domínguez G. β-Cryptoxanthin modulates the response to phytosterols in post-menopausal women carrying NPC1L1 L272L and ABCG8 A632 V polymorphisms: an exploratory study. GENES AND NUTRITION 2014; 9:428. [PMID: 25163590 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-014-0428-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Phytosterol (PS) intake may be used for hypercholesterolaemia in some groups although the presence of non-responders is well known. Carotenoids and PS/cholesterol may compete for the same transporters during absorption. As part of a randomized, double-blind, crossover, multiple-dose supplementation study with β-cryptoxanthin (β-Cx) and PS, single and combined, polymorphisms of ABCG8 (A632V) and NCPL1 (L272L) were determined in 19 post-menopausal women. Subjects carrying CC polymorphism for NCP1L1 (L272L) showed a net increase in total cholesterol and LDL after PS intake but, interestingly, displayed a decrease in both lipid fractions after consuming PS plus β-Cx. For the ABCG8 (A632V) gene, CT/TT carriers consuming PS also displayed an increase in total cholesterol and LDL, but this increment was much lower after the intake of PS plus β-Cx. Additionally, in CC carriers for ABCG8 (A632V), a greater decrease in total cholesterol and LDL was found after the intake of PS plus β-Cx compared to that observed after PS alone. Overall, our results suggest that β-Cx improves the response to PS in individuals carrying specific genetic polymorphisms (i.e. non-responders), opening the possibility to modulate the response to PS by food technology. (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01074723).
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Affiliation(s)
- F Granado-Lorencio
- Unidad de Vitaminas, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, 28222, Madrid, Spain,
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Park JH, Chung IH, Kim DH, Choi MH, Garg A, Yoo EG. Sitosterolemia presenting with severe hypercholesterolemia and intertriginous xanthomas in a breastfed infant: case report and brief review. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:1512-8. [PMID: 24423340 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-3274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Sitosterolemia is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by increased intestinal absorption of plant sterols. It is caused by mutations in genes encoding ATP-binding cassette, subfamily G5 (ABCG5) or G8 (ABCG8), and clinical features include elevated plant sterol levels, xanthomas, and accelerated atherosclerosis. Although it was originally reported in patients with normolipemic xanthomas, patients with sitosterolemia also hyperabsorb cholesterol, and serum cholesterol levels tend to be elevated. OBJECTIVE We report an infant with sitosterolemia who presented with severe hypercholesterolemia and intertriginous xanthomas. CASE REPORT A 15-month-old Korean girl presented with yellow dermal plaques over flexural areas including the wrist, neck, and gluteal folds, which were consistent with intertriginous xanthomas. The lesions were first noticed at 3 months of age when she was being exclusively breastfed. Her total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels were 675 and 540 mg/dL, respectively. A low-fat/low-cholesterol diet and cholestyramine therapy were introduced. Unexpectedly, her serum cholesterol level decreased dramatically and normalized in 2 months. Cholestyramine was tapered off. The xanthomas also regressed and disappeared by 3 years of age. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis was performed with serum drawn at 3 years of age when her low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol was 118 mg/dL, which revealed striking elevation of her sitosterol level at 19.36 mg/dL. Direct sequencing for ABCG5 revealed compound heterozygous null mutations c.904+1G>A (p.Met302Asnfs*82) and c.1336C>T(p.Arg446*). CONCLUSIONS Our case suggests that sitosterolemia can present with severe hypercholesterolemia and intertriginous xanthomas. Sitosterolemia should be suspected when a patient with hypercholesterolemia shows unexpectedly good response to dietary modification or bile acid sequestrant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joong Heum Park
- Departments of Pediatrics (J.H.P., I.H.C., E.-G.Y.) and Dermatology (D.H.K.), CHA University, Sungnam 463-712, Korea; Future Convergence Research Division (M.H.C.), Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Korea; and Division of Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases (A.G.), Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
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Othman RA, Myrie SB, Jones PJH. Non-cholesterol sterols and cholesterol metabolism in sitosterolemia. Atherosclerosis 2013; 231:291-9. [PMID: 24267242 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sitosterolemia (STSL) is a rare autosomal recessive disease, manifested by extremely elevated plant sterols (PS) in plasma and tissue, leading to xanthoma and premature atherosclerotic disease. Therapeutic approaches include limiting PS intake, interrupting enterohepatic circulation of bile acid using bile acid binding resins such as cholestyramine, and/or ileal bypass, and inhibiting intestinal sterol absorption by ezetimibe (EZE). The objective of this review is to evaluate sterol metabolism in STSL and the impact of the currently available treatments on sterol trafficking in this disease. The role of PS in initiation of xanthomas and premature atherosclerosis is also discussed. Blocking sterols absorption with EZE has revolutionized STSL patient treatment as it reduces circulating levels of non-cholesterol sterols in STSL. However, none of the available treatments including EZE have normalized plasma PS concentrations. Future studies are needed to: (i) explore where cholesterol and non-cholesterol sterols accumulate, (ii) assess to what extent these sterols in tissues can be mobilized after blocking their absorption, and (iii) define the factors governing sterol flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rgia A Othman
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Hąc-Wydro K. Studies on β-sitosterol and ceramide-induced alterations in the properties of cholesterol/sphingomyelin/ganglioside monolayers. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1828:2460-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Bouchenak M, Lamri-Senhadji M. Nutritional Quality of Legumes, and Their Role in Cardiometabolic Risk Prevention: A Review. J Med Food 2013; 16:185-98. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2011.0238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Malika Bouchenak
- Laboratory of Clinical and Metabolic Nutrition, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Oran, Oran, Algeria
| | - Myriem Lamri-Senhadji
- Laboratory of Clinical and Metabolic Nutrition, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Oran, Oran, Algeria
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Kasmas SH, Izar MC, França CN, Ramos SC, Moreira FT, Helfenstein T, Moreno RA, Borges NC, Figueiredo-Neto AM, Fonseca FA. Differences in synthesis and absorption of cholesterol of two effective lipid-lowering therapies. Braz J Med Biol Res 2012; 45:1095-101. [PMID: 22801416 PMCID: PMC3854149 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2012007500118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective statin therapy is associated with a marked reduction of cardiovascular events. However, the explanation for full benefits obtained for LDL cholesterol targets by combined lipid-lowering therapy is controversial. Our study compared the effects of two equally effective lipid-lowering strategies on markers of cholesterol synthesis and absorption. A prospective, open label, randomized, parallel design study, with blinded endpoints, included 116 subjects. We compared the effects of a 12-week treatment with 40 mg rosuvastatin or the combination of 40 mg simvastatin/10 mg ezetimibe on markers of cholesterol absorption (campesterol and β-sitosterol), synthesis (desmosterol), and their ratios to cholesterol. Both therapies similarly decreased total and LDL cholesterol, triglycerides and apolipoprotein B, and increased apolipoprotein A1 (P < 0.05 vs baseline for all). Simvastatin/ezetimibe increased plasma desmosterol (P = 0.012 vs baseline), and decreased campesterol and β-sitosterol (P < 0.0001 vs baseline for both), with higher desmosterol (P = 0.007) and lower campesterol and β-sitosterol compared to rosuvastatin, (P < 0.0001, for both). In addition, rosuvastatin increased the ratios of these markers to cholesterol (P < 0.002 vs baseline for all), whereas simvastatin/ezetimibe significantly decreased the campesterol/cholesterol ratio (P = 0.008 vs baseline) and tripled the desmosterol/cholesterol ratio (P < 0.0001 vs baseline). The campesterol/cholesterol and β-sitosterol/cholesterol ratios were lower, whereas the desmosterol/cholesterol ratio was higher in patients receiving simvastatin/ezetimibe (P < 0.0001 vs rosuvastatin, for all). Pronounced differences in markers of cholesterol absorption and synthesis were observed between two equally effective lipid-lowering strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Kasmas
- Divisão de Cardiologia, Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Langmuir monolayers studies on the relationship between the content of cholesterol in model erythrocyte membranes and the influence of β-sitosterol. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2012; 91:226-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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MacKay DS, Jones PJH. Phytosterols in human nutrition: Type, formulation, delivery, and physiological function. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201100100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Feio CA, Izar MC, Ihara SS, Kasmas SH, Martins CM, Feio MN, Maués LA, Borges NC, Moreno RA, Póvoa RM, Fonseca FA. Euterpe oleracea (açai) modifies sterol metabolism and attenuates experimentally-induced atherosclerosis. J Atheroscler Thromb 2011; 19:237-45. [PMID: 22139433 DOI: 10.5551/jat.11205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Euterpe Oleracea (açai) is a fruit from the Amazon region whose chemical composition may be beneficial for individuals with atherosclerosis. We hypothesized that consumption of Euterpe Oleracea would reduce atherosclerosis development by decreasing cholesterol absorption and synthesis. METHODS Male New Zealand rabbits were fed a cholesterol-enriched diet (0.5%) for 12 weeks, when they were randomized to receive Euterpe Oleracea extract (n = 15) or water (n = 12) plus a 0.05% cholesterol-enriched diet for an additional 12 weeks. Plasma phytosterols and desmosterol were determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Atherosclerotic lesions were estimated by computerized planimetry and histomorphometry. RESULTS At sacrifice, animals treated with Euterpe Oleracea had lower levels of total cholesterol (p =0.03), non-HDL-cholesterol (p = 0.03) and triglycerides (p = 0.02) than controls. These animals had smaller atherosclerotic plaque area in their aortas (p = 0.001) and a smaller intima/media ratio (p = 0.002) than controls, without differences in plaque composition. At the end of the study, campesterol, β-sitosterol, and desmosterol plasma levels did not differ between groups; however, animals treated with Euterpe Oleracea showed lower desmosterol/campesterol (p = 0.026) and desmosterol/ β-sitosterol (p =0.006) ratios than controls. CONCLUSIONS Consumption of Euterpe Oleracea extract markedly improved the lipid profile and attenuated atherosclerosis. These effects were related in part to a better balance in the synthesis and absorption of sterols.
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González-Castejón M, Rodriguez-Casado A. Dietary phytochemicals and their potential effects on obesity: A review. Pharmacol Res 2011; 64:438-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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