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Gu SM, Hong E, Seo S, Kim S, Yoon SS, Cha HJ, Yun J. Different development patterns of reward behaviors induced by ketamine and JWH-018 in striatal GAD67 knockdown mice. J Vet Sci 2024; 25:25.e63. [PMID: 39231788 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.23325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD67) is a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthesis enzyme associated with the function of other neurotransmitter receptors, such as the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor and cannabinoid receptor 1. However, the role of GAD67 in the development of different abused drug-induced reward behaviors remains unknown. In order to elucidate the mechanisms of substance use disorder, it is crucial to study changes in biomarkers within the brain's reward circuit induced by drug use. OBJECTIVE The study was designed to examine the effects of the downregulation of GAD67 expression in the dorsal striatum on reward behavior development. METHODS We evaluated the effects of GAD67 knockdown on depression-like behavior and anxiety using the forced swim test and elevated plus maze test in a mouse model. We further determined the effects of GAD67 knockdown on ketamine- and JWH-018-induced conditioned place preference (CPP). RESULTS Knockdown of GAD67 in the dorsal striatum of mice increased depression-like behavior, but it decreased anxiety. Moreover, the CPP score on the NMDA receptor antagonist ketamine was increased by GAD67 knockdown, whereas the administration of JWH-018, a cannabinoid receptor agonist, did not affect the CPP score in the GAD67 knockdown mice group compared with the control group. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These results suggest that striatal GAD67 reduces GABAergic neuronal activity and may cause ketamine-induced NMDA receptor inhibition. Consequently, GAD67 downregulation induces vulnerability to the drug reward behavior of ketamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Mi Gu
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Korea
| | - Eunchong Hong
- Non-Clinical Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju 28160, Korea
| | - Sowoon Seo
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Korea
| | - Sanghyeon Kim
- Stanley Brain Research Laboratory, Stanley Medical Research Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Seong Shoon Yoon
- College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu 42158, Korea
| | - Hye Jin Cha
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea.
| | - Jaesuk Yun
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Korea.
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Jo Y, Webster MJ, Kim S, Lee D. Interpretation of SNP combination effects on schizophrenia etiology based on stepwise deep learning with multi-precision data. Brief Funct Genomics 2023:elad041. [PMID: 37738675 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elad041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have reported many genomic risk loci, but it is unclear how they affect schizophrenia susceptibility through interactions of multiple SNPs. We propose a stepwise deep learning technique with multi-precision data (SLEM) to explore the SNP combination effects on schizophrenia through intermediate molecular and cellular functions. The SLEM technique utilizes two levels of precision data for learning. It constructs initial backbone networks with more precise but small amount of multilevel assay data. Then, it learns strengths of intermediate interactions with the less precise but massive amount of GWAS data. The learned networks facilitate identifying effective SNP interactions from the intractably large space of all possible SNP combinations. We have shown that the extracted SNP combinations show higher accuracy than any single SNPs and preserve the accuracy in an independent dataset. The learned networks also provide interpretations of molecular and cellular interactions of SNP combinations toward schizophrenia etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousang Jo
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Maree J Webster
- Brain Research Laboratory, Stanley Medical Research Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Sanghyeon Kim
- Brain Research Laboratory, Stanley Medical Research Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Doheon Lee
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, South Korea
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Yeo IJ, Yun J, Son DJ, Han SB, Webster MJ, Hong JT, Kim S. Overexpression of transmembrane TNFα in brain endothelial cells induces schizophrenia-relevant behaviors. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:843-855. [PMID: 36333582 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01846-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Upregulation of genes and coexpression networks related to immune function and inflammation have been repeatedly reported in the brain of individuals with schizophrenia. However, a causal relationship between the abnormal immune/inflammation-related gene expression and schizophrenia has not been determined. We conducted co-expression networks using publicly available RNA-seq data from prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus (HP) of 64 individuals with schizophrenia and 64 unaffected controls from the SMRI tissue collections. We identified proinflammatory cytokine, transmembrane tumor necrosis factor-α (tmTNFα), as a potential regulator in the module of co-expressed genes that we find related to the immune/inflammation response in endothelial cells (ECs) and/or microglia of the brain of individuals with schizophrenia. The immune/inflammation-related modules associated with schizophrenia and the TNF signaling pathway that regulate the network were replicated in an independent cohort of brain samples from 68 individuals with schizophrenia and 135 unaffected controls. To investigate the association between the overexpression of tmTNFα in brain ECs and schizophrenia-like behaviors, we induced short-term overexpression of the uncleavable form of (uc)-tmTNFα in ECs of mouse brain for 7 weeks. We found schizophrenia-relevant behavioral deficits in these mice, including cognitive impairment, abnormal sensorimotor gating, and sensitization to methamphetamine (METH) induced locomotor activity and METH-induced neurotransmitter levels. These uc-tmTNFα effects were mediated by TNF receptor2 (TNFR2) and induced activation of TNFR2 signaling in astrocytes and neurons. A neuronal module including neurotransmitter signaling pathways was down-regulated in the brain of mice by the short-term overexpression of the gene, while an immune/inflammation-related module was up-regulated in the brain of mice after long-term expression of 22 weeks. Our results indicate that tmTNFα may play a direct role in regulating neurotransmitter signaling pathways that contribute to the clinical features of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Jun Yeo
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31 Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaesuk Yun
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31 Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Ju Son
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31 Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Bae Han
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31 Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Maree J Webster
- Stanley Brain Research Laboratory, Stanley Medical Research Institute, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31 Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sanghyeon Kim
- Stanley Brain Research Laboratory, Stanley Medical Research Institute, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
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North HF, Weissleder C, Fullerton JM, Webster MJ, Weickert CS. Increased immune cell and altered microglia and neurogenesis transcripts in an Australian schizophrenia subgroup with elevated inflammation. Schizophr Res 2022; 248:208-218. [PMID: 36108465 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2022.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We previously identified a subgroup of schizophrenia cases (~40 %) with heightened inflammation in the neurogenic subependymal zone (SEZ) (North et al., 2021b). This schizophrenia subgroup had changes indicating reduced microglial activity, increased peripheral immune cells, increased stem cell dormancy/quiescence and reduced neuronal precursor cells. The present follow-up study aimed to replicate and extend those novel findings in an independent post-mortem cohort of schizophrenia cases and controls from Australia. RNA was extracted from SEZ tissue from 20 controls and 22 schizophrenia cases from the New South Wales Brain Tissue Resource Centre, and gene expression analysis was performed. Cluster analysis of inflammation markers (IL1B, IL1R1, SERPINA3 and CXCL8) revealed a high-inflammation schizophrenia subgroup comprising 52 % of cases, which was a significantly greater proportion than the 17 % of high-inflammation controls. Consistent with our previous report (North et al., 2021b), those with high-inflammation and schizophrenia had unchanged mRNA expression of markers for steady-state and activated microglia (IBA1, HEXB, CD68), decreased expression of phagocytic microglia markers (P2RY12, P2RY13), but increased expression of markers for macrophages (CD163), monocytes (CD14), natural killer cells (FCGR3A), and the adhesion molecule ICAM1. Similarly, the high-inflammation schizophrenia subgroup emulated increased quiescent stem cell marker (GFAPD) and decreased neuronal progenitor (DLX6-AS1) and immature neuron marker (DCX) mRNA expression; but also revealed a novel increase in a marker of immature astrocytes (VIM). Replicating primary results in an independent cohort demonstrates that inflammatory subgroups in the SEZ in schizophrenia are reliable, robust and enhance understanding of neuropathological heterogeneity when studying schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley F North
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Christin Weissleder
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Janice M Fullerton
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Maree J Webster
- Laboratory of Brain Research, Stanley Medical Research Institute, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Cynthia Shannon Weickert
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
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Cabrera-Mendoza B, de Anda-Jáuregui G, Nicolini H, Fresno C. A meta-study on transcription factor networks in the suicidal brain. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 136:23-31. [PMID: 33548827 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence supporting the presence of brain gene expression differences between suicides and non-suicides. Such differences have been implicated in suicide pathophysiology. However, regulatory factors underlying these gene expression differences have not been fully understood. Therefore, the identification of differences in regulatory mechanisms, i.e., transcriptional factors between suicides and non-suicides is crucial for the understanding of suicide neurobiology. In this study, we conducted a transcription factor network meta-study with freely available data from the prefrontal cortex of suicides and non-suicides with different mental disorders, including major depression disorder, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, as well as healthy controls. Disorder-specific characteristics of suicides and non-suicides transcription factor networks were detected, i.e., the presence of immune response genes in both suicides and non-suicides with major depression disorder networks. Also, we found the presence of ESR1, which has been implicated to give resilience to social stress, in the non-suicides network but not in the suicides with major depression network. Suicides and non-suicides with bipolar disorder shared only three genes in common: FOS, CRY1 and PER2. In addition, we found a higher number of genes involved in immune response in the non-suicides with bipolar disorder compared to the suicides with bipolar disorder network. The suicides and non-suicides with schizophrenia networks exhibited clear differences, including the presence of circadian cycle genes in the suicides with schizophrenia network and their absence in the non-suicides with schizophrenia network. The results of this study provide insight on the regulatory mechanisms underpinning transcriptional changes in the suicidal brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Cabrera-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Genómica de Enfermedades Psiquiátricas, Neurodegenerativas y Adicciones, National Institute of Genomic Medicine (INMEGEN), 14610, Mexico City, Mexico; Plan of Combined Studies in Medicine (PECEM), Facultad de Medicina, National Autonomous University of Mexico, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Guillermo de Anda-Jáuregui
- Departamento de Genómica Computacional, National Institute of Genomic Medicine (INMEGEN), 14610, Mexico City, Mexico; Programa de Cátedras CONACYT para Jóvenes Investigadores, 03940, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Humberto Nicolini
- Laboratorio de Genómica de Enfermedades Psiquiátricas, Neurodegenerativas y Adicciones, National Institute of Genomic Medicine (INMEGEN), 14610, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Cristóbal Fresno
- Departamento de Desarrollo Tecnológico, National Institute of Genomic Medicine (INMEGEN), 14610, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Phosphodiesterases PDE2A and PDE10A both change mRNA expression in the human brain with age, but only PDE2A changes in a region-specific manner with psychiatric disease. Cell Signal 2020; 70:109592. [PMID: 32119913 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Many studies implicate altered cyclic nucleotide signaling in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BPD), and schizophrenia (SCZ). As such, we explored how phosphodiesterases 2A (PDE2A) and 10A (PDE10A)-enzymes that break down cyclic nucleotides-may be altered in brains of these patients. Using autoradiographic in situ hybridization on postmortem brain tissue from the Stanley Foundation Neuropathology Consortium, we measured expression of PDE2 and PDE10 mRNA in multiple brain regions implicated in psychiatric pathophysiology, including cingulate cortex, orbital frontal cortex (OFC), superior temporal gyrus, hippocampus, parahippocampal cortex, amygdala, and the striatum. We also assessed how PDE2A and PDE10A expression changes in these brain regions across development using the Allen Institute for Brain Science Brainspan database. Compared to controls, patients with SCZ, MDD and BPD all showed reduced PDE2A mRNA in the amygdala. In contrast, PDE2A expression changes in frontal cortical regions were only significant in patients with SCZ, while those in caudal entorhinal cortex, hippocampus, and the striatum were most pronounced in patients with BPD. PDE10A expression was only detected in striatum and did not differ by disease group; however, all groups showed significantly less PDE10A mRNA expression in ventral versus dorsal striatum. Across development, PDE2A mRNA increased in these brain regions; whereas, PDE10A mRNA expression decreased in all regions except striatum. Thus, PDE2A mRNA expression changes in both a disorder- and brain region-specific manner, potentially implicating PDE2A as a novel diagnostic and/or patient-selection biomarker or therapeutic target.
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Ma C, Bao AM, Yan XX, Swaab DF. Progress in Human Brain Banking in China. Neurosci Bull 2019; 35:179-182. [PMID: 30843142 PMCID: PMC6426891 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-019-00350-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ma
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Neuroscience Center; Joint Laboratory of Anesthesia and Pain, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China.
| | - Ai-Min Bao
- Department of Neurobiology, and Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital; Institute of Neuroscience, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiao-Xin Yan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University School of Basic Medical Science, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Dick F Swaab
- Department Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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