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Zhang Z, Zhang D, Lin Q, Cui X. Therapeutically Fine-Tuning Autonomic Nervous System to Treat Sepsis: A New Perspective on the Immunomodulatory Effects of Acupuncture. J Inflamm Res 2024; 17:4373-4387. [PMID: 38988505 PMCID: PMC11233988 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s477181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have highlighted the immunomodulatory effects of acupuncture on sepsis and proposed novel non-pharmacological or bioelectronic approaches to managing inflammatory illnesses. Establishing rules for selectively activating sympathetic or vagal nerve-mediated anti-inflammatory pathways using acupuncture has valuable clinical applications. Over the years, studies have revealed the segmental modulatory role of acupuncture in regulating visceral function by targeting the autonomic nervous system (ANS). In this review, we aim to summarize recent findings on acupuncture in treating sepsis, focusing on the underlying ANS mechanism, as well as the rules of acupoint specificity, intensity, frequency, and other parameters utilized in these studies. Mechanistically, the immunomodulatory properties of the sympathetic nervous system have been highlighted. Furthermore, we explore the immunotherapeutic benefits of acupuncture in treating sepsis. A better understanding of the immunoregulatory mechanism of sympathetic nervous system may offer novel approaches for the development of therapeutics to treat or prevent a variety of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dingdan Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Xiang Cui
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, People’s Republic of China
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Yu Z, Zhang T, Yang X, Xu B, Yu Z, An L, Xu T, Jing X, Wang Y, Lu M. Neuregulin4-ErbB4 signalling pathway is driven by electroacupuncture stimulation to remodel brown adipose tissue innervation. Diabetes Obes Metab 2024. [PMID: 38951947 DOI: 10.1111/dom.15735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
AIM To show that electroacupuncture stimulation (ES) remodels sympathetic innervation in brown adipose tissue (BAT) via the bone morphogenic protein 8B (BMP8B)-neuregulin 4 (NRG4)-ErbB4 axis, with somatotopic dependence. MATERIALS AND METHODS We established a high-fat diet (HFD) model with C57BL/6J mice to measure the thermogenesis and metabolism of BAT. In addition, the sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) was measured with the electrophysiological technique, and the immunostaining of c-Fos was used to detect the central nervous system sources of sympathetic outflows. Finally, the key role of the BMP8B-NRG4-ErbB4 axis was verified by peripheral specific antagonism of ErbB4. RESULTS ES at the forelimb and abdomen regions significantly up-regulate SNA, whereas ES at the hindlimb region has a limited regulatory effect on SNA but still partially restores HFD-induced BAT dysfunction. Mechanistically, ES at the forelimb and abdomen regions driving catecholaminergic signals in brown adipocytes depends on neural activities projected from the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH) to the spinal cord intermediolateral column (IML). Notably, the peripheral suppression of ErbB4 in BAT inhibits the thermogenesis and metabolic function of BAT, as well as significantly hindering the SNA activation and metabolic benefits induced by ES. CONCLUSION These results suggest that ES appears to be an effective approach for remodeling sympathetic innervation in BAT, which is closely related to neuronal activity in the VMH and the NRG4-ErbB4 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xingyu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Li An
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Tiancheng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinyue Jing
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yaling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengjiang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Xi H, Li X, Zhang Z, Cui X, Zhu B, Jing X, Gao X. Continuous peripheral electrical nerve stimulation improves cardiac function via autonomic nerve regulation in MI rats. Heart Rhythm 2024:S1547-5271(24)02406-8. [PMID: 38642597 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2024.04.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral electrical nerve stimulation (PENS) reportedly improves cardiac function after myocardial ischemia (MI) by rebalancing the cardiac autonomic nervous system. The dynamic and continuous influence of PENS on autonomic and cardiac function based on cardiac self-repair is not well understood. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to explore the relationship between autonomic nervous balance and functional cardiac repair after MI and to clarify the optimal acupoint selection and time course for PENS. METHODS The activities of the superior cervical cardiac sympathetic nerve and vagus nerve were recorded to evaluate the autonomic tone directly. The pressure-volume loop system was used for left ventricular diastolic and systolic function. Noninvasive continuous electrocardiography and echocardiography were performed to analyze heart rate, heart rate variability, and left ventricular function. The effect of continuous PENS (cPENS) or instant PENS (iPENS) on autonomic and cardiac indications was tested. RESULTS Sympathetic nerve activity and vagus nerve activity increased as compensatory self-regulation on days 7 and 14 post-MI, followed by an imbalance of autonomic tone and cardiac dysfunction on day 28. cPENS at acupoint PC6 maintained autonomic hyperexcitability, improved myocardial systolic and diastolic abilities, and reduced myocardial fibrosis on day 28 post-MI, whereas cPENS at acupoint ST36 had a limited effect. Both iPENS at PC6 and ST36 improved the autonomic and cardiac function of rats in the cPENS groups. CONCLUSION Rats showed autonomic fluctuations and cardiac dysfunction 28 days post-MI. cPENS produced sympathomimetic action to sustain cardiac self-compensation, but with acupoint specificity. On the basis of cPENS, iPENS evoked autonomic regulation and cardiac benefits without acupoint differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanqing Xi
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xia Li
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ziyi Zhang
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Cui
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Bing Zhu
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xianghong Jing
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xinyan Gao
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China.
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Zhou J, Zhang B, Zhou X, Zhang F, Shu Q, Wu Y, Chang HM, Hu L, Cai RL, Yu Q. Electroacupuncture pretreatment mediates sympathetic nerves to alleviate myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury via CRH neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Chin Med 2024; 19:43. [PMID: 38448912 PMCID: PMC10916233 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-024-00916-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion can further exacerbate myocardial injury and increase the risk of death. Our previous research found that the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus plays a crucial role in the improvement of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI) by electroacupuncture (EA) pretreatment, but its mechanism of action is still unclear. CRH neurons exhibit periodic concentrated expression in PVN, but further research is needed to determine whether they are involved in the improvement of MIRI by EA pretreatment. Meanwhile, numerous studies have shown that changes in sympathetic nervous system innervation and activity are associated with many heart diseases. This study aims to investigate whether EA pretreatment improves MIRI through sympathetic nervous system mediated by PVNCRH neurons. METHODS Integrated use of fiber-optic recording, chemical genetics and other methods to detect relevant indicators: ECG signals were acquired through Powerlab standard II leads, and LabChart 8 calculated heart rate, ST-segment offset, and heart rate variability (HRV); Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left ventricular short-axis shortening (LVFS), left ventricular end-systolic internal diameter (LVIDs) and interventricular septal thickness (IVSs) were measured by echocardiography; Myocardial infarct area (IA) and area at risk (AAR) were calculated by Evans-TTC staining. Pathological changes in cardiomyocytes were observed by HE staining; Changes in PVNCRH neuronal activity were recorded by fiber-optic photometry; Sympathetic nerve discharges were recorded for in vivo electrophysiology; NE and TH protein expression was assayed by Western blot. RESULTS Our data indicated that EA pretreatment can effectively alleviate MIRI. Meanwhile, we found that in the MIRI model, the number and activity of CRH neurons co labeled with c-Fos in the PVN area of the rat brain increased, and the frequency of sympathetic nerve discharge increased. EA pretreatment could reverse this change. In addition, the results of chemical genetics indicated that inhibiting PVNCRH neurons has a similar protective effect on MIRI as EA pretreatment, and the activation of PVNCRH neurons can counteract this protective effect. CONCLUSION EA pretreatment can inhibit PVNCRH neurons and improve MIRI by inhibiting sympathetic nerve, which offers fresh perspectives on the application of acupuncture in the management of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- College of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- College of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- College of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- College of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Qi Shu
- College of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Yan Wu
- College of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Hui-Min Chang
- College of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Ling Hu
- Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian Research, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038, China
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230038, China
| | - Rong-Lin Cai
- Center for Xin'an Medicine and Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Insitute of Health and Medicine, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, 230601, China.
- Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian Research, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038, China.
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Meridian Viscera Correlationship, Hefei, 230038, China.
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230038, China.
| | - Qing Yu
- Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian Research, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038, China.
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Meridian Viscera Correlationship, Hefei, 230038, China.
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Fan Z, Dou B, Wang J, Wu Y, Du S, Li J, Yao K, Li Y, Wang S, Gong Y, Guo Y, Xu Z. Effects and mechanisms of acupuncture analgesia mediated by afferent nerves in acupoint microenvironments. Front Neurosci 2024; 17:1239839. [PMID: 38384495 PMCID: PMC10879281 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1239839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
In the past few decades, the use of acupuncture analgesia in clinical practice has increased worldwide. This is due to its various benefits, including natural alleviation of pain without causing various adverse effects associated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) and opioids. The acupoint represents the initial site of acupuncture stimulation, where diverse types of nerve fibers located at the acupoint hold significant roles in the generation and transmission of acupuncture-related information. In this study, we analyzed the patterns and mechanisms of acupuncture analgesic mediated by acupoint afferent fibers, and found that acupuncture stimulates acupoints which rapidly and directly induces activation of high-density primary afferent fibers under the acupoints, including myelinated A fibers and unmyelinated C fibers. During acupuncture stimulation at the muscle layer, the analgesic effects can be induced by stimulation of A fiber threshold intensity. At the skin layer, the analgesic effects can only be produced by stimulation of C fiber threshold intensity. Electroacupuncture (EA) activates A fibers, while manual acupuncture (MA) activates both A and C fibers. Furthermore, acupuncture alters acupoint microenvironments, which positively modulates afferent fibers, enhancing the transmission of analgesic signals. In addition to local activation and conduction at acupoints, nerve fibers mediate the transmission of acupuncture information to pain centers. In the spinal cord, acupuncture activates neurons by inducing afferent fiber depolarization, modulating pain gating, inhibiting long-term potentiation (LTP) of the spinal dorsal horn and wide dynamic range (WDR) neuronal activities. At higher nerve centers, acupuncture inhibits neuronal activation in pain-related brain regions. In summary, acupuncture inhibits pain signal transmission at peripheral and central systems by activating different patterns of afferent fibers located on various layers of acupoints. This study provides ideas for enhancing the precise application and clinical translation of acupuncture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zezhi Fan
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Baomin Dou
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiangshan Wang
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yongjian Wu
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Simin Du
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiashan Li
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Kaifang Yao
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanwei Li
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Shenjun Wang
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- School of Acupuncture and Moxibustion and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine Theory of Innovation and Application, Tianjin, China
| | - Yinan Gong
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- School of Acupuncture and Moxibustion and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine Theory of Innovation and Application, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi Guo
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine Theory of Innovation and Application, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhifang Xu
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- School of Acupuncture and Moxibustion and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine Theory of Innovation and Application, Tianjin, China
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Zhou X, Zhou J, Zhang F, Shu Q, Wang QY, Wu Y, Chang HM, Zhang B, Yu Q, Cai RL. A New Target of Electroacupuncture Pretreatment Mediated Sympathetic Nervous to Improve MIRI: Glutamatergic Neurons in Fastigial Nucleus of the Cerebellum. Neuroscience 2023; 535:124-141. [PMID: 37923164 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease is a fatal cardiovascular disease that irreversibly impairs the function of the heart, followed by reperfusion leading to a further increase in infarct size. Clinically, we call it myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI). A growing number of clinical observations and experimental studies have found electroacupuncture (EA) to be effective in alleviating MIRI. This study attempts to investigate whether glutamatergic neurons in fastigial nucleus (FN) of the cerebellum are involved in EA pretreatment to alleviate MIRI via sympathetic nerves, and the potential mechanisms of EA pretreatment process. A MIRI model was established by ligating the coronary artery of the left anterior descending branch of the heart for 30 minutes, followed by 2 hours of reperfusion. Multichannel physiological recordings, electrocardiogram, cardiac ultrasound, chemical genetics, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunofluorescence staining methods were combined to demonstrate that EA pretreatment inhibited neuronal firing and c-Fos expression in FN of the cerebellum and reduced cardiac sympathetic firing. Meanwhile, EA pretreatment significantly reduced cardiac ejection fraction (EF), shortening fraction (SF), percentage infarct area, decreased myocardial norepinephrine (NE), creatine kinase isoenzyme MB (CK-MB) concentrations, and improved MIRI-induced myocardial tissue morphology. The results were similar to the inhibition of glutamatergic neurons in FN. However, the activation of glutamatergic neurons in FN diminished the aforementioned effects of EA pretreatment. This study revealed that glutamatergic neurons in FN of the cerebellum is involved in EA pretreatment mediated sympathetic nervous and may be a potential mediator for improving MIRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhou
- College of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, Anhui Province, China; Anhui Wannan Rehabilitation Hospital (The Fifth People's Hospital of Wuhu), Wuhu 241000, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- College of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, Anhui Province, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- College of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, Anhui Province, China
| | - Qi Shu
- College of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, Anhui Province, China
| | - Qian-Yi Wang
- College of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yan Wu
- College of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, Anhui Province, China
| | - Hui-Min Chang
- College of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, Anhui Province, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- College of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, Anhui Province, China
| | - Qing Yu
- Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian Research, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, Anhui Province, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Meridian Viscera Correlationship, Hefei 230038, China.
| | - Rong-Lin Cai
- Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian Research, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, Anhui Province, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Meridian Viscera Correlationship, Hefei 230038, China; Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230038, China.
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Zhou X, Xue Q, You J, Li S, Li L, Zhu W, Fu Y, Sun X. Efficacy and safety of community-based moxibustion for primary hypertension: A randomized controlled trial with patient preference arms. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2023; 25:1151-1162. [PMID: 37864810 PMCID: PMC10710558 DOI: 10.1111/jch.14738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Moxibustion has been shown to have a potential antihypertensive effect, but its applicability for the primary care of hypertension is unclear. The authors conducted a multicenter randomized controlled trial (RCT) with patient preference arms to investigate the effect, safety, cost-effectiveness, and compliance of moxibustion in community patients with hypertension. Patients with primary hypertension were enrolled from seven communities randomly or nonrandomly assigned to receive self-administered moxibustion + the original hypertensive regimen or the original hypertensive regimen alone for 6 months. The authors mainly evaluated the effects of moxibustion on hypertensive outcomes and adverse events. As a result, a total of 160 and 240 patients were recruited into the randomized and nonrandomized arms, respectively, with 87.5% completing the follow-up. At month 6, there was a significantly greater reduction in systolic blood pressure (SBP) (difference: -10.57 mmHg), a higher proportion of responders (82.2% vs. 53.7%; odds ratio 4.00), and better improvements in hypertensive symptoms and quality of life (QoL) in the moxibustion group than in the control group in the randomized population, but there was no significant between-group difference in diastolic blood pressure (DBP). The nonrandomized findings showed the same effect direction for all outcomes, except for DBP. All moxibustion-related adverse events were mild. In conclusion, moxibustion can reduce SBP and improve hypertensive symptoms and QoL in community patients with hypertension, with good safety and low cost, although its effect on DBP remains uncertain. The findings suggest that moxibustion may be an appropriate technique for community primary care of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhou
- Evidence‐Based Medicine Research CenterJiangxi University of Chinese MedicineNanchangChina
| | - Qiuyun Xue
- Graduate SchoolJiangxi University of Chinese MedicineNanchangChina
| | - Jianyu You
- Graduate SchoolJiangxi University of Chinese MedicineNanchangChina
| | - Shuqing Li
- Graduate SchoolJiangxi University of Chinese MedicineNanchangChina
| | - Ling Li
- Chinese Evidence‐Based Medicine CentreWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Weifeng Zhu
- Evidence‐Based Medicine Research CenterJiangxi University of Chinese MedicineNanchangChina
| | - Yong Fu
- First Department of Acupuncture and MoxibustionThe Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Chinese MedicineNanchangChina
| | - Xin Sun
- Evidence‐Based Medicine Research CenterJiangxi University of Chinese MedicineNanchangChina
- Chinese Evidence‐Based Medicine CentreWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
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8
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Zhang Z, Cui X, Liu K, Gao X, Zhou Q, Xi H, Zhao Y, Zhang D, Zhu B. Adrenal sympathetic nerve mediated the anti-inflammatory effect of electroacupuncture at ST25 acupoint in a rat model of sepsis. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2023; 306:3178-3188. [PMID: 36300612 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Acupuncture plays a vital anti-inflammatory action in sepsis by activating autonomic nerve anti-inflammatory pathways, such as sympathoadrenal medullary pathway, but the mechanism remains unclear. This study aims to explore the optimum parameter of electroacupuncture (EA) stimulation in regulating the sympathoadrenal medullary pathway and evaluate EA's anti-inflammatory effect on sepsis. To determine the optimum parameter of EA at homotopic acupoint on adrenal sympathetic activity, the left adrenal sympathetic nerve firing rate evoked by different intensities of single shock electrical stimulation (ES) at ST25 in healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats were evaluated by in vivo electrophysiological recording, and the levels of norepinephrine (NE) and its metabolites normetanephrine (NMN) were also examined using mass spectrometry. To verify the role of EA at ST25 in sepsis, the rats were given an intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce sepsis model, and survival rate, clinical score, and the level of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and IL-10 were evaluated after EA application. We observed that 3 mA is the optimal intensity for activating adrenal sympathetic nerve, which significantly elevated the level of NE in the peripheral blood. For LPS-treated rats, EA at the ST25 apparently increased the survival rate and improved the clinical score compared to the control group. Furthermore, 3 mA EA at ST25 significantly decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-1β and upregulated anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 compared to the LPS-treated group. Overall, our data suggested that 3 mA is the optimal EA intensity at ST25 to activate the sympathoadrenal medullary pathway and exert an anti-inflammatory effect in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Xiang Cui
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyan Gao
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingchen Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Acupuncture-moxibustion and Tuina Department, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hanqing Xi
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingkun Zhao
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Dingdan Zhang
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Zhu
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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9
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Wang J, Zhang Q, Yao L, He T, Chen X, Su Y, Sun S, Fan M, Yan J, Wang T, Zhang M, Guo F, Mo S, Lu M, Zou M, Li L, Yuan Q, Pan H, Chen Y. Modulating activity of PVN neurons prevents atrial fibrillation induced circulation dysfunction by electroacupuncture at BL15. Chin Med 2023; 18:135. [PMID: 37848944 PMCID: PMC10580609 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-023-00841-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circulation dysfunction is a major contributing factor to thrombosis in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) for which effective interventions are lacking. Growing evidence indicates that regulating the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), an autonomic control center, could offer a novel strategy for treating cardiovascular and circulatory diseases. Concurrently, electroacupuncture (EA) at Xinshu (BL15), a form of peripheral nerve stimulation, has shown efficacy in treating several cardiovascular conditions, although its specific mechanism remains unclear. This study aimed to assess the impact of EA at BL15 on circulatory dysfunction in a rat AF model and investigate the pivotal role of PVN neuronal activity. METHODS To mimic the onset of AF, male SD rats received tail intravenous injection of ACh-CaCl2 and were then subjected to EA at BL15, sham EA, or EA at Shenshu (BL23). Macro- and micro-circulation function were evaluated using in vivo ultrasound imaging and laser doppler testing, respectively. Vasomotricity was assessed by measuring dimension changes during vascular relaxation and contraction. Vascular endothelial function was measured using myograph, and the activation of the autonomic nerve system was evaluated through nerve activity signals. Additionally, chemogenetic manipulation was used to block PVN neuronal activation to further elucidate the role of PVN activation in the prevention of AF-induced blood circulation dysfunction through EA treatment. RESULTS Our data demonstrate that EA at BL15, but not BL23 or sham EA, effectively prevented AF-induced macro- and micro-circulation dysfunction. Furthermore, EA at BL15 restored AF-induced vasomotricity impairment. Additionally, EA treatment prevented abnormal activation of the autonomic nerve system induced by AF, although it did not address vascular endothelial dysfunction. Importantly, excessive activation of PVN neurons negated the protective effects of EA treatment on AF-induced circulation dysfunction in rats. CONCLUSION These results indicate that EA treatment at BL15 modulates PVN neuronal activity and provides protection against AF-induced circulatory dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingya Wang
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, People's Republic of China
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiumei Zhang
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Physical and Health, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Chaozhou Health Vocational College, Chaozhou, 521000, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Yao
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, People's Republic of China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Teng He
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyi Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Su
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengxuan Sun
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengyue Fan
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinglan Yan
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, People's Republic of China
| | - Taiyi Wang
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Guo
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiqing Mo
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Manqi Lu
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Meixia Zou
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangjie Li
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Yuan
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Huashan Pan
- Institute of Physical and Health, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
- Guangdong Chaozhou Health Vocational College, Chaozhou, 521000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yongjun Chen
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, People's Republic of China.
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Cui X, Zhang Z, Xi H, Liu K, Zhu B, Gao X. Sympathetic-Sensory Coupling as a Potential Mechanism for Acupoints Sensitization. J Pain Res 2023; 16:2997-3004. [PMID: 37667684 PMCID: PMC10475306 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s424841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of studies have demonstrated acupoint sensitization, in which acupoints can be activated in combination with sensory hypersensitivity and functional plasticity during visceral disorders. However, the mechanisms of acupoint sensitization remain unclear. Neuroanatomy evidence showed nociceptors innervated in acupoints contribute to the mechanism of acupoint sensitization. Increasing studies suggested sympathetic nerve plays a key role in modulating sensory transmission by sprouting or coupling with sensory neuron/nociceptor in the peripheral, forming the functional structure of the sympathetic-sensory coupling. Notably, the sensory inputs of the disease-induced sensitized acupoint contribute to the homeostatic regulation and also involve in delivering therapeutic information under acupuncture, hence, the role of sprouted sympathetic in acupoint function should be given attention. We herein reviewed the current knowledge of sympathetic and its sprouting in pain modulation, then discussed and highlighted the potential value of sympathetic-sensory coupling in acupoint functional plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Cui
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ziyi Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, People’s Republic of China
- College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi Province, 712046, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hanqing Xi
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bing Zhu
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinyan Gao
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, People’s Republic of China
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11
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Shu Q, Wang SY, Chen PP, Zhang F, Wang QY, Wei X, Zhou J, Zhou X, Yu Q, Cai RL. Glutamatergic neurons in lateral hypothalamus play a vital role in acupuncture preconditioning to alleviate MIRI. J Neurophysiol 2023; 129:320-332. [PMID: 36541603 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00424.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI) has high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Increasing evidence has shown that electroacupuncture (EA) plays a critical role in alleviating MIRI. The aim of this study is to investigate whether glutamatergic neurons in the lateral hypothalamus (LH) have vital effect on MIRI as well as the underlying mechanism during the EA pretreatment. The MIRI model was established by ligating the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery for 30 min followed by reperfusion for 2 h. Chemogenetics, electrocardiogram (ECG) recording, ELISA, multichannel physiology recording, and immunofluorescence staining methods were combined to demonstrate that firing frequencies of neurons in the LH and expression of c-Fos decreased by EA pretreatment. Meanwhile, EA preconditioning significantly reduced the percentage of infarct size and the levels of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and creatine kinase isoenzymes (CK-MB) were similar to inhibition of glutamatergic neurons in LH, also attenuated morphology of myocardial tissue was induced by MIRI. However, activation of glutamatergic neurons in LH weakened the above effects of EA pretreatment.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study demonstrates that EA preconditioning can attenuate myocardial injury for MIRI, which is similar to inhibition of glutamatergic neurons in LH. However, chemical activation of glutamatergic neurons in LH attenuates the protective effect of EA pretreatment. These findings help better understand the mechanisms of EA to regulate cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Shu
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Meridian, Medical College of Acu-Moxi, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Shuai-Ya Wang
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Meridian, Medical College of Acu-Moxi, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Pian-Pian Chen
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Meridian, Medical College of Acu-Moxi, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Meridian, Medical College of Acu-Moxi, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Qian-Yi Wang
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Meridian, Medical College of Acu-Moxi, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Xia Wei
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Meridian, Medical College of Acu-Moxi, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Meridian, Medical College of Acu-Moxi, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Meridian, Medical College of Acu-Moxi, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Qing Yu
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Meridian, Medical College of Acu-Moxi, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Rong-Lin Cai
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Meridian, Medical College of Acu-Moxi, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
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12
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Su Y, Huang J, Sun S, He T, Wang T, Fan M, Yu H, Yan J, Yao L, Xia Y, Zhang M, Zheng Y, Luo X, Zhang Y, Lu M, Zou M, Liu C, Chen Y. Restoring the Autonomic Balance in an Atrial Fibrillation Rat Model by Electroacupuncture at the Neiguan Point. Neuromodulation 2022:S1094-7159(22)01366-6. [PMID: 36522251 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurom.2022.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Autonomic nervous activity imbalance plays an important role in atrial fibrillation (AF). AF can be treated by acupuncture at the Neiguan point (PC6), but the mechanism remains elusive. Here, we investigated autonomic nervous system activity in electroacupuncture (EA) at PC6 in a rat AF model. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this study, we established a rat AF model via tail vein injection with ACh-CaCl2 for ten consecutive days with or without EA at PC6. AF inducibility and heart rate variability (HRV) were assessed by electrocardiogram. Next, we completed in vivo recording of the activity of cervical sympathetic and vagal nerves, respectively. Finally, the activities of brain regions related to autonomic nerve regulation were assessed by c-Fos immunofluorescence and multichannel recording. RESULTS EA at PC6 decreased AF inducibility and prevented changes in HRV caused by ACh-CaCl2 injection. Meanwhile, EA at PC6 reversed the increased sympathetic and decreased vagal nerve activity in AF rats. Furthermore, EA treatment downregulated increased c-Fos expression in brain regions, including paraventricular nucleus, rostral ventrolateral medulla, and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus in AF, while c-Fos expression in nucleus ambiguus was upregulated with EA. CONCLUSION The protective effect of EA at PC6 on AF is associated with balance between sympathetic and vagal nerve activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Su
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Huang
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shengxuan Sun
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Teng He
- Research Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Taiyi Wang
- Research Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Mengyue Fan
- Research Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Huanhuan Yu
- Research Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Jinglan Yan
- Research Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Lin Yao
- Research Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yucen Xia
- Research Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Research Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yuanjia Zheng
- Research Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Luo
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuewen Zhang
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Manqi Lu
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meixia Zou
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cunzhi Liu
- International Acupuncture and Moxibustion Innovation Institute, School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Yongjun Chen
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Research Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangzhou, China.
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13
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Ji RR. Third Special Issue on Mechanisms of Pain and Itch. Neurosci Bull 2022; 38:339-341. [PMID: 35467251 PMCID: PMC9068844 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-00851-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Rong Ji
- Department of Anesthesiology and Neurobiology, Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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