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Shea Z, Ogando do Granja M, Fletcher EB, Zheng Y, Bewick P, Wang Z, Singer WM, Zhang B. A Review of Bioactive Compound Effects from Primary Legume Protein Sources in Human and Animal Health. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:4203-4233. [PMID: 38785525 PMCID: PMC11120442 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46050257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The global demand for sustainable and nutritious food sources has catalyzed interest in legumes, known for their rich repertoire of health-promoting compounds. This review delves into the diverse array of bioactive peptides, protein subunits, isoflavones, antinutritional factors, and saponins found in the primary legume protein sources-soybeans, peas, chickpeas, and mung beans. The current state of research on these compounds is critically evaluated, with an emphasis on the potential health benefits, ranging from antioxidant and anticancer properties to the management of chronic diseases such as diabetes and hypertension. The extensively studied soybean is highlighted and the relatively unexplored potential of other legumes is also included, pointing to a significant, underutilized resource for developing health-enhancing foods. The review advocates for future interdisciplinary research to further unravel the mechanisms of action of these bioactive compounds and to explore their synergistic effects. The ultimate goal is to leverage the full spectrum of benefits offered by legumes, not only to advance human health but also to contribute to the sustainability of food systems. By providing a comprehensive overview of the nutraceutical potential of legumes, this manuscript sets a foundation for future investigations aimed at optimizing the use of legumes in the global pursuit of health and nutritional security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Shea
- United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service, Raleigh Agricultural Research Station, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA;
| | - Matheus Ogando do Granja
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (M.O.d.G.); (E.B.F.); (Y.Z.); (P.B.); (Z.W.)
| | - Elizabeth B. Fletcher
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (M.O.d.G.); (E.B.F.); (Y.Z.); (P.B.); (Z.W.)
| | - Yaojie Zheng
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (M.O.d.G.); (E.B.F.); (Y.Z.); (P.B.); (Z.W.)
| | - Patrick Bewick
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (M.O.d.G.); (E.B.F.); (Y.Z.); (P.B.); (Z.W.)
| | - Zhibo Wang
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (M.O.d.G.); (E.B.F.); (Y.Z.); (P.B.); (Z.W.)
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, Olivette, MO 63132, USA
| | - William M. Singer
- Center for Advanced Innovation in Agriculture, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA;
| | - Bo Zhang
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (M.O.d.G.); (E.B.F.); (Y.Z.); (P.B.); (Z.W.)
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Kaufman-Szymczyk A, Kaczmarek W, Fabianowska-Majewska K, Lubecka-Gajewska K. Lunasin and Its Epigenetic Impact in Cancer Chemoprevention. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119187. [PMID: 37298139 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer diseases are a leading cause of death worldwide. Therefore, it is pivotal to search for bioactive dietary compounds that can avert tumor development. A diet rich in vegetables, including legumes, provides chemopreventive substances, which have the potential to prevent many diseases, including cancer. Lunasin is a soy-derived peptide whose anti-cancer activity has been studied for over 20 years. The results of the previous research have shown that lunasin inhibits histone acetylation, regulates the cell cycle, suppresses proliferation and induces apoptosis of cancer cells. Thus, lunasin seems to be a promising bioactive anti-cancer agent and a potent epigenetic modulator. The present review discusses studies of the underlying molecular mechanisms and new perspectives on lunasin application in epigenetic prevention and anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kaufman-Szymczyk
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
| | - Wiktoria Kaczmarek
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Katarzyna Lubecka-Gajewska
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
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Ashaolu TJ, Zarei M, Agrawal H, Kharazmi MS, Jafari SM. A critical review on immunomodulatory peptides from plant sources; action mechanisms and recent advances. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 64:7220-7236. [PMID: 36855310 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2183380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant protein components contribute positively to human well-being as they modulate the immune status of a consumer, especially when the enzymatic method is employed in order to release their bioactive peptides. These peptides are derived from plant-based foods such as soy, wheat, barley, rye, oats, rice, corn, sorghum, and millet, the famous staple foods around the world. Since these peptides are crucial to functional food among other key industries, the present study endeavored to scout for relevant information within the past three decades, using the Web of Science, Scopus, and Google search engines. In this review, first, the core of immunomodulation and types of immunomodulatory agents will be discussed, followed by the production of plant-based immunomodulatory peptides and their immunomodulatory mechanisms in cells, animals, and humans are also studied. Finally, applications and challenges associated with plant-based immunomodulatory peptides are put forward.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Zarei
- Virginia Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Hampton, VA, USA
| | - Himani Agrawal
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Seid Mahdi Jafari
- Department of Food Materials and Process Design Engineering, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
- Faculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Universidade de Vigo, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Ourense, Spain
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
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Li QZ, Zhou ZR, Hu CY, Li XB, Chang YZ, Liu Y, Wang YL, Zhou XW. Recent advances of bioactive proteins/polypeptides in the treatment of breast cancer. Food Sci Biotechnol 2023; 32:265-282. [PMID: 36619215 PMCID: PMC9808697 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-022-01233-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteins do not only serve as nutrients to fulfill the demand for food, but also are used as a source of bioactive proteins/polypeptides for regulating physical functions and promoting physical health. Female breast cancer has the highest incidence in the world and is a serious threat to women's health. Bioactive proteins/polypeptides exert strong anti-tumor effects and exhibit inhibition of multiple breast cancer cells. This review discussed the suppressing effects of bioactive proteins/polypeptides on breast cancer in vitro and in vivo, and their mechanisms of migration and invasion inhibition, apoptosis induction, and cell cycle arrest. This may contribute to providing a basis for the development of bioactive proteins/polypeptides for the treatment of breast cancer. Graphical abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Zhang Li
- National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, No.28, Nanli Road, Wuhan, 430068 Hubei People’s Republic of China
- School of Agriculture and Biology, and Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ze-Rong Zhou
- National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, No.28, Nanli Road, Wuhan, 430068 Hubei People’s Republic of China
| | - Cui-Yu Hu
- National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, No.28, Nanli Road, Wuhan, 430068 Hubei People’s Republic of China
| | - Xian-Bin Li
- Institute of Computational Science and Technology, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Zhou Chang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, and Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Liang Wang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, and Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuan-Wei Zhou
- School of Agriculture and Biology, and Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 People’s Republic of China
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Lunasin as a Promising Plant-Derived Peptide for Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179548. [PMID: 36076946 PMCID: PMC9455814 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer has become one of the main public health problems worldwide, demanding the development of new therapeutic agents that can help reduce mortality. Lunasin is a soybean peptide that has emerged as an attractive option because its preventive and therapeutic actions against cancer. In this review, we evaluated available research on lunasin’s structure and mechanism of action, which should be useful for the development of lunasin-based therapeutic products. We described data on its primary, secondary, tertiary, and possible quaternary structure, susceptibility to post-translational modifications, and structural stability. These characteristics are important for understanding drug activity and characterizing lunasin products. We also provided an overview of research on lunasin pharmacokinetics and safety. Studies examining lunasin’s mechanisms of action against cancer were reviewed, highlighting reported activities, and known molecular partners. Finally, we briefly discussed commercially available lunasin products and potential combination therapeutics.
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Swallah MS, Yang X, Li J, Korese JK, Wang S, Fan H, Yu H, Huang Q. The Pros and Cons of Soybean Bioactive Compounds: An Overview. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2022.2062763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Sharif Swallah
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Processing, Soybean Research & Development Centre, Chinese Agricultural Research SystemDivision of Soybean, Changchun, China
- Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Iron Beam Physical Biology, Institute of Intelligent Agriculture, Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institute of Physical Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesCAS Key, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoqing Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Processing, Soybean Research & Development Centre, Chinese Agricultural Research SystemDivision of Soybean, Changchun, China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Processing, Soybean Research & Development Centre, Chinese Agricultural Research SystemDivision of Soybean, Changchun, China
| | - Joseph Kudadam Korese
- Agricultural Mechanization and Irrigation Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Consumer Sciences, University for Development StudiesDepartment of, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Sainan Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Processing, Soybean Research & Development Centre, Chinese Agricultural Research SystemDivision of Soybean, Changchun, China
| | - Hongliang Fan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Processing, Soybean Research & Development Centre, Chinese Agricultural Research SystemDivision of Soybean, Changchun, China
| | - Hansong Yu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Processing, Soybean Research & Development Centre, Chinese Agricultural Research SystemDivision of Soybean, Changchun, China
| | - Qing Huang
- Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Iron Beam Physical Biology, Institute of Intelligent Agriculture, Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institute of Physical Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesCAS Key, Hefei, China
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Kusmardi K, Wiyarta E, Rusdi NK, Maulana AM, Estuningtyas A, Sunaryo H. The potential of lunasin extract for the prevention of breast cancer progression by upregulating E-Cadherin and inhibiting ICAM-1. F1000Res 2021; 10:902. [PMID: 34691393 PMCID: PMC8506221 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.55385.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Research in natural substances for their anticancer potential has become increasingly popular. Lunasin, a soybean protein, is known to inhibit cancer progression via various pathways. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Lunasin Extract (LE) on the expression of Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and epithelial cadherins (E-Cadherin) in breast cancer. Methods: In this true-experimental in vivo study, 24 Sprague-Dawley rats that were induced by 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA), were used. Based on the therapy given, the groups were divided into, normal, positive control (PC), negative control (NC), adjuvant, curative, and preventive. Lunasin was extracted from soybean seeds of the Grobogan variety in Indonesia. Tissue samples were obtained, processed, stained with anti-ICAM-1 and anti-E-Cadherin antibodies, examined under a microscope, and quantified using H-score. The data were analyzed using ANOVA, which was then followed by Duncan's test. Results: Statistically significant difference in ICAM-1 expression was observed between the following groups: adjuvant and NC, normal and NC, PC and NC, adjuvant and preventive, normal and preventive, PC and preventive, adjuvant and curative, normal and curative, PC and curative. E-Cadherin expression was significantly different between preventive and NC, adjuvant and NC, PC and NC, normal and NC, adjuvant and curative, PC and curative, normal and curative, normal and preventive. Significant negative correlation was found between ICAM-1 and E-Cadherin [-0.616 (-0.8165; -0.283)] with p = 0.001. Conclusion: Preventive dose of LE was able to reduce ICAM-1 expression while increasing E-Cadherin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kusmardi Kusmardi
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Salemba Raya Street no.6, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
- Drug Development Research Cluster, Indonesian Medical Education and Research Institute, Universitas Indonesia, Salemba Raya Street no.6, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
- Human Cancer Research Cluster, Indonesian Medical Education and Research Institute, Universitas Indonesia, Salemba Raya Street no.6, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Elvan Wiyarta
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Salemba Raya Street no.6, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Numlil Khaira Rusdi
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Science, Universitas Muhammadiyah Prof. DR. Hamka, Limau II Street, Jakarta, 12130, Indonesia
- Doctoral Program for Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Salemba Raya Street no.6, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Andi Muh. Maulana
- Doctoral Program for Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Salemba Raya Street no.6, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Muhammadiyah Purwakarta, KH. Ahmad Dahlan Street, Central Java, 53182, Indonesia
| | - Ari Estuningtyas
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Salemba Raya Street no.6, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Hadi Sunaryo
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Science, Universitas Muhammadiyah Prof. DR. Hamka, Limau II Street, Jakarta, 12130, Indonesia
- Doctoral Program for Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Salemba Raya Street no.6, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
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Elisia I, Hay M, Cho B, Yeung M, Kowalski S, Wong J, Lam V, Larsen M, Krystal G. Low carbohydrate diets containing soy protein and fish oil slow the growth of established NNK-induced lung tumors. Carcinogenesis 2021; 41:1083-1093. [PMID: 32215551 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgaa028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently found that a diet composed of 15% of total calories as carbohydrate (CHO), primarily as amylose, 35% soy protein and 50% fat, primarily as fish oil (FO) (15%Amylose/Soy/FO) was highly effective at preventing lung nodule formation in a nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone (NNK)-induced lung cancer model. We asked herein whether adopting such a diet once cancers are established might also be beneficial. To test this, NNK-induced lung nodules were established in mice on a Western diet and the mice were then either kept on a Western diet or switched to various low CHO diets. Since we previously found that sedentary mice develop more lung nodules than active mice, we also compared the effect of exercise in this cancer progression model. We found that switching to a 15%Amylose/Soy/FO diet reduced lung nodules and slowed tumor growth with both 'active' and 'sedentary' mice. Ki67, cleaved caspase 3 and Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase-Mediated dUTP Nick End Labeling assays suggested that the efficacy of the 15%Amylose/Soy/FO in lowering tumor nodule count and size was not due to a reduction in tumor cell proliferation, but to an increase in apoptosis. The 15%Amylose/Soy/FO diet also significantly lowered liver fatty acid synthase and 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 3 expression, pointing to a global metabolic switch from glycolysis to fatty acid oxidation. Mice fed the 15%Amylose/Soy/FO diet also had significantly reduced plasma levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor α. These results suggest that the 15%Amylose/Soy/FO diet may slow tumor growth by suppressing proinflammatory cytokines, inducing a metabolic switch away from glycolysis and inducing apoptosis in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Elisia
- The Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mariah Hay
- The Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brandon Cho
- The Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michelle Yeung
- The Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sara Kowalski
- The Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jennifer Wong
- The Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Vivian Lam
- The Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Meegan Larsen
- Department of Pathology, Mbed Pathology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gerald Krystal
- The Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Gonzalez de Mejia E, Castañeda-Reyes ED, Mojica L, Dia V, Wang H, Wang T, Johnson LA. Potential Health Benefits Associated with Lunasin Concentration in Dietary Supplements and Lunasin-Enriched Soy Extract. Nutrients 2021; 13:1618. [PMID: 34065911 PMCID: PMC8150303 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lunasin has demonstrated antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and chemopreventive properties. The objectives were to evaluate the concentration of lunasin in different lunasin-based commercial dietary supplements, to produce a lunasin-enriched soy extract (LESE) using a two-step pilot-plant-based ultrafiltration process, and to evaluate their biological potential in vitro. LESE was produced using 30 and 1 kDa membranes in a custom-made ultrafiltration skid. Lunasin was quantified in eight products and LESE. Lunasin concentrations of the lunasin-based products ranged from 9.2 ± 0.6 to 25.7 ± 1.1 mg lunasin/g protein. The LESE extract contained 58.2 mg lunasin/g protein, up to 6.3-fold higher lunasin enrichment than lunasin-based dietary supplements. Antioxidant capacity ranged from 121.5 mmol Trolox equivalents (TE)/g in Now® Kids to 354.4 mmol TE/g in LESE. Histone acetyltransferase (HAT) inhibition ranged from 5.3% on Soy Sentials® to 38.3% on synthetic lunasin. ORAC and lunasin concentrations were positively correlated, and HAT and lunasin concentrations were negatively correlated (p < 0.05). Melanoma B16-F10 and A375 cells treated with lunasin showed dose-dependent inhibitory potential (IC50 equivalent to 330 and 370 μM lunasin, respectively). Lunasin showed protein kinase B expression (57 ± 14%) compared to the control (100%) in B16-F10. Lunasin concentration found in commercial products and lunasin-enriched soy extract could exert benefits to consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Gonzalez de Mejia
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (E.D.C.-R.); (L.M.); (V.D.)
| | - Erick Damian Castañeda-Reyes
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (E.D.C.-R.); (L.M.); (V.D.)
| | - Luis Mojica
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (E.D.C.-R.); (L.M.); (V.D.)
- Tecnología Alimentaria, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A. C., CIATEJ, Guadalajara 44270, Mexico
| | - Vermont Dia
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (E.D.C.-R.); (L.M.); (V.D.)
| | - Hui Wang
- Center for Crops Utilization Research, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (H.W.); (T.W.); (L.A.J.)
| | - Toni Wang
- Center for Crops Utilization Research, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (H.W.); (T.W.); (L.A.J.)
| | - Lawrence A. Johnson
- Center for Crops Utilization Research, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (H.W.); (T.W.); (L.A.J.)
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Soy bioactive peptides and the gut microbiota modulation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:9009-9017. [PMID: 32945899 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10799-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The balance of protein, carbohydrate, and fat affect the composition and functions of the gut microbiota. The complexities involved thereof require insights into the roles and impacts of individual dietary components due to the difficulty of defining such in a group of others. Peptides and proteins from several animal and plant sources have been widely explored in relation to the gut microbiome modulation, but the effects of soy peptides and other soy derivatives on the gut microbiota are largely unexplored. This piece considered an overview of the production and interventions of soy bioactive peptides on gut, as they affect the composition and functions of the gut microorganisms. A mini review on the production of soy protein hydrolysates/peptides and highlights of the most recent knowledge regarding their physiological effects on host's gut microbiota cum health were investigated. Overall deductions and research gaps were critically evaluated for futuristic interventions and relevance. Key points • Diet affects the composition of gut microorganisms. • Modulation of the gut microbiota by soy biopeptides is described. • Critical deductions on personal and commercial use are provided.
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Sasaki H, Pham Thi Ngoc D, Nishikawa M, Kanauchi M. Lipopolysaccharide neutralizing protein in Miso, Japanese fermented soybean paste. J Food Sci 2020; 85:2498-2505. [PMID: 32632955 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Miso, a fermented paste made from soybeans, is used traditionally for seasoning of food. It has been a protein and nitrogen source since ancient times in Japan because of its high nutritional value. Furthermore, it has important health functions such as the estrogen-like activity of isoflavones, anti-oxidation, and angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition activity. Moreover, it has activity for neutralization of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli. Nevertheless, the mechanisms of that activity remain unclear. For this study, we purified and identified the proteins responsible for LPS-neutralization. After proteins were isolated from a miso extract using Blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, a protein found at 10 to 30 kDa on the polyacrylamide gel was identified using nano LC-MS/MS as 2S albumin in soybean (Glycine max). The protein had two LPS binding motifs: SKWQHQ (22 amino acid residues) and EKQKKKMEKE (131 amino acid residues). The protein in miso was found to have LPS neutralization activity, as assayed by prostaglandin D2 (PGD2 ) production from macrophage cells. The PGD2 production by macrophage cells was inhibited by LPS-neutralizing protein (LNP) from miso. Particularly, 50 mg/mL of LNP solution and LPS (10 µg/mL) inhibited production of PGD2 from the cells. The data were inferred as significantly different (P < 0.05) from statistical analyses by analysis of variance testing and Tukey tests. The 2S albumin in soybean is LNP, an LPS-neutralizing protein, produced in miso. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: A protein from miso fermented soy paste neutralizes an Escherichia coli intestinal bacterial product, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which causes intestinal inflammation. Miso and its protein are anticipated for use as a probiotic agent to prevent intestinal inflammation in humans and domestic animals. Miso is useful not only as a seasoning for food, but also as a health-functional food because it is an LPS-neutralizing agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Sasaki
- School of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Miyagi University, 2-2-1 Hatatate, Taihaku-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Diep Pham Thi Ngoc
- School of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Miyagi University, 2-2-1 Hatatate, Taihaku-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Masazumi Nishikawa
- School of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Miyagi University, 2-2-1 Hatatate, Taihaku-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Makoto Kanauchi
- School of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Miyagi University, 2-2-1 Hatatate, Taihaku-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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12
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Varshney N, Sahi AK, Poddar S, Mahto SK. Soy protein isolate supplemented silk fibroin nanofibers for skin tissue regeneration: Fabrication and characterization. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 160:112-127. [PMID: 32422270 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.05.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Biocompatible soy protein isolate/silk fibroin (SPI/SF) nanofibrous scaffolds were successfully fabricated through electrospinning a novel protein blend SPI/SF. Prepared nanofibers were treated with ethanol vapor to obtain an improved water-stable structure. Fabricated scaffolds were characterized through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), UV-VIS spectrophotometry and image analysis. The mean diameters of SPI/SF electrospun fibers were observed ranging between 71 and 160 nm. The scaffolds were found significantly stable for a prolong duration at the room temperature as well as at 37 °C, when placed in phosphate buffered saline, nutrient medium, and lysozyme-containing solution. The potential of fabricated scaffolds for skin tissue regeneration was evaluated by in vitro culturing of standard cell lines i.e., fibroblast cells (L929-RFP (red fluorescent protein) and NIH-3T3) and melanocytes (B16F10). The outcomes revealed that all the fabricated nanofibrous scaffolds were non-toxic towards normal mammalian cells. In addition, healing of full-thickness wound in rats within 14 days after treatment with a nanofibrous scaffold demonstrated its suitability as a potential wound dressing material. Interestingly, we found that nanofibers induced a noticeable reduction in the proliferation rate of B16F10 melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelima Varshney
- Tissue Engineering and Biomicrofluidics Laboratory, School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ajay Kumar Sahi
- Tissue Engineering and Biomicrofluidics Laboratory, School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Suruchi Poddar
- Tissue Engineering and Biomicrofluidics Laboratory, School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Mahto
- Tissue Engineering and Biomicrofluidics Laboratory, School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India; Centre for Advanced Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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13
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14
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Fernández-Tomé S, Xu F, Han Y, Hernández-Ledesma B, Xiao H. Inhibitory Effects of Peptide Lunasin in Colorectal Cancer HCT-116 Cells and Their Tumorsphere-Derived Subpopulation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020537. [PMID: 31947688 PMCID: PMC7014180 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The involvement of cancer stem-like cells (CSC) in the tumor pathogenesis has profound implications for cancer therapy and chemoprevention. Lunasin is a bioactive peptide from soybean and other vegetal sources with proven protective activities against cancer and other chronic diseases. The present study focused on the cytotoxic effect of peptide lunasin in colorectal cancer HCT-116 cells, both the bulk tumor and the CSC subpopulations. Lunasin inhibited the proliferation and the tumorsphere-forming capacity of HCT-116 cells. Flow cytometry results demonstrated that the inhibitory effects were related to apoptosis induction and cell cycle-arrest at G1 phase. Moreover, lunasin caused an increase in the sub-GO/G1 phase of bulk tumor cells, linked to the apoptotic events found. Immunoblotting analysis further showed that lunasin induced apoptosis through activation of caspase-3 and cleavage of PARP, and could modulate cell cycle progress through the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21. Together, these results provide new evidence on the chemopreventive activity of peptide lunasin on colorectal cancer by modulating both the parental and the tumorsphere-derived subsets of HCT-116 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Fernández-Tomé
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM CEI UAM+CSIC), Nicolás Cabrera, 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; (F.X.); (Y.H.)
| | - Fei Xu
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; (F.X.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yanhui Han
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; (F.X.); (Y.H.)
| | - Blanca Hernández-Ledesma
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM CEI UAM+CSIC), Nicolás Cabrera, 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence: (B.H.-L.); (H.X.); Tel.: +34 910017970 (B.H.-L.); +1 413-545-2281 (H.X.)
| | - Hang Xiao
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; (F.X.); (Y.H.)
- Correspondence: (B.H.-L.); (H.X.); Tel.: +34 910017970 (B.H.-L.); +1 413-545-2281 (H.X.)
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15
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TGF-β1/Smad7 signaling pathway and cell apoptosis: Two key aspects of Selenium-biofortified soybean peptide attenuating liver fibrosis. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.103583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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16
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Fernández-Tomé S, Hernández-Ledesma B. Current state of art after twenty years of the discovery of bioactive peptide lunasin. Food Res Int 2019; 116:71-78. [PMID: 30716999 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Non-communicable diseases have become the medical challenge of the 21st century because of their high incidence and mortality rates. Accumulating evidence has suggested that the modulation of diet and other lifestyle habits is the best strategy for the prevention of these diseases. An increasing number of dietary compounds have been found to exert health promoting benefits beyond their nutritional effects. Among them, lunasin is considered one of the most studied bioactive peptides. Since its discovery in soybean twenty years ago, many researchers around the world have focused their studies on demonstrating the chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic activity of lunasin. Moreover, in the last years, promising protective effects of this peptide against hypercholesterolemia, obesity, metabolic syndrome and associated cardiovascular disorders, and inflammatory and immune-regulated diseases have been described. This review summarizes recent remarkable advances on the use of peptide lunasin as a potential functional ingredient to provide health benefits. Moreover, novel aspects related to the influence of lunasin's digestion and bioavailability, the mechanisms of action proposed to explain the underlying biological properties, and the incorporation of this peptide into nutritional supplements are critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Fernández-Tomé
- Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca Hernández-Ledesma
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM, CEI UAM+CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
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Deshpande P, Gogia N, Singh A. Exploring the efficacy of natural products in alleviating Alzheimer's disease. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:1321-1329. [PMID: 30964049 PMCID: PMC6524497 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.253509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (hereafter AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects the central nervous system. There are multiple factors that cause AD, viz., accumulation of extracellular Amyloid-beta 42 plaques, intracellular hyper-phosphorylated Tau tangles, generation of reactive oxygen species due to mitochondrial dysfunction and genetic mutations. The plaques and tau tangles trigger aberrant signaling, which eventually cause cell death of the neurons. As a result, there is shrinkage of brain, cognitive defects, behavioral and psychological problems. To date, there is no direct cure for AD. Thus, scientists have been testing various strategies like screening for the small inhibitor molecule library or natural products that may block or prevent onset of AD. Historically, natural products have been used in many cultures for the treatment of various diseases. The research on natural products have gained importance as the active compounds extracted from them have medicinal values with reduced side effects, and they are bioavailable. The natural products may target the proteins or members of signaling pathways that get altered in specific diseases. Many natural products are being tested in various animal model systems for their role as a potential therapeutic target for AD, and to address questions about how these natural products can rescue AD or other neurodegenerative disorders. Some of these products are in clinical trials and results are promising because of their neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-amyloidogenic, anticholinesterase activities and easy availability. This review summarizes the use of animal model systems to identify natural products, which may serve as potential therapeutic targets for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neha Gogia
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Amit Singh
- Department of Biology; Premedical Program; Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton (TREND); The Integrative Science and Engineering Center; Center for Genomic Advocacy (TCGA), Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN, USA
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18
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Coussement L, Bolca S, Van Criekinge W, Trooskens G, Mensaert K, Poels K, Roche N, Blondeel P, Godderis L, Depypere H, De Meyer T. Exploratory analysis of the human breast DNA methylation profile upon soymilk exposure. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13617. [PMID: 30206342 PMCID: PMC6133922 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31767-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon soy consumption, isoflavone metabolites attain bioactive concentrations in breast tissue possibly affecting health. Though in vitro epigenetic activity of soy metabolites has been described, the in vivo impact on the epigenome is largely unknown. Therefore, in this case-control study, the breast glandular tissue DNA methylome was explored in women undergoing an aesthetic breast reduction. After a run-in phase, 10 generally healthy Belgian or Dutch women received soymilk for 5 days. MethylCap-seq methylation profiles were compared with those of 10 matched controls. Isoflavones and their microbial metabolites were quantified in urine, serum, and glandular breast tissue (liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry) and 17β-estradiol in glandular breast tissue (immunoassay). Global DNA methylation levels were obtained for 6 cases and 5 controls using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Although lower MethylCap-seq coverages were observed, mass spectrometry results and computational LINE-1 methylation analysis did not provide evidence supporting global methylation alterations upon treatment. At a false discovery rate of 0.05, no differentially methylated loci were identified. Moreover, a set of previously identified loci was specifically tested, but earlier reported results could not be validated. In conclusion, after a 5-day soymilk treatment, no major general epigenetic reprogramming in breast tissue could be found in this exploratory study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Coussement
- Department of Data Analysis and Mathematical Modelling, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Selin Bolca
- Department of Data Analysis and Mathematical Modelling, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim Van Criekinge
- Department of Data Analysis and Mathematical Modelling, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium.,Bioinformatics Institute Ghent: from Nucleotides 2 Networks (BIG-N2N), Ghent University, Belgium, Ghent University - VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University (Hospital), Belgium, Ghent University Hospital MRB, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert Trooskens
- Department of Data Analysis and Mathematical Modelling, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Klaas Mensaert
- Department of Data Analysis and Mathematical Modelling, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Katrien Poels
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Environment and Health, KU Leuven, Belgium, Kapucijnenvoer 35 blok d, box 7001, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Roche
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium, University Hospital 2K12 IC, De Pintelaan 185, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Phillip Blondeel
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium, University Hospital 2K12 IC, De Pintelaan 185, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lode Godderis
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Environment and Health, KU Leuven, Belgium, Kapucijnenvoer 35 blok d, box 7001, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Herman Depypere
- Department of Uro-Gynaecology, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, P3, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tim De Meyer
- Department of Data Analysis and Mathematical Modelling, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium. .,Bioinformatics Institute Ghent: from Nucleotides 2 Networks (BIG-N2N), Ghent University, Belgium, Ghent University - VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium. .,Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University (Hospital), Belgium, Ghent University Hospital MRB, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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19
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Chatterjee C, Gleddie S, Xiao CW. Soybean Bioactive Peptides and Their Functional Properties. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1211. [PMID: 30200502 PMCID: PMC6164536 DOI: 10.3390/nu10091211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Soy consumption has been associated with many potential health benefits in reducing chronic diseases such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, insulin-resistance/type II diabetes, certain type of cancers, and immune disorders. These physiological functions have been attributed to soy proteins either as intact soy protein or more commonly as functional or bioactive peptides derived from soybean processing. These findings have led to the approval of a health claim in the USA regarding the ability of soy proteins in reducing the risk for coronary heart disease and the acceptance of a health claim in Canada that soy protein can help lower cholesterol levels. Using different approaches, many soy bioactive peptides that have a variety of physiological functions such as hypolipidemic, anti-hypertensive, and anti-cancer properties, and anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects have been identified. Some soy peptides like lunasin and soymorphins possess more than one of these properties and play a role in the prevention of multiple chronic diseases. Overall, progress has been made in understanding the functional and bioactive components of soy. However, more studies are required to further identify their target organs, and elucidate their biological mechanisms of action in order to be potentially used as functional foods or even therapeutics for the prevention or treatment of chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Chatterjee
- Nutrition Research Division, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Banting Research Centre, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada.
- Ottawa Research & Development Centre, Central Experimental Farm, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue Building#21, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada.
| | - Stephen Gleddie
- Ottawa Research & Development Centre, Central Experimental Farm, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue Building#21, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada.
| | - Chao-Wu Xiao
- Nutrition Research Division, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Banting Research Centre, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada.
- Food and Nutrition Science Program, Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
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20
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Vuyyuri SB, Shidal C, Davis KR. Development of the plant-derived peptide lunasin as an anticancer agent. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2018; 41:27-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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21
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Reactive Oxygen Species, Superoxide Dimutases, and PTEN-p53-AKT-MDM2 Signaling Loop Network in Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells Regulation. Cells 2018; 7:cells7050036. [PMID: 29723979 PMCID: PMC5981260 DOI: 10.3390/cells7050036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells that can differentiate to various specialized cells, which have the potential capacity to differentiate properly and accelerate recovery in damaged sites of the body. This stem cell technology has become the fundamental element in regenerative medicine. As reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been reported to adversely influence stem cell properties, it is imperative to attenuate the extent of ROS to the promising protective approach with MSCs’ regenerative therapy. Oxidative stress also affects the culture expansion and longevity of MSCs. Therefore, there is great need to identify a method to prevent oxidative stress and replicative senescence in MSCs. Phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10/Protein kinase B, PKB (PTEN/AKT) and the tumor suppressor p53 pathway have been proven to play a pivotal role in regulating cell apoptosis by regulating the oxidative stress and/or ROS quenching. In this review, we summarize the current research and our view of how PTEN/AKT and p53 with their partners transduce signals downstream, and what the implications are for MSCs’ biology.
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22
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Hsieh CC, Martínez-Villaluenga C, de Lumen BO, Hernández-Ledesma B. Updating the research on the chemopreventive and therapeutic role of the peptide lunasin. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:2070-2079. [PMID: 28990666 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic diseases have become the medical challenge of the 21st century because of their high incidence and mortality rates. Modulation of diet and lifestyle habits is considered as the best strategy for the prevention of these disorders. Health promoting benefits beyond their nutritional effects have been described for multiple dietary compounds. Among these compounds, the peptide lunasin is considered as one of the most promising. Naturally present in soybean, lunasin has been extensively studied in the last two decades because of its potential against chronic diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular and immunological disorders. The purpose of this article is to summarise the evidence on the presence of lunasin in soybean and derived foods, and its bioavailability once it is orally ingested. The protective and therapeutic effects of this peptide against cancer, oxidative stress, inflammation, and high cholesterol levels as well as the molecular mechanisms of action involved in these effects are also described in this review. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chien Hsieh
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies (Nutritional Science & Education), National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Ben O de Lumen
- Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Blanca Hernández-Ledesma
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM, CEI UAM+CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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Lunasin is a novel therapeutic agent for targeting melanoma cancer stem cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:84128-84141. [PMID: 27566591 PMCID: PMC5356649 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies provide compelling evidence that melanoma is initiated and maintained by a small population of malignant cells called cancer-initiating cells (CICs) that exhibit stem-cell-like properties. Observations that CICs have a distinct biology when compared to that of the bulk tumor cells and, importantly, are resistant to chemotherapies and radiation, suggest that CICs are involved in invasion, metastasis, and ultimately relapse. Lunasin, a bioactive peptide present in soybean, has both chemopreventive activity and chemotherapeutic activity against multiple cancer types. In this study, we tested the potential of Lunasin to specifically target CICs in melanoma tumor cell populations. In vitro studies using human melanoma cell lines showed that Lunasin treatment decreased the size of a subpopulation of melanoma cells expressing the surrogate CIC marker, Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, concomitant with a reduction in the ability to form colonies in soft agar assays, and reduced tumor growth in mouse xenografts. Similarly, Lunasin inhibited colony formation by isolated melanoma CICs in soft agar and reduced oncosphere formation in vitro and substantially inhibited tumor growth in mouse xenografts. Mechanistic studies revealed that Lunasin treatment of isolated melanoma CICs induced expression of the melanocyte-associated differentiation markers Tyrosinase and Microphthalmia-associated Transcription Factor concomitant with reduced expression of the stemness factor NANOG. These findings document for the first time that Lunasin has significant therapeutic activity against melanoma by specifically targeting melanoma CICs, and inducing a more differentiated, non-CIC phenotype. Thus, Lunasin may represent a novel therapeutic option for both chemoresistant and advanced metastatic melanoma management.
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Mu D, Zhou G, Li J, Su B, Guo H. Ursolic acid activates the apoptosis of prostate cancer via ROCK/PTEN mediated mitochondrial translocation of cofilin-1. Oncol Lett 2017; 15:3202-3206. [PMID: 29435058 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ursolic acid has various pharmacological activities, and can reduce blood fat as well as having antihepatic, antitumoral, anti-inflammatory and antiviral properties. However, the pro-apoptotic mechanism by which ursolic acid influences human prostate cancer requires additional study. The aim of the present study was to assess whether ursolic acid activates the apoptosis of prostate cancer and to investigate the mechanism by which the Rho-associated protein kinase 1 (ROCK1)/phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) signaling pathway performs a role in ursolic acid-mediated cofilin-1 to induce apoptosis in human prostate cancer. Firstly, the present study determined the pro-apoptotic mechanism by which ursolic acid influences the cell proliferation and apoptosis of human prostate LNCaP cancer cells. Caspase-3/9 activities and ROCK1, PTEN, Cofilin-1 and cytochrome c protein expression levels were also analyzed. In the present study, it is reported that the pro-apoptotic mechanism of ursolic acid potently suppressed the cell proliferation of human prostate LNCaP cancer cells. The present study revealed that the mediation of ROCK1/PTEN-cofilin-1/cytochrome c protein expression activates caspase-3/9 activities which subsequently induced the apoptosis of human prostate cancer cells. In conclusion, these findings demonstrated that ursolic acid activates the apoptosis of prostate cancer via ROCK/PTEN mediated cofilin-1/cytochrome c which mediated caspase-3/9 activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Mu
- Department of Urology, The General Hospital of The Air Force of The Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100142, P.R. China
| | - Gaobiao Zhou
- Department of Urology, The General Hospital of The Air Force of The Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100142, P.R. China
| | - Jianye Li
- Department of Urology, The General Hospital of The Air Force of The Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100142, P.R. China
| | - Bin Su
- Department of Urology, The General Hospital of The Air Force of The Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100142, P.R. China
| | - Heqing Guo
- Department of Urology, The General Hospital of The Air Force of The Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100142, P.R. China
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25
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Prophetic medicine as potential functional food elements in the intervention of cancer: A review. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 95:614-648. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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26
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Ortiz-Martinez M, Gonzalez de Mejia E, García-Lara S, Aguilar O, Lopez-Castillo LM, Otero-Pappatheodorou JT. Antiproliferative effect of peptide fractions isolated from a quality protein maize, a white hybrid maize, and their derived peptides on hepatocarcinoma human HepG2 cells. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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27
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McConnell EJ, Devapatla B, Yaddanapudi K, Davis KR. The soybean-derived peptide lunasin inhibits non-small cell lung cancer cell proliferation by suppressing phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein. Oncotarget 2016; 6:4649-62. [PMID: 25609198 PMCID: PMC4467105 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lunasin, a soybean bioactive peptide, has both chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic activities. The aim of this study was to determine the chemotherapeutic potential of lunasin against human lung cancer. Treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells with highly purified soybean-derived lunasin caused limited, cell-line specific anti-proliferative effects on anchorage-dependent growth whereas two normal bronchial epithelial cell lines were unaffected. Lunasin's antiproliferative effects were potentiated upon utilization of anchorage-independent conditions. Furthermore, NSCLC cell lines that were unaffected by lunasin in anchorage-dependent assays exhibited a dose-dependent inhibition in colony formation or colony size. Mouse xenograft studies revealed that 30 mg lunasin/kg body weight per day decreased NSCLC H1299 tumor volume by 63.0% at day 32. Mechanistic studies using cultured NSCLC H661 cells showed that lunasin inhibited cell cycle progression at the G1/S phase interface without inducing apoptosis. Immunoblot analyses of key cell-cycle proteins demonstrated that lunasin altered the expression of the G1 specific cyclin-dependent kinase complex components, increased levels of p27Kip1, reduced levels of phosphorylated Akt, and ultimately inhibited the sequential phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein (RB). These results establish for the first time that lunasin can inhibit NSCLC proliferation by suppressing cell-cycle dependent phosphorylation of RB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J McConnell
- Owensboro Cancer Research Program, Mitchell Memorial Cancer Center, Owensboro, Kentucky, USA
| | - Bharat Devapatla
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Kavitha Yaddanapudi
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Keith R Davis
- Owensboro Cancer Research Program, Mitchell Memorial Cancer Center, Owensboro, Kentucky, USA.,James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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Hernández-Ledesma B, Hsieh CC. Chemopreventive role of food-derived proteins and peptides: A review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 57:2358-2376. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2015.1057632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Hernández-Ledesma
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM, CEI UAM+CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Chia-Chien Hsieh
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies (Nutritional Science and Education), National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Montales MTE, Simmen RCM, Ferreira ES, Neves VA, Simmen FA. Metformin and soybean-derived bioactive molecules attenuate the expansion of stem cell-like epithelial subpopulation and confer apoptotic sensitivity in human colon cancer cells. GENES AND NUTRITION 2015; 10:49. [PMID: 26506839 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-015-0499-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a disease whose genesis may include metabolic dysregulation. Cancer stem cells are attractive targets for therapeutic interventions since their aberrant expansion may underlie tumor initiation, progression, and recurrence. To investigate the actions of metabolic regulators on cancer stem cell-like cells (CSC) in CRC, we determined the effects of soybean-derived bioactive molecules and the anti-diabetes drug metformin (MET), alone and together, on the growth, survival, and frequency of CSC in human HCT116 cells. Effects of MET (60 μM) and soybean components genistein (Gen, 2 μM), lunasin (Lun, 2 μM), β-conglycinin (β-con, 3 μM), and glycinin (Gly, 3 μM) on HCT116 cell proliferation, apoptosis, and mRNA/protein expression and on the frequency of the CSC CD133(+)CD44(+) subpopulation by colonosphere assay and fluorescence-activated cell sorting/flow cytometry were evaluated. MET, Gen, and Lun, individually and together, inhibited HCT116 viability and colonosphere formation and, conversely, enhanced HCT116 apoptosis. Reductions in frequency of the CSC CD133(+)CD44(+) subpopulation with MET, Gen, and Lun were found to be associated with increased PTEN and reduced FASN expression. In cells under a hyperinsulinemic state mimicking metabolic dysregulation and without and with added PTEN-specific inhibitor SF1670, colonosphere formation and frequency of the CD133(+)CD44(+) subpopulation were decreased by MET, Lun and Gen, alone and when combined. Moreover, MET + Lun + Gen co-treatment increased the pro-apoptotic and CD133(+)CD44(+)-inhibitory efficacy of 5-fluorouracil under hyperinsulinemic conditions. Results identify molecular networks shared by MET and bioavailable soy food components, which potentially may be harnessed to increase drug efficacy in diabetic and non-diabetic patients with CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Theresa E Montales
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Winthrop Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Mail #505, 4301 West Markham St., Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Rosalia C M Simmen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Winthrop Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Mail #505, 4301 West Markham St., Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Ederlan S Ferreira
- Department of Bromatological Analysis, Federal University of Bahia, 40170-115, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Valdir A Neves
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Frank A Simmen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Winthrop Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Mail #505, 4301 West Markham St., Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
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Lunasin sensitivity in non-small cell lung cancer cells is linked to suppression of integrin signaling and changes in histone acetylation. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:23705-24. [PMID: 25530619 PMCID: PMC4284788 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151223705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Lunasin is a plant derived bioactive peptide with both cancer chemopreventive and therapeutic activity. We recently showed lunasin inhibits non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell proliferation in a cell-line-specific manner. We now compared the effects of lunasin treatment of lunasin-sensitive (H661) and lunasin-insensitive (H1299) NSCLC cells with respect to lunasin uptake, histone acetylation and integrin signaling. Both cell lines exhibited changes in histone acetylation, with H661 cells showing a unique increase in H4K16 acetylation. Proximity ligation assays demonstrated lunasin interacted with integrins containing αv, α5, β1 and β3 subunits to a larger extent in the H661 compared to H1299 cells. Moreover, lunasin specifically disrupted the interaction of β1 and β3 subunits with the downstream signaling components phosphorylated Focal Adhesion Kinase (pFAK), Kindlin and Intergrin Linked Kinase in H661 cells. Immunoblot analyses demonstrated lunasin treatment of H661 resulted in reduced levels of pFAK, phosphorylated Akt and phosphorylated ERK1/2 whereas no changes were observed in H1299 cells. Silencing of αv expression in H661 cells confirmed signaling through integrins containing αv is essential for proliferation. Moreover, lunasin was unable to further inhibit proliferation in αv-silenced H661 cells. This indicates antagonism of integrin signaling via αv-containing integrins is an important component of lunasin’s mechanism of action.
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Behera B, Mishra D, Roy B, Devi KSP, Narayan R, Das J, Ghosh SK, Maiti TK. Abrus precatorius agglutinin-derived peptides induce ROS-dependent mitochondrial apoptosis through JNK and Akt/P38/P53 pathways in HeLa cells. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 222:97-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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XUE JIAPENG, WANG GENG, ZHAO ZONGBIN, WANG QUN, SHI YUN. Synergistic cytotoxic effect of genistein and doxorubicin on drug-resistant human breast cancer MCF-7/Adr cells. Oncol Rep 2014; 32:1647-53. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Kapoor S. Lunasin: attenuating effects on tumour growth in systemic malignancies. Food Chem 2014; 150:174. [PMID: 24360435 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.10.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Jones G, Srivastava A. Understanding Lunasin’s biology and potential as a cancer therapeutic by utilizing Drosophila genetics. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 239:519-28. [DOI: 10.1177/1535370214522180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Soy contains many bioactive molecules known to elicit anticancer effects. One such peptide, Lunasin, has been shown to selectively act on newly transformed cells while having no cytotoxic effect on non-tumorigenic or established cancer cell lines. While this effect on in vitro systems is promising, Lunasin’s efficacy in an in vivo system is yet to be assessed. In this review, we discuss the state of knowledge with respect to Lunasin and then review some of the powerful genetic tools available in Drosophila. The availability of a sophisticated genetic tool box makes Drosophila an excellent genetic model well suited to studying the biology of Lunasin and its effect on tumor progression in an in vivo model organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Jones
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Center, Western Kentucky University, KY 42101, USA
| | - Ajay Srivastava
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Center, Western Kentucky University, KY 42101, USA
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Montales MTE, Rahal OM, Nakatani H, Matsuda T, Simmen RCM. Repression of mammary adipogenesis by genistein limits mammosphere formation of human MCF-7 cells. J Endocrinol 2013; 218:135-49. [PMID: 23645249 DOI: 10.1530/joe-12-0520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mammary adipose tissue may contribute to breast cancer development and progression by altering neighboring epithelial cell behavior and phenotype through paracrine signaling. Dietary exposure to soy foods is associated with lower mammary tumor risk and reduced body weight and adiposity in humans and in rodent breast cancer models. Despite the suggested linkage between obesity and breast cancer, the local influence of bioactive dietary components on mammary adiposity for antitumor effects remains unknown. Herein, we report that post-weaning dietary exposure to soy protein isolate and its bioactive isoflavone genistein (GEN) lowered mammary adiposity and increased mammary tumor suppressor PTEN and E-cadherin expression in female mice, relative to control casein diet. To ascertain GEN's role in mammary adipose deposition that may affect underlying epithelial cell phenotype, we evaluated GEN's effects on SV40-immortalized mouse mammary stromal fibroblast-like (MSF) cells during differentiation into adipocytes. MSF cells cultured in a differentiation medium with 40 nM GEN showed reductions in mature adipocyte numbers, triglyceride accumulation, and Pparγ (Pparg) and fatty acid synthase transcript levels. GEN inhibition of adipose differentiation was accompanied by increased estrogen receptor β (Erβ (Esr2)) gene expression and was modestly recapitulated by ERβ-selective agonist 2,3-bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionitrile (DPN). Reduction of Erβ expression by siRNA targeting increased Pparγ transcript levels and stromal fibroblast differentiation into mature adipocytes; the latter was reversed by GEN but not by DPN. Conditioned medium from GEN-treated adipocytes diminished anchorage-independent mammosphere formation of human MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Our results suggest a mechanistic pathway to support direct regulation of mammary adiposity by GEN for breast cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Theresa E Montales
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Departments of Pediatrics, Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 15 Children's Way, Little Rock, Arkansas 72202, USA
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